Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2750

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Farklı Biçim Uygulamalarına Bazı Sorgum Sudanotu Melezi Çeşitlerinin Agronomik Özellikleri ile Otunun Enerji Değerlerindeki Değişimlerin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Özsüer, Münir Sadi; Alatürk, Fırat
Bu çalışma sorgum sudanotu melezi (SSM) çeşitlerinde (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima) farklı hasat uygulamalarına bağlı olarak toprak üstü ve toprak altı biomass üretimi ile yaprak ve sapların enerji içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2020-2021 yıllarında Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma alanında yürütülmüştür. Bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulan araştırmada ana parselleri çeşitler (Nutri Honey ve Nutrima), alt parselleri ise biçim yükseklikleri (bitki boyu 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm olduğunda ve fizyolojik olum döneminde hasat) oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada bitkilerle ilgili olarak yeşil ot verimi, yaprak, sap ve salkım oranları, kök miktarı, yaprak ve sap kısımlarına ait TSBM, ME, NE ve SE değerleri incelenmiştir. Toplam yeşil ot verimleri biçimdeki bitki boyunun artışına bağlı olarak artmıştır. Nutri Honey çeşidinin toplam yeşil ot üretimi (7323.0 kg da-1) Nutrima’ya (7019.3 kg da-1) göre daha yüksek olmuştur. Bitkide büyümeye bağlı olarak yaprak oranları düşerken, sap ve salkım oranlarında artışlar olmuştur. Bitkilerde boy uzaması ile kök üretimi arasında olumlu ilişki olduğu ve boy uzunluğu arttıkça üretilen kök miktarının da arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yaprakların TSBM içerikleri saplara göre %4.82, ME içerikleri %5.63, NE içerikleri %5.43 ve SE içerikleri %4.84 daha yüksek olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmanın sonunda benzer ekolojilerde kaba yem kaynağı olarak her iki sorgum sudanotu melezi çeşitlerinin yetiştirilmesi ve 150 cm bitki boyuna ulaştıktan sonra hasat edilerek yetiştirme döneminde iki kere verim alınması önerilmektedir.
Evaluation of the opacity and protein quality of maize kernels by image analysis
(Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2025) Üçkan, Kerem; Şentürk, Nilay; Uydaş, Melike; Kahrıman, Fatih
The protein content and quality in maize significantly influence grain quality, driving global efforts to develop high-protein-quality genotypes. Opacity serves as a key phenotypic selection criterion in these efforts due to its relationship with essential amino acid content. This study investigates the differentiation of opaque maize kernels using computer-aided software and explores the relationship between opacity levels and color spaces (RGB, HSV, Lab). Seed samples from 10 maize genotypes (1000 seeds) with varying opacity levels were imaged on a light table in embryo-up and embryo-down orientations. Particle analysis and thresholding performed in R determined opacity levels and provided numerical data for RGB, HSV, and Lab color spaces. Protein, lysine, and tryptophan contents were analyzed through reference methods. Correlation and regression analyses assessed relationships between opacity levels (visual and image-processed) and biochemical components, and color space channels. Protein content ranged from 6.66% to 11.62%, lysine from 0.266% to 0.450%, and tryptophan from 0.034% to 0.092% among opacity groups. Relationships between visual and image-processed opacity levels showed R2 = 0.57 (embryo-up) and R2 = 0.65 (embryo-down). Notably, channels of the HSV color space correlated with lysine and tryptophan contents. This study demonstrates that image processing effectively evaluates opacity levels and protein quality in maize using color space data, offering a promising tool for phenotypic selection.
Discrimination accuracy of haploid and diploid maize seeds using NIR spectroscopy coupled with different machine learning algorithms and data pretreatment methods
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Kahrıman, Fatih; Polat, Adem; Tiryaki, Ali Murat; Eskizeybek, Volkan; Fidan, Sertuğ; Songur, Umut
Spectral data collected at the single seed level allows determination of the biochemical content of the seed sample, as well as to identify the seed class. NIR (Near Infrared) spectroscopy provides a more precise method for differentiating haploid and diploid seeds in maize than traditional visual examination. In this study, classification models that can be used in the separation of haploid and diploid maize seeds were developed using spectra collected between 900-1700 nm from a single maize seed. In the study, 427 diploid and 311 haploid samples obtained by crossing 10 donor materials and 3 inducer lines and separated by eye according to the Navajo marker were used. Spectral measurements were conducted over the wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm for each sample. The robust PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method was used to detect spectral outliers. Spectral data were treated with none, FD (First Derivative), SD (Second Derivative), SNV (Standard Normal Variate), and their binary combinations. Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel (SVM-C), Random Forest, and XGBoost methods were employed as machine learning techniques. The performance of the developed machine learning models was assessed using metrics such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Recall, F1-Score, and Accuracy. The Boosting method demonstrated the best performance with 94.9% accuracy, 95.1% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and an F1 Score of 96%, particularly when using raw reflectance data. These results obtained from raw data show that high accuracy can be achieved in classification models without requiring additional preprocessing steps. D2 preprocessing was found to be unsuitable for intact seed spectra, whereas SNV and D1 applications improved the classification success of other modeling techniques. The study revealed that the Boosting-Raw combination is a powerful and feasible method for classifying haploid and diploid samples.
