Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2750

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Principles of environmentally sustainable agriculture for building resilient and resource-efficient food systems
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2025) Çakmakcı, Ramazan; Çakmakcı, Songül; Çakmakcı, Muhammet Fatih
As the demand for greater quantities of higher-quality food grows with population expansion, climate change, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices accelerate the loss of arable land, ultimately threatening agricultural sustainability. Population growth necessitates a transition to nutritious, safe, and healthy food production systems that ensure higher yields, less reduced waste, improved social outcomes, and the integration of economic, social, and environmental sustainability principles. Urgent global challenges such as resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and climate change necessitate the protection of ecosystems and the sustainable use of natural resources. Agricultural systems must enhance food production and supply productivity, strengthen system resilience, and improve resource efficiency and sustainability. The sustainable development of agricultural systems based on resilience and productivity is important to ensure food security. The aim of this review is to compile, describe, and propose future strategies for promising food systems-including transformative innovations and alternative farming techniques-to facilitate the transition toward resilient, resource-efficient, and sustainable agriculture, and to mitigate long-term challenges. It also provides recommendations for future research, sustainability, resilience, and emerging food trends aimed at promoting sustainable food systems and green technologies, protecting ecosystems, resources, and biodiversity, and optimizing waste management and natural resource use. This article focuses on future sustainable food production and security, environmental protection, alternative protein sources, and innovative agricultural techniques; it highlights scientific and technological advancements, emerging research directions, and offers a comprehensive perspective on resilient, resource-efficient, and sustainable food production systems.
Sampling number effects on genetic variation analysis in maize landraces using seed and leaf tissues
(Springer, 2025) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Ömer; Songur, Umut; Alaca Yıldırım, Ezgi
Maize landraces are crucial genetic resources for enhancing genetic diversity within breeding programs and for providing novel alleles that may be absent in registered cultivars. This study evaluates the effects of sample type (leaf vs. seed) and sample size (Single, 10, 20, and 30 individuals) on the outcomes of molecular diversity analysis in maize. DNA was extracted from 11 different maize landraces and two standard genotypes (B73 and Mo17) using optimized protocols. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis revealed significant variation in genetic diversity indices between sample types. The analysis of molecular of variance (AMOVA) indicated that 10.98% of the variation in seed samples was explained by the sampling method, while all variation in leaf samples was attributed to differences among genotypes. Dendrogram and graphical analyses demonstrated that seed samples from groups of 10 and 20 exhibited more genetic similarity, while leaf samples showed higher complexity between 10 and 30-sample groups. These findings support the utility of SSR markers in evaluating genetic diversity and emphasize that both tissue type and sample size should be carefully considered in future assesments of genetic variability in maize landraces.
Isolation and Characterisation of Bacteria From an Extremely High Boron and Salinity-Tolerant Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. Rhizosphere and Their Potential Impact on the Growth of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Wiley, 2025) Eken, Noyan; Ateş, Özgür; Çakmakçı, Ramazan; Çetin Karaca, Ümmahan; Gezgin, Sait; Hakkı, Erdoğan Eşref
Boron toxicity and salinity are major abiotic stress factors that cause significant yield losses, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Hyperaccumulator plants, such as Puccinella distans (Jacq.) Parl. from Kirka, exhibit remarkable tolerance to these stresses. This study isolated nine boron-tolerant and six salinity-tolerant bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of P. distans. Using BLAST analysis of 16S rRNA sequences, the boron-tolerant bacteria were identified as Sphingobacterium detergens (three strains), Achromobacter spanius, Pseudomonas extremorientalis, Olivibacter soli, Puccinella poae, Zhihengliuella halotolerans and Chryseobacterium sp., while the salinity-tolerant strains included Bacillus toyonensis, B. muralis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus (two strains) and Arthrobacter aurescens. Among these, P. poae stood out as a promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) candidate. A greenhouse pot experiment demonstrated that inoculating Triticum aestivum L. with P. poae under varying boron doses significantly enhanced plant growth. Notable increases were observed in plant height, root length, stem fresh weight and emergence ratio. These findings highlight the potential of P. poae as an eco-friendly microbial fertiliser to enhance crop resilience in boron-affected areas and offer a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilisers, thus improving agricultural productivity under abiotic stress conditions.
