Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2750

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Principles of environmentally sustainable agriculture for building resilient and resource-efficient food systems
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2025) Çakmakcı, Ramazan; Çakmakcı, Songül; Çakmakcı, Muhammet Fatih
As the demand for greater quantities of higher-quality food grows with population expansion, climate change, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices accelerate the loss of arable land, ultimately threatening agricultural sustainability. Population growth necessitates a transition to nutritious, safe, and healthy food production systems that ensure higher yields, less reduced waste, improved social outcomes, and the integration of economic, social, and environmental sustainability principles. Urgent global challenges such as resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and climate change necessitate the protection of ecosystems and the sustainable use of natural resources. Agricultural systems must enhance food production and supply productivity, strengthen system resilience, and improve resource efficiency and sustainability. The sustainable development of agricultural systems based on resilience and productivity is important to ensure food security. The aim of this review is to compile, describe, and propose future strategies for promising food systems-including transformative innovations and alternative farming techniques-to facilitate the transition toward resilient, resource-efficient, and sustainable agriculture, and to mitigate long-term challenges. It also provides recommendations for future research, sustainability, resilience, and emerging food trends aimed at promoting sustainable food systems and green technologies, protecting ecosystems, resources, and biodiversity, and optimizing waste management and natural resource use. This article focuses on future sustainable food production and security, environmental protection, alternative protein sources, and innovative agricultural techniques; it highlights scientific and technological advancements, emerging research directions, and offers a comprehensive perspective on resilient, resource-efficient, and sustainable food production systems.
Evaluation differences between haploid and diploid maize samples and cut-off points determination for separation haploids using decision tree technique
(Univ Agronomic Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest - Usamv, 2025) Tunç, Talha; Kahrıman, Fatih
This study aims to assess the discrimination success of these measurements on seeds, germinated seeds, and seedlings of haploid and diploid maize samples, using cytogenetic verification by acetocarmin staining. This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Field Crops, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. The decision tree method was used to determine which of the measured traits was effective in differentiating haploid/diploid samples. The results of study showed that the success of visual discrimination according to Navajo marker was 85% for haploid samples and 96% for diploid samples. Differences between haploid and diploid samples varied by donor material, with hybrid donors showing more pronounced disparities. Decision tree analysis revealed that the root length and seed circumference as effective traits to distinguish haploids from diploids. In conclusion, visual differentiation based only seed coloration can be misleading, highlighting the importance of multiple measurements for accurate haploid identification using the in vivo doubled haploid technique.
Investigation of the influence of seed size on the biochemical and physical characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa) with machine learning techniques
(Springer, 2025) Akçura, Sevim
This research aimed to examine the impact of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed sizes (S1: >1.6 mm, S2: 1.4-1.6 mm, S3: 1.2-1.4 mm, S4: <1.2 mm) on various physical and chemical properties (crude oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, protein, and volatile oil content) and to enhance seed classification utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms. Ten different ML algorithms (LR: Logistic Regression, SMO: Sequential Minimal Optimization, J48: Decision Tree, LMT: Logistic Model Tree, RT: Random Tree, RF: Random Forest, SL: Simple Logistic, MLP: Multi-Layer Perceptron KNN: k-nearest neighbor, KStar: instance-based classifier) were used to discriminate between seed classes. The MLP model performed the best with 96.25% accuracy. According to the results of analysis of variance and multivariate analyses (biplot and canonical correlation), seed size significantly affected seed physical and chemical characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate methods (biplot and canonical correlation) showed significant differences (p < 0.01) in physical parameters, such as mass (0.0018-0.0026 g), thousand kernel weight (1.97-2.51 g), and geometric mean diameter (1.49-1.68 mm), between seed size groups. Chemically, smaller seeds (S3, S4) had higher levels of crude oil (31.62-32.77%) and linoleic acid (up to 62.10%), while larger seeds (S1, S2) had higher levels of fiber (6.62-6.97%), ash (4.63-4.88%), and carbohydrates (31.68-33.91%). Seed size S2 had the highest volatile oil content (0.63%) and thymoquinone levels (11.75%), underscoring its exceptional potential for medicinal, industrial, and direct food applications. Based on these results, it is advisable to utilize black cumin seeds for various applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries by assessing different seed sizes.