Effects of Drip Irrigations with Different Irrigation Intervals and Levels on Nutritional Traits of Paddy Cultivars
(MDPI, 2025) Çiftci, Beyza; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Varol, İhsan Serkan; Taş, İsmail; Akçura, Sevim; Coşkun, Yalçın; Karaman, Kevser; Akçura, Mevlüt
Rice serves as the primary food source for the majority of the world's population. In terms of irrigation water, the highest volume of irrigation water is utilized in paddy irrigation. Excessive water use causes both waste of limited water resources and various environmental problems. The drip irrigation method with high water use efficiency will reduce both the need for irrigation water and the environmental footprint of paddy production. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two different irrigation intervals (2 and 4 days) and four irrigation levels (150%, 125%, 100%, and 75% of evaporation from a Class-A pan) on the nutritional traits of three different paddy cultivars (Ronaldo, Baldo, and Osmanc & imath;k). Increasing irrigation intervals and decreasing irrigation levels reduced the nutritional properties (protein, oil, starch) of the rice grains. In addition, increasing irrigation levels also increased the phytic acid and dietary fiber contents. The highest protein (7.14%) and total starch (87.10%) contents were obtained from the 150% irrigation treatments. The highest amylose content (20.74%) was obtained from the 75% irrigation treatment. In general, it was found that irrigation levels should be applied at 125% and 150% to increase the mineral content of rice grains. Although water deficits decreased the nutritional properties of the paddy cultivars, drip irrigation at an appropriate level did not have any negative effects on nutritional traits.
A Study on the Integration of In Vitro Methods with In Vivo Double Haploid Technique in Maize (Zea mays L.)
(2024) Yüksel, Nur; Kahrıman, Fatih
The in vivo doubled haploid technique in maize breeding significantly reduces the time required for developing homozygous lines, offering advantages in terms of both time and cost. Although this technique enables the development of lines much faster than traditional breeding methods, ongoing research aims to further shorten the development process through alternative approaches. In this context, significant efforts have been devoted to integrating in vitro methods with in vivo doubled haploid technique. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining in vivo and in vitro techniques for the rapid development of homozygous maize lines. A total of 10 local populations and 3 inducer lines (CIM2GTAIL-P2, ADAIL-1, STOCK-6) were used as experimental material. The study was conducted in two phases under field and laboratory conditions. During the first phase, induction crosses were performed in 2022, and the haploid induction rates of donor genotypes were found to range from 1.29% to 7.12%, as determined using the Navajo marker. In the laboratory phase, immature embryo culture was employed for both direct and indirect regeneration using samples collected 18–20 days after induction crossing. Haploid status of the samples obtained through direct regeneration was confirmed using the Feulgen chromosome staining method. Four of the donor materials (DON3, DON4, DON6, DON7) yielded successful results in tissue culture studies. Explants were taken from immature embryos to CHU medium for callus formation and then these calli were transferred to Murashige and Skoog medium for the formation of somatic embryos. This approach enabled the production of 3 to 6 calluses per immature embryo, depending on the donor genotype. The results of this study indicate that integrating immature embryo culture as an in vitro method into the in vivo doubled haploid technique can offer benefits in terms of both time efficiency and an increased number of developed materials.
Evaluation of monthly changes in essential oil yield and components of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) leaf
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2024) Akçura, Sevim
This research was carried out to examine the monthly changes in both the volatile oil content and volatile components of cherry laurel leaves by taking samples every month for 12 months in Turkey. Harvest periods significantly affected volatile oil content (P < 0.01). Depending on harvest periods, volatile oil ratios ranged from 0.19 to 0.35%. The months of August, July, and September yielded the highest volatile oil ratios. Benzaldehyde, phenol, benzoic acid, benzeneacetonitrile, pentadecanone, 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane and, tetrapentacontane were determined as components in the volatile oil. The ratio of benzaldehyde, the main active ingredient, varied between 83.89 and 94.41%, depending on the harvest time. The cherry laurel leaf should be harvested in July, August, and September for high essential oil ratios and in May, June, and July for high benzaldehyde ratios. Due to the high concentration of benzaldehyde in its volatile oil, cherry laurel evergreen leaf can be considered a valuable source of raw materials for the fragrance and pharmaceutical sectors.