Grain yield and nutritional properties of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) grown with varying nitrogen doses and irrigation levels
(Bmc, 2025) Çftci, Beyza; Akçura, Sevim; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Taş, İsmail; Kaplan, Mahmut
Buckwheat has gained high demand and popularity worldwide in recent years. There are very few studies on the combined use of irrigation and nitrogen applications for the plant. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen dose (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100% of ETo value calculated with the use of evaporations from Class-A pan) applied via fertigation on water use, yield and grain nutritional properties in buckwheat were investigated. The study was carried out in 2020-2021 according to the randomized block design with 3 replications for two years. The highest grain yield was obtained with 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose. The increase in nitrogen doses caused significant increases in crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) values. Plant water consumption (ET) varied between 339 (I0xN50) - 617 (I100xN90) mm. Yield response factor (ky) was determined to be between 1.32 for N0 and 1.49 for N30 according to nitrogen doses, and it was determined that the buckwheat plant was sensitive to water stress. The concentrations of significant constituents, including protein, resistant starch, and fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid), were augmented with elevated irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization. In addition, mineral contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P) increased significantly with increasing irrigation and nitrogen doses. As a result, 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose are recommended in buckwheat cultivation for optimum grain yield and nutrient content. It was determined that these applications provided the most suitable results in terms of both quality and yield.
Morphological and nutritional responses of sorghum to variable irrigation levels and nitrogen doses
(Public Library Science, 2025) Çiftci, Beyza; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Akçura, Sevim; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Karaman, Safa; Kaplan, Mahmut
This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of ETo values calculated using evaporation from Class-A pan) and nitrogen doses (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha (-) (1)) on yield, yield components, and the nutritional properties of sorghum grains. According to the research results, increasing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels enhanced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The highest grain yield (7120 kg ha (-) (1)) was obtained with 100% irrigation and 180 kg ha (-) (1) N application. While increasing irrigation levels increased oil content, higher nitrogen doses caused a decrease for it. The highest oil content (6.64%) was recorded with 100% irrigation and 0 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Protein content increased with irrigation and nitrogen applications, reaching the highest level (11.85%) with 100% irrigation and 270 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Higher irrigation levels also increased total starch and phytic acid content. Among nitrogen applications, the dose of 270 kg ha (-) (1) resulted in the maximum total starch (77.29%) and phytic acid content (1.83%). The ratio of resistant starch (RS) was found to be high at 50% irrigation with low nitrogen doses, indicating an inverse relationship with the total starch content. Both irrigation and nitrogen applications significantly affected the ratios of oleic and linoleic acids. Specifically, increased irrigation raised the linoleic acid content, while nitrogen applications enhanced the oleic acid content. Additionally, as irrigation levels increased, the contents of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) also increased. Conversely, the levels of calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) decreased. Generally, higher nitrogen doses resulted in increased mineral content, with the highest levels of magnesium, iron, and zinc observed at nitrogen doses between 180 and 270 kg ha (-) (1).According to the research results, the most suitable irrigation level for optimizing high yield and grain nutritional properties was determined to be 100%, with a nitrogen dose of 180-270 kg ha (-) (1). These findings will contribute to future studies on different sorghum varieties under varying climate and soil conditions.
Effects of inoculation with multi-trait rhizobacterial consortia on the growth, essential oil content and composition of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty under mediterranean conditions
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2025) Çakmakcı, Ramazan; Akcura, Sevim; Binbir, U.
This study assessed the possible effects of chemical fertilizer (100 kgha-1 N, 50 kgha-1 P2O5, and 50 kgha-1 K2O), a commercial liquid bio-fertilizer, and inoculation with four strains of multi-trait bacteria on various growth parameters of vetiver under Mediterranean conditions. The chemical composition of vetiver root essential oil was analyzed using GC-MS after hydrodistillation. Maximum dry biomass and root weights were observed with BF3 inoculation, followed by chemical fertilizer application. The highest essential oil ratios were found in BF1 and BF2 treatments, while treatments with superior plant characteristics had lower essential oil ratios. GC-MS analyses of the hydro-distillated essential oil of V. zizanioides allowed for the identification of 70 different components in the oil. The main components in the oil were khusimol (21.26-35.36%), followed by vetiverone (3.45-8.08%), (3-vetivone (0.38-12.93%), alpha-gurjunene (0.02-9.68%), gamma-muurolene (0.60-7.85%), (3-vetivenene (0.60-3.41%), valerenal (0.58-3.16%), junenol (0.52-1.47%), and khusimene (0.81-1.95%).