Genetic diversity of Turkish colored maize landraces assessed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
(Springer, 2025) Yıldırım, Ezgi Alaca; Kahrıman, Fatih; Matur, Ferhat
Assessing genetic diversity in maize landraces is critical for conserving genetic resources and unlocking their potential for use in breeding programs. This study investigated the genetic diversity of 34 Turkish colored maize landraces using 28 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genetic variation was evaluated through gene differentiation and fixation index (Fst) analysis, complemented by Nei's gene diversity index (h), Jaccard similarity index (J), and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) to examine genetic relationships among populations. The SSR markers exhibited high polymorphic informativeness and discrimination power, highlighting their effectiveness in assessing genetic diversity. The analysis revealed expected heterozygosity (He) values ranging from 0.1023 to 0.8832, Nei's gene diversity index (h) of 0.5458, Shannon's diversity index (I) of 1.0338, and Jaccard similarity index (J) values between 0.06 and 0.289, indicating substantial genetic variation among the landraces. These findings demonstrate the significant genetic diversity present in Turkish colored maize landraces and underscore their value as a genetic reservoir for breeding programs focused on agronomic or quality traits. Integrating these results with field performance evaluations may offer valuable insights and contribute to the development of improved maize cultivars.
Sampling number effects on genetic variation analysis in maize landraces using seed and leaf tissues
(Springer, 2025) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Ömer; Songur, Umut; Alaca Yıldırım, Ezgi
Maize landraces are crucial genetic resources for enhancing genetic diversity within breeding programs and for providing novel alleles that may be absent in registered cultivars. This study evaluates the effects of sample type (leaf vs. seed) and sample size (Single, 10, 20, and 30 individuals) on the outcomes of molecular diversity analysis in maize. DNA was extracted from 11 different maize landraces and two standard genotypes (B73 and Mo17) using optimized protocols. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis revealed significant variation in genetic diversity indices between sample types. The analysis of molecular of variance (AMOVA) indicated that 10.98% of the variation in seed samples was explained by the sampling method, while all variation in leaf samples was attributed to differences among genotypes. Dendrogram and graphical analyses demonstrated that seed samples from groups of 10 and 20 exhibited more genetic similarity, while leaf samples showed higher complexity between 10 and 30-sample groups. These findings support the utility of SSR markers in evaluating genetic diversity and emphasize that both tissue type and sample size should be carefully considered in future assesments of genetic variability in maize landraces.
Effects of extraction methods on the phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds of selected medicinal-aromatic spices: a comparative study
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Salık, Mehmet Ali; Çakmakcı, Songül; Çakmakçı, Ramazan
Spices are important gastronomic ingredients utilized globally to increase the flavor of foods. This study aimed to compare the quality characteristics and effects of classic extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on the bioactivity of 10 selected medicinal aromatic spices (mint, thyme, black pepper, cumin, clove, green cardamom, turmeric, ginger, cinnamon and sumac) frequently used in world cuisines. The analyses revealed that the spices were good sources of protein (4.71–19.68%) and ash (6.45–15.53%). The L*, a*, b*, H°, C*, browning index (BI), whiteness index (WI) and yellowness index (YI) values of the spice samples ranged from 24.70 to 71.36, −1.33 to 18.55, 1.76–59.22, 23.79–95.23, 4.37–62.06, 19.40–214.77, 24.55–63.09 and 10.06–137.89, respectively. Generally, the difference in the antioxidant capacity between the CE and UAE methods was statistically significant (P < 0.05). UAE treatment significantly decreased the extraction time of bioactive compounds from spices. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH·, CUPRAC and FRAP values of the spices ranged from 7.96 to 145.98 mg GAE/g, 7.85–271.36 mg QE/g, 1.57–172.94 mg TE/g, 9.57–744.27 mg TE/g and 1.50–423.53 mg TE/g, respectively. With both extraction methods, the highest antioxidant capacity was detected in clove, whereas the lowest was detected in green cardamom. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that cloves had the most distinct and strong antioxidant capacity, followed by cinnamon and sumac. In conclusion, we believe that this research contributes to both the importance of selected spices in nutrition and gastronomy and the role of the extraction technique in optimizing the health-promoting potential of spices for food and nutraceutical applications.