Effects of harvest height and time on hay yield and quality of some sweet sorghum and sorghum Sudangrass hybrid varieties
(Peerj Inc, 2024) Alatürk, Fırat
Background: This experiment was conducted in the Research and Application Field of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, during the 2020 and 2021 summer period. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different harvesting heights on forage yields and crude ash, fat, protein, and carbon and nitrogen content of leaves and stalks of sweet sorghum (SS) and sorghum sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivars. Methods: Nutri Honey and Nutrima varieties of SSH and the M81 -E and Topper -76 varieties of SS were used in this study. The experiment was conducted using the randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots each included two early and late varieties of SS and SSH cultivars, while the subplots were used to test different harvesting heights (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm) and physiological parameters of each crop. Results: The results of this study showed that dry forage yields increased with plant growth, with the amount of forage produced at the end of the growth cycle increasing 172.2% compared to the early growth stages. Carbon (C) content of leaves decreased by 6.5%, nitrogen (N) by 46%, crude protein (CP) by 54%, crude fat (CF) by 34%, while crude ash (CA) content increased by 6% due to the increase in plant height harvest. At the same time, in parallel with the increase in plant height at harvest, the nitrogen content of the stems of the plants decreased by 87%, crude protein by 65%, crude ash by 33% and crude fat by 41%, while the carbon content increased by 4%. As plant height at harvest increased, hay yield increased but nutrient contents of the hay decreased. However, the Nutrima, Nutri Honey and M81 -E sorghum cultivars, harvested three times at heights of 90 to 120 cm, are recommended for the highest yield.
Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tölü, Cemil; Alatürk, Fırat; Özaslan Parlak, Altıngül; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Extensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.
DIVERSITY AND METABOLIC POTENTIAL OF CULTURABLE N2-FIXING AND P-SOLUBILISING BACTERIA FROM RHIZOSPHERE OF WILD CROPS IN VAN LAKE BASIN -TURKEY
(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2024) Erman, Murat; Kotan, Recep; Çakmakçı, Ramazan; Çiğ, Fatih; Karagöz, Kenan; Sönmez, Ferit; EL Sabagh, Ayman
The diversity of phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen -fixing bacteria from rhizospheric soil samples of different plant species (native wild cereals, beet, stonecrops, onion, rose, raspberry, and 10 other plant genera) grown at four different locations in the Van Lake Basin, Turkey were investigated. A total of 169 rhizosperic soil samples were gathered from these plant species, and over 777 rhizoplane bacteria were haphazardly selected from agar -solidified trypticase soy broth and examined for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) reports. As a result, 57 bacterial genera were recognised, which 64.8% gone to five genera viz., Bacillus (29.6%), Pseudomonas (9.8%), Stenotrophomonas (9.7%), Paenibacillus (5.7%), Micrococcus (5.1%), and Arthrobacter (4.9%). Approximately 56.8% of bacteria were found to be gram -positive (GPB), while 43.2% as gram -negative bacteria (GNB). In the of total GPB, 56.3% were N2 -fixing bacteria and 46.6% were P-solubilising bacteria, while in the case of GNB, 43.7% were N2 -fixing bacteria and 53.4% were P-solubilising bacteria. A total of 651 bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric samples of the 20 plant genera, and subjected to further analysis. Of the 651 isolates, 542 were able to fix nitrogen, 279 were able to solubilize phosphates, and 247 isolates could fix both nitrogen and solubilize phosphates all at once. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Paenibacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, and Pantoea genera were the most prominent N2 -fixing and P-solubilising groups. Additionally, B. megaterium, B. atrophaeus, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, Pb. polymyxa, Pb. macerans, Pb. macquariensis, Bb. choshinensis, Ste. maltophilia, Ps. fluorescens, Ps. putida, Ps. stutzeri, Pn. agglomerans, Mic. luteus, Rco. erythropolis, Kocuria rosea, Csb. Meningosepticum, and Serratia fonticola were the mainly frequent P-solubilising and N2 -fixing species in the native rhizosphere soils of plants.