Effect of pasture and feeding systems on hematological traits of ewes and lambs
(Peerj Inc, 2025) Tölü, Cemil; Hanoğlu Oral, Hülya; Alatürk, Fırat; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Context Sustainable livestock production depends on efficient pasture management and the continuous monitoring of the health of grazing animals. Objectives This study investigated the effects of pasture types and sheep production systems on the hematological traits of Karacabey Merino (German Mutton Merino x K & imath;v & imath;rc & imath;k) ewes and lambs grazing on different pasture types throughout the year and reared in a semi-intensive system (control group). Methods In this twenty-six-month study, the hematological characteristics of ewes and lambs grazing on natural pastures and in spring (triticale and oat grass pasture), summer (sorghum Sudangrass and wheat stubble pasture), and autumn (triticale and oat grass pasture) were compared with ewes and lambs reared in a semi-intensive system (no pasture for lambs). A total of 36 ewes (aged 3-4 and 65.2 +/- 0.55 kg) and 98 lambs were used. There were 12 ewes in total in each treatment group and four ewes in subgroups. Each subgroup in the pasture was separated by fences. The 12 ewes tagged in the control group were within the unit sheep flock. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of ewes and lambs at three to four-week intervals during live weight weighing using 3-4 mL edged tubes and transported in the cold chain to the laboratory for analysis. Results Pregnant ewes grazing on natural autumn pasture had significantly lower red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), and platelet (PLT) counts (P < 0.05). Animals grazing on wheat stubble pasture exhibited higher hematological values compared to those grazing on Sorghum-Sudangrass pasture (P < 0.05). Lambs in the control group had lower hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) levels during the post-weaning period than those in the pasture group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The hematological parameters of pregnant Karacabey Merino ewes grazing on natural pastures during the autumn season, as well as those of lambs raised in a semi-intensive system during the post-weaning period, should be carefully monitored. Additionally, appropriate feed supplementation, along with vitamin and mineral support, should be provided to maintain animal health and physiological balance.
Farklı Biçim Uygulamalarına Bazı Sorgum Sudanotu Melezi Çeşitlerinin Agronomik Özellikleri ile Otunun Enerji Değerlerindeki Değişimlerin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Özsüer, Münir Sadi; Alatürk, Fırat
Bu çalışma sorgum sudanotu melezi (SSM) çeşitlerinde (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima) farklı hasat uygulamalarına bağlı olarak toprak üstü ve toprak altı biomass üretimi ile yaprak ve sapların enerji içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2020-2021 yıllarında Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma alanında yürütülmüştür. Bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulan araştırmada ana parselleri çeşitler (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima), alt parselleri ise biçim yükseklikleri (bitki boyu 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm olduğunda ve fizyolojik olum döneminde hasat) oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada bitkilerle ilgili olarak yeşil ot verimi, yaprak, sap ve salkım oranları, kök miktarı, yaprak ve sap kısımlarına ait TSBM, ME, NE ve SE değerleri incelenmiştir. Toplam yeşil ot verimleri biçimdeki bitki boyunun artışına bağlı olarak artmıştır. Nutri Honey çeşidinin toplam yeşil ot üretimi (7323.0 kg da-1) Nutrima’ya (7019.3 kg da-1) göre daha yüksek olmuştur. Bitkide büyümeye bağlı olarak yaprak oranları düşerken, sap ve salkım oranlarında artışlar olmuştur. Bitkilerde boy uzaması ile kök üretimi arasında olumlu ilişki olduğu ve boy uzunluğu arttıkça üretilen kök miktarının da arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yaprakların TSBM içerikleri saplara göre %4.82, ME içerikleri %5.63, NE içerikleri %5.43 ve SE içerikleri %4.84 daha yüksek olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmanın sonunda benzer ekolojilerde kaba yem kaynağı olarak her iki sorgum sudanotu melezi çeşitlerinin yetiştirilmesi ve 150 cm bitki boyuna ulaştıktan sonra hasat edilerek yetiştirme döneminde iki kere verim alınması önerilmektedir.