Impact of Kernel Opacity on Protein Content, Some Essential Amino Acids, and Zein Film Properties in Maize
(Springer, 2025) Gümüş, Muhammet; Danışman, Merve; Kibar, Kübra; Yakar, Emin; Oral, Ayhan; Kahrıman, Fatih
Opacity is one of the key indicators of protein quality in maize. Compared to normal maize genotypes, opaque maize contains higher amounts of essential amino acids, contributing to higher levels of lysine and tryptophan, which are limiting in maize diets. These essential amino acids are particularly critical for zeins, the dominant protein fraction in maize, as zeins serve as valuable raw materials with both industrial and nutritional applications. Although zein-based films have been widely studied, there is limited research comparing the properties of zein films derived from maize samples with different kernel opacity levels. In this study, a maize genotype known to possess the opaque trait was used to obtain samples with five different opacity levels. Protein, lysine, and tryptophan content variations were analyzed in flour, raw zein, and zein film samples. Additionally, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of zein films was performed according to opacity levels. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences between means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test (P < 0.05). The protein content was found to range between 7.6 and 10.14% in flour and 80.6-86.9% in raw zein. Lysine content varied between 1.00 and 1.81% in flour and 0.03-2.28% in raw zein, while tryptophan content ranged from 0.175 to 0.228% in flour to 0.38-2.17% in raw zein. An increase in opacity level led to a decrease in protein content; however, it significantly enhanced the essential amino acid content across all sample types. Furthermore, opacity levels had a substantial impact on the structural properties of zein films. Significant differences were observed among the film samples in terms of color intensity (e.g., L* values ranging from 83.64 in PVA-PEG control to 68.34 in PVA-PEG-Zein100), chroma (2.64 to 40.45), and hue angle (23.30 degrees to 92.43 degrees). Additionally, film thickness varied significantly between 0.028 mm and 0.195 mm across formulations. Mechanical differences were also evident, particularly in storage modulus and flexibility, as quantified through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Although variations in glass transition temperature were modest and appeared to correlate with differences in film opacity-attributable to the lysine-to-tryptophan ratio-a pronounced enhancement in storage modulus was observed. Notably, the formulation exhibiting the highest lysine-tryptophan content showed an increase of up to 1000 times in the storage modulus.The findings suggest that processing and utilizing maize samples separated by opacity level for raw material production could provide important nutritional advantages for food and other applications.
Enhancing near-infrared spectroscopy calibration for accurate protein and gluten determination in wheat flour and intact grains using chemometric techniques
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Altay, Mustafa Emre; Kahrıman, Fatih
Rapid and reliable determination of protein and gluten in wheat is crucial for quality assessment and process control. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a nondestructive alternative to conventional chemical analysis; however, its predictive performance depends strongly on preprocessing and modeling strategy. This study evaluated how different combinations of scatter correction, derivative, and wavelength-selection methods influence NIR calibration performance for predicting protein and gluten contents in both wheat flour and intact grain samples, using Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression models under identical conditions. The results demonstrated that SVM achieved superior prediction accuracy for both protein and gluten contents, particularly when combined with Standard Normal Variate (SNV) preprocessing and mild smoothing. Among the best-performing models, those developed from flour-based spectra generally achieved higher coefficients of determination (R2, Coefficient of Determination, up to 0.96) than those based on grain spectra (R2 approximate to 0.88-0.90), reflecting reduced scattering and greater compositional uniformity in flour samples. The most successful combinations were SNV + SVM for protein prediction (R2 = 0.99) and smoothing + SNV + Genetic Algorithm-Partial Least Squares (GA-PLS) + SVM for gluten prediction (R2 = 0.93). Overall results revealed that combining NIR spectroscopy with optimized preprocessing and machine-learning algorithms enables rapid and precise quantification of wheat quality traits, supporting its broader application in industrial quality control and breeding programs.