Evaluation of the opacity and protein quality of maize kernels by image analysis
(Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2025) Üçkan, Kerem; Şentürk, Nilay; Uydaş, Melike; Kahrıman, Fatih
The protein content and quality in maize significantly influence grain quality, driving global efforts to develop high-protein-quality genotypes. Opacity serves as a key phenotypic selection criterion in these efforts due to its relationship with essential amino acid content. This study investigates the differentiation of opaque maize kernels using computer-aided software and explores the relationship between opacity levels and color spaces (RGB, HSV, Lab). Seed samples from 10 maize genotypes (1000 seeds) with varying opacity levels were imaged on a light table in embryo-up and embryo-down orientations. Particle analysis and thresholding performed in R determined opacity levels and provided numerical data for RGB, HSV, and Lab color spaces. Protein, lysine, and tryptophan contents were analyzed through reference methods. Correlation and regression analyses assessed relationships between opacity levels (visual and image-processed) and biochemical components, and color space channels. Protein content ranged from 6.66% to 11.62%, lysine from 0.266% to 0.450%, and tryptophan from 0.034% to 0.092% among opacity groups. Relationships between visual and image-processed opacity levels showed R2 = 0.57 (embryo-up) and R2 = 0.65 (embryo-down). Notably, channels of the HSV color space correlated with lysine and tryptophan contents. This study demonstrates that image processing effectively evaluates opacity levels and protein quality in maize using color space data, offering a promising tool for phenotypic selection.
Discrimination accuracy of haploid and diploid maize seeds using NIR spectroscopy coupled with different machine learning algorithms and data pretreatment methods
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Kahrıman, Fatih; Polat, Adem; Tiryaki, Ali Murat; Eskizeybek, Volkan; Fidan, Sertuğ; Songur, Umut
Spectral data collected at the single seed level allows determination of the biochemical content of the seed sample, as well as to identify the seed class. NIR (Near Infrared) spectroscopy provides a more precise method for differentiating haploid and diploid seeds in maize than traditional visual examination. In this study, classification models that can be used in the separation of haploid and diploid maize seeds were developed using spectra collected between 900-1700 nm from a single maize seed. In the study, 427 diploid and 311 haploid samples obtained by crossing 10 donor materials and 3 inducer lines and separated by eye according to the Navajo marker were used. Spectral measurements were conducted over the wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm for each sample. The robust PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method was used to detect spectral outliers. Spectral data were treated with none, FD (First Derivative), SD (Second Derivative), SNV (Standard Normal Variate), and their binary combinations. Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel (SVM-C), Random Forest, and XGBoost methods were employed as machine learning techniques. The performance of the developed machine learning models was assessed using metrics such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Recall, F1-Score, and Accuracy. The Boosting method demonstrated the best performance with 94.9% accuracy, 95.1% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and an F1 Score of 96%, particularly when using raw reflectance data. These results obtained from raw data show that high accuracy can be achieved in classification models without requiring additional preprocessing steps. D2 preprocessing was found to be unsuitable for intact seed spectra, whereas SNV and D1 applications improved the classification success of other modeling techniques. The study revealed that the Boosting-Raw combination is a powerful and feasible method for classifying haploid and diploid samples.
Effects of Drip Irrigations with Different Irrigation Intervals and Levels on Nutritional Traits of Paddy Cultivars
(MDPI, 2025) Çiftci, Beyza; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Taş, İsmail; Akçura, Sevim; Coşkun, Yalçın; Karaman, Kevser; Akçura, Mevlüt
Rice serves as the primary food source for the majority of the world's population. In terms of irrigation water, the highest volume of irrigation water is utilized in paddy irrigation. Excessive water use causes both waste of limited water resources and various environmental problems. The drip irrigation method with high water use efficiency will reduce both the need for irrigation water and the environmental footprint of paddy production. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two different irrigation intervals (2 and 4 days) and four irrigation levels (150%, 125%, 100%, and 75% of evaporation from a Class-A pan) on the nutritional traits of three different paddy cultivars (Ronaldo, Baldo, and Osmanc & imath;k). Increasing irrigation intervals and decreasing irrigation levels reduced the nutritional properties (protein, oil, starch) of the rice grains. In addition, increasing irrigation levels also increased the phytic acid and dietary fiber contents. The highest protein (7.14%) and total starch (87.10%) contents were obtained from the 150% irrigation treatments. The highest amylose content (20.74%) was obtained from the 75% irrigation treatment. In general, it was found that irrigation levels should be applied at 125% and 150% to increase the mineral content of rice grains. Although water deficits decreased the nutritional properties of the paddy cultivars, drip irrigation at an appropriate level did not have any negative effects on nutritional traits.
A Study on the Integration of In Vitro Methods with In Vivo Double Haploid Technique in Maize (Zea mays L.)
(2024) Yüksel, Nur; Kahrıman, Fatih
The in vivo doubled haploid technique in maize breeding significantly reduces the time required for developing homozygous lines, offering advantages in terms of both time and cost. Although this technique enables the development of lines much faster than traditional breeding methods, ongoing research aims to further shorten the development process through alternative approaches. In this context, significant efforts have been devoted to integrating in vitro methods with in vivo doubled haploid technique. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining in vivo and in vitro techniques for the rapid development of homozygous maize lines. A total of 10 local populations and 3 inducer lines (CIM2GTAIL-P2, ADAIL-1, STOCK-6) were used as experimental material. The study was conducted in two phases under field and laboratory conditions. During the first phase, induction crosses were performed in 2022, and the haploid induction rates of donor genotypes were found to range from 1.29% to 7.12%, as determined using the Navajo marker. In the laboratory phase, immature embryo culture was employed for both direct and indirect regeneration using samples collected 18–20 days after induction crossing. Haploid status of the samples obtained through direct regeneration was confirmed using the Feulgen chromosome staining method. Four of the donor materials (DON3, DON4, DON6, DON7) yielded successful results in tissue culture studies. Explants were taken from immature embryos to CHU medium for callus formation and then these calli were transferred to Murashige and Skoog medium for the formation of somatic embryos. This approach enabled the production of 3 to 6 calluses per immature embryo, depending on the donor genotype. The results of this study indicate that integrating immature embryo culture as an in vitro method into the in vivo doubled haploid technique can offer benefits in terms of both time efficiency and an increased number of developed materials.
Evaluation of monthly changes in essential oil yield and components of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) leaf
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2024) Akçura, Sevim
This research was carried out to examine the monthly changes in both the volatile oil content and volatile components of cherry laurel leaves by taking samples every month for 12 months in Turkey. Harvest periods significantly affected volatile oil content (P < 0.01). Depending on harvest periods, volatile oil ratios ranged from 0.19 to 0.35%. The months of August, July, and September yielded the highest volatile oil ratios. Benzaldehyde, phenol, benzoic acid, benzeneacetonitrile, pentadecanone, 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane and, tetrapentacontane were determined as components in the volatile oil. The ratio of benzaldehyde, the main active ingredient, varied between 83.89 and 94.41%, depending on the harvest time. The cherry laurel leaf should be harvested in July, August, and September for high essential oil ratios and in May, June, and July for high benzaldehyde ratios. Due to the high concentration of benzaldehyde in its volatile oil, cherry laurel evergreen leaf can be considered a valuable source of raw materials for the fragrance and pharmaceutical sectors.