Isolation and Characterisation of Bacteria From an Extremely High Boron and Salinity-Tolerant Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. Rhizosphere and Their Potential Impact on the Growth of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Wiley, 2025) Eken, Noyan; Ateş, Özgür; Çakmakçı, Ramazan; Çetin Karaca, Ümmahan; Gezgin, Sait; Hakkı, Erdoğan Eşref
Boron toxicity and salinity are major abiotic stress factors that cause significant yield losses, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Hyperaccumulator plants, such as Puccinella distans (Jacq.) Parl. from Kirka, exhibit remarkable tolerance to these stresses. This study isolated nine boron-tolerant and six salinity-tolerant bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of P. distans. Using BLAST analysis of 16S rRNA sequences, the boron-tolerant bacteria were identified as Sphingobacterium detergens (three strains), Achromobacter spanius, Pseudomonas extremorientalis, Olivibacter soli, Puccinella poae, Zhihengliuella halotolerans and Chryseobacterium sp., while the salinity-tolerant strains included Bacillus toyonensis, B. muralis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus (two strains) and Arthrobacter aurescens. Among these, P. poae stood out as a promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) candidate. A greenhouse pot experiment demonstrated that inoculating Triticum aestivum L. with P. poae under varying boron doses significantly enhanced plant growth. Notable increases were observed in plant height, root length, stem fresh weight and emergence ratio. These findings highlight the potential of P. poae as an eco-friendly microbial fertiliser to enhance crop resilience in boron-affected areas and offer a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilisers, thus improving agricultural productivity under abiotic stress conditions.
Grain yield and nutritional properties of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) grown with varying nitrogen doses and irrigation levels
(Bmc, 2025) Çftci, Beyza; Akçura, Sevim; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Taş, İsmail; Kaplan, Mahmut
Buckwheat has gained high demand and popularity worldwide in recent years. There are very few studies on the combined use of irrigation and nitrogen applications for the plant. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen dose (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100% of ETo value calculated with the use of evaporations from Class-A pan) applied via fertigation on water use, yield and grain nutritional properties in buckwheat were investigated. The study was carried out in 2020-2021 according to the randomized block design with 3 replications for two years. The highest grain yield was obtained with 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose. The increase in nitrogen doses caused significant increases in crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) values. Plant water consumption (ET) varied between 339 (I0xN50) - 617 (I100xN90) mm. Yield response factor (ky) was determined to be between 1.32 for N0 and 1.49 for N30 according to nitrogen doses, and it was determined that the buckwheat plant was sensitive to water stress. The concentrations of significant constituents, including protein, resistant starch, and fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid), were augmented with elevated irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization. In addition, mineral contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P) increased significantly with increasing irrigation and nitrogen doses. As a result, 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose are recommended in buckwheat cultivation for optimum grain yield and nutrient content. It was determined that these applications provided the most suitable results in terms of both quality and yield.