Evaluating Scald Reactions of Some Turkish Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties Using GGE Biplot Analysis
(Mdpi, 2023) Akan, Kadir; Cat, Ahmet; Hocaoğlu, Onur; Tekin, Mehmet
Scald caused by the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune is a significant foliar disease affecting barley production on a global scale, and it leads to substantial reductions in both yield and quality of barley. In the current study, the reactions of 40 Turkish barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties to scald were evaluated under natural conditions in canakkale and Kirsehir in 2021-2022, and Antalya and Siirt locations in 2022-2023 growing seasons. Field trials were conducted according to randomized block design with three replications in each year; the spore concentration was 1 x 10(6) spores per mL, and it was applied to the varieties three times at different growth stages. The reactions of barley varieties were assessed using a newly designed two-digit scale ranging from 11 to 99. Based on their scale values, the varieties were categorized as immune (0), resistant (11-35), moderately resistant (36-55), moderately susceptible (56-75), and susceptible (76-99). In addition, genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) interactions of scale values were analyzed through GGE Biplot and explained 97.65% of the total variation. The ranking of genotypes based on scale groups generally showed consistency with GGE Biplot results, but GGE Biplot offered a more detailed classification, especially for moderately susceptible varieties. The relationship between the two methods indicated the relative stability of variety reactions, as GGE Biplot analysis also considered genotype stability. In conclusion, the use of the newly developed scale for evaluating scald reactions in barley gives reliable results. In addition, identified resistant varieties can serve as valuable genetic resources for further breeding studies.
Modelling the Effect of Irrigation Deficit on Maize Growth with Logistic Regression
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Hocaoğlu, Onur; Gonülal, Erdal; Akçura, Mevlüt
This research is conducted to model the limiting effects of irrigation deficit on maize growth which is a major challenge in dry areas. Field trials were conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications in Konya region (Turkey) during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons between May and August. Dry matter (DM) increase of maize was assessed on weekly intervals under four irrigation treatments, configured as %100, 75, 50 and 25 of the field capacity. Curve fitting with Logistic regression model demonstrated gradual decreases of maximum DM (from 496.331 to 254.119 g) and maximum growth rate (49,95 to 29,47 g/weeks) in average due to irrigation deficit when accurately modeling the DM accumulation with the varying R2 values between 0.979 and 0.995. Results of logistic regression curves and IWUE suggested that even 25% restriction of irrigation water caused an average of %25.5 decrease on DM when 50% and more restriction could be associated with water stress. Additionally, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was increased after the maximum acceleration point (MAP) which coincided with tasseling stage and inflection point (IP) where growth rate reaches to maximum, indicating that these periods were critical for maize in terms of preventing water deficiency.
Effects of harvest height and time on hay yield and quality of some sweet sorghum and sorghum Sudangrass hybrid varieties
(Peerj Inc, 2024) Alatürk, Fırat
Background: This experiment was conducted in the Research and Application Field of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, during the 2020 and 2021 summer period. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different harvesting heights on forage yields and crude ash, fat, protein, and carbon and nitrogen content of leaves and stalks of sweet sorghum (SS) and sorghum sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivars. Methods: Nutri Honey and Nutrima varieties of SSH and the M81 -E and Topper -76 varieties of SS were used in this study. The experiment was conducted using the randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots each included two early and late varieties of SS and SSH cultivars, while the subplots were used to test different harvesting heights (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm) and physiological parameters of each crop. Results: The results of this study showed that dry forage yields increased with plant growth, with the amount of forage produced at the end of the growth cycle increasing 172.2% compared to the early growth stages. Carbon (C) content of leaves decreased by 6.5%, nitrogen (N) by 46%, crude protein (CP) by 54%, crude fat (CF) by 34%, while crude ash (CA) content increased by 6% due to the increase in plant height harvest. At the same time, in parallel with the increase in plant height at harvest, the nitrogen content of the stems of the plants decreased by 87%, crude protein by 65%, crude ash by 33% and crude fat by 41%, while the carbon content increased by 4%. As plant height at harvest increased, hay yield increased but nutrient contents of the hay decreased. However, the Nutrima, Nutri Honey and M81 -E sorghum cultivars, harvested three times at heights of 90 to 120 cm, are recommended for the highest yield.
Bioethanol potential of switchgrass cultivars for rainfed and irrigated conditions in marginal lands
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Gönülal, Erdal; Hocaoğlu, Onur
Bioethanol is a climate-friendly alternative to conventional energy sources. This study was conducted to determine bioenergy potential of switchgrass cultivation in Central Anatolia where water scarcity limits the agricultural production. Field trials were conducted in a randomized blocks design with three replications under irrigated and rainfed conditions for three growing seasons (2019, 2020 and 2021). Biomass yield (BY), theoretical cellulosic ethanol yield (TEY), theoretical ethanol potential (TEP) with several quality parameters of 10 switchgrass cultivars were evaluated. Highest BY averages were obtained from Boomaster cultivar with 5.28 (rainfed) and 18.45 t ha−1 (irrigated) when Dacotah had the lowest BY averages of 1.55 (rainfed) and 5.29 t ha−1 (irrigated). ANOVA and Genotype Trait Biplot results revealed higher BY, TEY and TEP with lower ADF, NDF and ADL of lowland ecotype cultivars. Lowland ecotypes provided superior results in both rainfed and irrigated conditions with a higher response to irrigation. TEY of switchgrass were found as positively associated with BY, plant height and stem weight which could be used as indicators of TEY for genotype selection. In conclusion, lowland ecotype cultivars of switchgrass were recommended for bioethanol production in water limited environments.
Two or more bacterial mixtures increase tea plant growth, yield, nutrient intake and antioxidant enzyme activity
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Erduran, Erdim; Çakmakcı, Ramazan; Parlakova Karagöz, Fazilet; Karagöz, Halit
This study was carried out in order to determine bacterial strains that can be used as biological fertilizer in tea cultivation. The present study assessed possible effects of mineral NPK fertilizer (TF: 80 kg ha(-1) compound 25: 5:10) and ACC deaminase-containing, N-2-fixing, and P-solubilizing 6 bacteria strains as single (T-1-T-6:Pseudomonas fluorescens RC483, Pseudomonas fluorescens RC77E, Pseudomonas putida RC19b, Bacillus licheniformis RC5B2, Bacillus subtilis RC5A2, Bacillus pumilus RC7A1), binary (T-7: RC483 + RC5A2, T-8: RC77E + RC7A1), triple (T-9: RC77E + RC5A2+ RC5B2, T-10: RC483+ RC19b + RC7A1) and quadruple (T-11: RC77E + RC5B2 + RC7A1+ RC5A2) inoculations, chemical fertilizer (80 kg ha(-1) compound 25: 5: 10) and control treatments on growth, yield, yield, nutrient uptake and enzyme activity of Pazar-20 tea clones manufactured for commercial purposes. Experimental groups determined in the present study were formed by considering the results of our preliminary study and bacteria that do not have antagonistic effects on each other. Results showed that dual, triple and quadruple inoculations stimulated overal second and third leaf area, leaf yield, macro- and micro-nutrient concenrations, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content, and antioxidant, oxidative, catalytic, hydrolytic and quality-related enzymes activity. Tea plant growth responses were dependent on the inoculant strain and formulations used, as well as on the parameters evaluated. In conclusion, bacterial seed inoculations especially with quadruple bacterial formulation determined to be most effective in tea growth can improve tea yield and productivity on sustainable basis. The ability to increase enzyme activity, which may be important in taste and aroma, leaf antioxidant, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and tea processing technology by using different combinations prepared with bacterial isolates will be able to a significant contribution to tea technology studies.
Use of machine learning models-based image analysis for classification of haploid and diploid maize
(Brazilian Soc Plant Breeding, 2023) Kahrıman, Fatih; Güz, Abdurrahman Muhammed; Pehlivan, İpek
Image analysis is a straightforward and non-destructive technique used to identify haploids/diploids in maize. This study was carried out to characterize haploid/diploid maize kernels based on color space data and to compare the success of classification models developed using different machine learning techniques in maize. In this study, haploid (n=390) and diploid (n=495) kernels obtained by crossing five different donors with a Navajo inducer were used. Kernel images were collected using a standard desktop scanner. After extracting the RGB color space data, it was converted to hue-saturation-value (HSV) and Lab color spaces. Seven combinations of color space datasets were used as predictor variables. Support vector machines (SVM-C), random forest (RF), classification and regression tree (CART) methods were used to develop ML models. The classification success of the models was found between 0.74 and 0.86. The Support Vector Machines model (Accuracy = 0.86) created with RGB+Lab input data was the best.
Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tölü, Cemil; Alatürk, Fırat; Özaslan Parlak, Altıngül; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Extensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.

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