Morphological and nutritional responses of sorghum to variable irrigation levels and nitrogen doses
(Public Library Science, 2025) Çiftci, Beyza; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Akçura, Sevim; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Karaman, Safa; Kaplan, Mahmut
This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of ETo values calculated using evaporation from Class-A pan) and nitrogen doses (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha (-) (1)) on yield, yield components, and the nutritional properties of sorghum grains. According to the research results, increasing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels enhanced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The highest grain yield (7120 kg ha (-) (1)) was obtained with 100% irrigation and 180 kg ha (-) (1) N application. While increasing irrigation levels increased oil content, higher nitrogen doses caused a decrease for it. The highest oil content (6.64%) was recorded with 100% irrigation and 0 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Protein content increased with irrigation and nitrogen applications, reaching the highest level (11.85%) with 100% irrigation and 270 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Higher irrigation levels also increased total starch and phytic acid content. Among nitrogen applications, the dose of 270 kg ha (-) (1) resulted in the maximum total starch (77.29%) and phytic acid content (1.83%). The ratio of resistant starch (RS) was found to be high at 50% irrigation with low nitrogen doses, indicating an inverse relationship with the total starch content. Both irrigation and nitrogen applications significantly affected the ratios of oleic and linoleic acids. Specifically, increased irrigation raised the linoleic acid content, while nitrogen applications enhanced the oleic acid content. Additionally, as irrigation levels increased, the contents of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) also increased. Conversely, the levels of calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) decreased. Generally, higher nitrogen doses resulted in increased mineral content, with the highest levels of magnesium, iron, and zinc observed at nitrogen doses between 180 and 270 kg ha (-) (1).According to the research results, the most suitable irrigation level for optimizing high yield and grain nutritional properties was determined to be 100%, with a nitrogen dose of 180-270 kg ha (-) (1). These findings will contribute to future studies on different sorghum varieties under varying climate and soil conditions.
Effects of inoculation with multi-trait rhizobacterial consortia on the growth, essential oil content and composition of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty under mediterranean conditions
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2025) Çakmakcı, Ramazan; Akcura, Sevim; Binbir, U.
This study assessed the possible effects of chemical fertilizer (100 kgha-1 N, 50 kgha-1 P2O5, and 50 kgha-1 K2O), a commercial liquid bio-fertilizer, and inoculation with four strains of multi-trait bacteria on various growth parameters of vetiver under Mediterranean conditions. The chemical composition of vetiver root essential oil was analyzed using GC-MS after hydrodistillation. Maximum dry biomass and root weights were observed with BF3 inoculation, followed by chemical fertilizer application. The highest essential oil ratios were found in BF1 and BF2 treatments, while treatments with superior plant characteristics had lower essential oil ratios. GC-MS analyses of the hydro-distillated essential oil of V. zizanioides allowed for the identification of 70 different components in the oil. The main components in the oil were khusimol (21.26-35.36%), followed by vetiverone (3.45-8.08%), (3-vetivone (0.38-12.93%), alpha-gurjunene (0.02-9.68%), gamma-muurolene (0.60-7.85%), (3-vetivenene (0.60-3.41%), valerenal (0.58-3.16%), junenol (0.52-1.47%), and khusimene (0.81-1.95%).
Effect of pasture and feeding systems on hematological traits of ewes and lambs
(Peerj Inc, 2025) Tölü, Cemil; Hanoğlu Oral, Hülya; Alatürk, Fırat; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Context Sustainable livestock production depends on efficient pasture management and the continuous monitoring of the health of grazing animals. Objectives This study investigated the effects of pasture types and sheep production systems on the hematological traits of Karacabey Merino (German Mutton Merino x K & imath;v & imath;rc & imath;k) ewes and lambs grazing on different pasture types throughout the year and reared in a semi-intensive system (control group). Methods In this twenty-six-month study, the hematological characteristics of ewes and lambs grazing on natural pastures and in spring (triticale and oat grass pasture), summer (sorghum Sudangrass and wheat stubble pasture), and autumn (triticale and oat grass pasture) were compared with ewes and lambs reared in a semi-intensive system (no pasture for lambs). A total of 36 ewes (aged 3-4 and 65.2 +/- 0.55 kg) and 98 lambs were used. There were 12 ewes in total in each treatment group and four ewes in subgroups. Each subgroup in the pasture was separated by fences. The 12 ewes tagged in the control group were within the unit sheep flock. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of ewes and lambs at three to four-week intervals during live weight weighing using 3-4 mL edged tubes and transported in the cold chain to the laboratory for analysis. Results Pregnant ewes grazing on natural autumn pasture had significantly lower red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), and platelet (PLT) counts (P < 0.05). Animals grazing on wheat stubble pasture exhibited higher hematological values compared to those grazing on Sorghum-Sudangrass pasture (P < 0.05). Lambs in the control group had lower hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) levels during the post-weaning period than those in the pasture group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The hematological parameters of pregnant Karacabey Merino ewes grazing on natural pastures during the autumn season, as well as those of lambs raised in a semi-intensive system during the post-weaning period, should be carefully monitored. Additionally, appropriate feed supplementation, along with vitamin and mineral support, should be provided to maintain animal health and physiological balance.
Farklı Biçim Uygulamalarına Bazı Sorgum Sudanotu Melezi Çeşitlerinin Agronomik Özellikleri ile Otunun Enerji Değerlerindeki Değişimlerin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Özsüer, Münir Sadi; Alatürk, Fırat
Bu çalışma sorgum sudanotu melezi (SSM) çeşitlerinde (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima) farklı hasat uygulamalarına bağlı olarak toprak üstü ve toprak altı biomass üretimi ile yaprak ve sapların enerji içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2020-2021 yıllarında Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma alanında yürütülmüştür. Bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulan araştırmada ana parselleri çeşitler (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima), alt parselleri ise biçim yükseklikleri (bitki boyu 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm olduğunda ve fizyolojik olum döneminde hasat) oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada bitkilerle ilgili olarak yeşil ot verimi, yaprak, sap ve salkım oranları, kök miktarı, yaprak ve sap kısımlarına ait TSBM, ME, NE ve SE değerleri incelenmiştir. Toplam yeşil ot verimleri biçimdeki bitki boyunun artışına bağlı olarak artmıştır. Nutri Honey çeşidinin toplam yeşil ot üretimi (7323.0 kg da-1) Nutrima’ya (7019.3 kg da-1) göre daha yüksek olmuştur. Bitkide büyümeye bağlı olarak yaprak oranları düşerken, sap ve salkım oranlarında artışlar olmuştur. Bitkilerde boy uzaması ile kök üretimi arasında olumlu ilişki olduğu ve boy uzunluğu arttıkça üretilen kök miktarının da arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yaprakların TSBM içerikleri saplara göre %4.82, ME içerikleri %5.63, NE içerikleri %5.43 ve SE içerikleri %4.84 daha yüksek olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmanın sonunda benzer ekolojilerde kaba yem kaynağı olarak her iki sorgum sudanotu melezi çeşitlerinin yetiştirilmesi ve 150 cm bitki boyuna ulaştıktan sonra hasat edilerek yetiştirme döneminde iki kere verim alınması önerilmektedir.
Evaluation of the opacity and protein quality of maize kernels by image analysis
(Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2025) Üçkan, Kerem; Şentürk, Nilay; Uydaş, Melike; Kahrıman, Fatih
The protein content and quality in maize significantly influence grain quality, driving global efforts to develop high-protein-quality genotypes. Opacity serves as a key phenotypic selection criterion in these efforts due to its relationship with essential amino acid content. This study investigates the differentiation of opaque maize kernels using computer-aided software and explores the relationship between opacity levels and color spaces (RGB, HSV, Lab). Seed samples from 10 maize genotypes (1000 seeds) with varying opacity levels were imaged on a light table in embryo-up and embryo-down orientations. Particle analysis and thresholding performed in R determined opacity levels and provided numerical data for RGB, HSV, and Lab color spaces. Protein, lysine, and tryptophan contents were analyzed through reference methods. Correlation and regression analyses assessed relationships between opacity levels (visual and image-processed) and biochemical components, and color space channels. Protein content ranged from 6.66% to 11.62%, lysine from 0.266% to 0.450%, and tryptophan from 0.034% to 0.092% among opacity groups. Relationships between visual and image-processed opacity levels showed R2 = 0.57 (embryo-up) and R2 = 0.65 (embryo-down). Notably, channels of the HSV color space correlated with lysine and tryptophan contents. This study demonstrates that image processing effectively evaluates opacity levels and protein quality in maize using color space data, offering a promising tool for phenotypic selection.
Discrimination accuracy of haploid and diploid maize seeds using NIR spectroscopy coupled with different machine learning algorithms and data pretreatment methods
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Kahrıman, Fatih; Polat, Adem; Tiryaki, Ali Murat; Eskizeybek, Volkan; Fidan, Sertuğ; Songur, Umut
Spectral data collected at the single seed level allows determination of the biochemical content of the seed sample, as well as to identify the seed class. NIR (Near Infrared) spectroscopy provides a more precise method for differentiating haploid and diploid seeds in maize than traditional visual examination. In this study, classification models that can be used in the separation of haploid and diploid maize seeds were developed using spectra collected between 900-1700 nm from a single maize seed. In the study, 427 diploid and 311 haploid samples obtained by crossing 10 donor materials and 3 inducer lines and separated by eye according to the Navajo marker were used. Spectral measurements were conducted over the wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm for each sample. The robust PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method was used to detect spectral outliers. Spectral data were treated with none, FD (First Derivative), SD (Second Derivative), SNV (Standard Normal Variate), and their binary combinations. Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel (SVM-C), Random Forest, and XGBoost methods were employed as machine learning techniques. The performance of the developed machine learning models was assessed using metrics such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Recall, F1-Score, and Accuracy. The Boosting method demonstrated the best performance with 94.9% accuracy, 95.1% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and an F1 Score of 96%, particularly when using raw reflectance data. These results obtained from raw data show that high accuracy can be achieved in classification models without requiring additional preprocessing steps. D2 preprocessing was found to be unsuitable for intact seed spectra, whereas SNV and D1 applications improved the classification success of other modeling techniques. The study revealed that the Boosting-Raw combination is a powerful and feasible method for classifying haploid and diploid samples.
Effects of Drip Irrigations with Different Irrigation Intervals and Levels on Nutritional Traits of Paddy Cultivars
(MDPI, 2025) Çiftci, Beyza; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Taş, İsmail; Akçura, Sevim; Coşkun, Yalçın; Karaman, Kevser; Akçura, Mevlüt
Rice serves as the primary food source for the majority of the world's population. In terms of irrigation water, the highest volume of irrigation water is utilized in paddy irrigation. Excessive water use causes both waste of limited water resources and various environmental problems. The drip irrigation method with high water use efficiency will reduce both the need for irrigation water and the environmental footprint of paddy production. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two different irrigation intervals (2 and 4 days) and four irrigation levels (150%, 125%, 100%, and 75% of evaporation from a Class-A pan) on the nutritional traits of three different paddy cultivars (Ronaldo, Baldo, and Osmanc & imath;k). Increasing irrigation intervals and decreasing irrigation levels reduced the nutritional properties (protein, oil, starch) of the rice grains. In addition, increasing irrigation levels also increased the phytic acid and dietary fiber contents. The highest protein (7.14%) and total starch (87.10%) contents were obtained from the 150% irrigation treatments. The highest amylose content (20.74%) was obtained from the 75% irrigation treatment. In general, it was found that irrigation levels should be applied at 125% and 150% to increase the mineral content of rice grains. Although water deficits decreased the nutritional properties of the paddy cultivars, drip irrigation at an appropriate level did not have any negative effects on nutritional traits.
A Study on the Integration of In Vitro Methods with In Vivo Double Haploid Technique in Maize (Zea mays L.)
(2024) Yüksel, Nur; Kahrıman, Fatih
The in vivo doubled haploid technique in maize breeding significantly reduces the time required for developing homozygous lines, offering advantages in terms of both time and cost. Although this technique enables the development of lines much faster than traditional breeding methods, ongoing research aims to further shorten the development process through alternative approaches. In this context, significant efforts have been devoted to integrating in vitro methods with in vivo doubled haploid technique. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining in vivo and in vitro techniques for the rapid development of homozygous maize lines. A total of 10 local populations and 3 inducer lines (CIM2GTAIL-P2, ADAIL-1, STOCK-6) were used as experimental material. The study was conducted in two phases under field and laboratory conditions. During the first phase, induction crosses were performed in 2022, and the haploid induction rates of donor genotypes were found to range from 1.29% to 7.12%, as determined using the Navajo marker. In the laboratory phase, immature embryo culture was employed for both direct and indirect regeneration using samples collected 18–20 days after induction crossing. Haploid status of the samples obtained through direct regeneration was confirmed using the Feulgen chromosome staining method. Four of the donor materials (DON3, DON4, DON6, DON7) yielded successful results in tissue culture studies. Explants were taken from immature embryos to CHU medium for callus formation and then these calli were transferred to Murashige and Skoog medium for the formation of somatic embryos. This approach enabled the production of 3 to 6 calluses per immature embryo, depending on the donor genotype. The results of this study indicate that integrating immature embryo culture as an in vitro method into the in vivo doubled haploid technique can offer benefits in terms of both time efficiency and an increased number of developed materials.
Evaluation of monthly changes in essential oil yield and components of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) leaf
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2024) Akçura, Sevim
This research was carried out to examine the monthly changes in both the volatile oil content and volatile components of cherry laurel leaves by taking samples every month for 12 months in Turkey. Harvest periods significantly affected volatile oil content (P < 0.01). Depending on harvest periods, volatile oil ratios ranged from 0.19 to 0.35%. The months of August, July, and September yielded the highest volatile oil ratios. Benzaldehyde, phenol, benzoic acid, benzeneacetonitrile, pentadecanone, 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane and, tetrapentacontane were determined as components in the volatile oil. The ratio of benzaldehyde, the main active ingredient, varied between 83.89 and 94.41%, depending on the harvest time. The cherry laurel leaf should be harvested in July, August, and September for high essential oil ratios and in May, June, and July for high benzaldehyde ratios. Due to the high concentration of benzaldehyde in its volatile oil, cherry laurel evergreen leaf can be considered a valuable source of raw materials for the fragrance and pharmaceutical sectors.
Evaluating Scald Reactions of Some Turkish Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties Using GGE Biplot Analysis
(Mdpi, 2023) Akan, Kadir; Cat, Ahmet; Hocaoğlu, Onur; Tekin, Mehmet
Scald caused by the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune is a significant foliar disease affecting barley production on a global scale, and it leads to substantial reductions in both yield and quality of barley. In the current study, the reactions of 40 Turkish barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties to scald were evaluated under natural conditions in canakkale and Kirsehir in 2021-2022, and Antalya and Siirt locations in 2022-2023 growing seasons. Field trials were conducted according to randomized block design with three replications in each year; the spore concentration was 1 x 10(6) spores per mL, and it was applied to the varieties three times at different growth stages. The reactions of barley varieties were assessed using a newly designed two-digit scale ranging from 11 to 99. Based on their scale values, the varieties were categorized as immune (0), resistant (11-35), moderately resistant (36-55), moderately susceptible (56-75), and susceptible (76-99). In addition, genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) interactions of scale values were analyzed through GGE Biplot and explained 97.65% of the total variation. The ranking of genotypes based on scale groups generally showed consistency with GGE Biplot results, but GGE Biplot offered a more detailed classification, especially for moderately susceptible varieties. The relationship between the two methods indicated the relative stability of variety reactions, as GGE Biplot analysis also considered genotype stability. In conclusion, the use of the newly developed scale for evaluating scald reactions in barley gives reliable results. In addition, identified resistant varieties can serve as valuable genetic resources for further breeding studies.

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