Screening Turkish maize landraces for kernel oil content and oil quality traits
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2020) Kahrıman, Fatih; Aktaş, Fatma; Songur, Umut; Şerment, Mehmet; Egesel, Cem Ömer
In this study, maize landraces, previously collected from different regions of Turkey through a national maize breeding project, were screened for kernel oil content and oil quality. After a seed reproduction in 2017, the screening trial was conducted in 2018, using an Augmented Experimental Design with 192 local maize populations along with seven check hybrids. Data were collected on oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid, monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, total carotenoid and total tocopherol contents. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of genetic variation among the Turkish maize landraces for almost all the traits investigated in this study. Some of the evaluated landraces are available that could be considered as high oil variety or special genotypes in terms of certain oil quality traits. Landraces had significantly higher values than checks for oil content, oleic acid, MUFA and tocopherol contents. Genetic analyses suggest that the kernel quality traits could be successfully manipulated using the investigated plant material. Heritability values were found high for all the traits of interest, except for saturated fatty acid and total carotenoid content. The promising landraces detected in this study could be exploited in future breeding programmes upon further evaluations at the population level.
Insecticidal Effect of Some Essential Oils on Larval Survival of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Laboratory Conditions
(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniv Rektörlüğü, 2024) Yandayan Genç, Hanife; Saran, Ceren; Akçura, Sevim
The Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a serious pest of many fruits and vegetables. This study was conducted to determine the antifeeding and insecticidal activities of some essential oils extracted from Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae), geranium, and Lavandula intermedia Mill. (Lamiaceae), lavender, Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) black cumin, and Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), laurel, against second instars of the Medfly on an artificial diet. The essential oils were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation and a laboratory-reared medfly colony was used in the study. The doses of each tested essential oil were determined by multiplying their specific gravities by applying amounts into the diet and then distributing oil over the diet in a Petri dish having 20 larvae. All experiments were performed under laboratory conditions of 23 +/- 1 degrees C, 50% RH, and 16: 8 (L:D) photoperiods. Probit MsChart was used to estimate the LC50 50 and LC90 90 values of the tested essential oils. GGE Biplot analyses were created with the larval mortality based on the different essential oil doses. As a result, the highest larval mortality was determined with the addition of laurel and black cumin oils into the diet. The highest mortality was detected in black cumin oil at the lowest concentrations. Based on GGE Biplot analyses, the essential oil of black cumin had larvicidal properties. The results provided fundamental information about the insecticidal and antifeeding properties of the medfly in the laboratory. Further studies are needed to integrate sustainable management programs with natural insecticides against the medfly larvae.
Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Karacabey Merino lambs Reared under Triticale and Oat Pastures Compared with Stall-Fed Lambs
(Mdpi, 2023) Hanoğlu Oral, Hülya; Kecici, Pembe Dilara; Alatürk, Fırat; Tölü, Cemil; Ekiz, Bülent; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Simple Summary An economical livestock production model in which all the needs of the lambs can be met and they reach the optimal slaughter weight in the shortest possible time is the primary goal of all production models. Since the production system is an important factor for carcass and meat quality, different production systems have been developed. In intensive systems with concentrates, carcasses tend to be fatter and reach optimal slaughter weight faster, whereas pasture-fed animals have a better fatty acid profile and redder colour due to higher physical activity. In our study, we investigated the effects of feeding system, birth type, gender, and birth year on the carcass and meat quality of Karacabey Merino lambs. The effects of gender and birth type on Karacabey Merino lambs showed the expected results: single-borns have more muscle tissue than multiples, males have more muscle tissue than females, and females have higher carcass fatness. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean and tender meat is preferred. However, it should not be ignored that lambs fed in stalls showed better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.Abstract Fifty-eight Karacabey Merino lambs were used to study the effects of feeding system (triticale pasture, oat pasture, or stall-fed), birth type (single or multiple), gender (male or female), and birth year (2016 or 2017) on various carcass and meat quality characteristics. Stall lambs had higher conformation (CS) and fatness (FS) scores, and higher meat L* and h* values than the two pasture groups, possibly due to higher fat content, while oat pasture lambs had the most tender meat. Single-born lambs had higher CS, FS, and Longissimus thoracis muscle section area, while females had higher subcutaneous and non-carcass fat deposits than their counterparts. Both single-born lambs and 2016-born lambs had higher meat a* and C* values than their counterparts. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean meat and/or meat products are preferred. However, it should not be ignored that stall-fed lambs showed a better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.
Foods of the Future: Challenges, Opportunities, Trends, and Expectations
(Mdpi, 2024) Çakmakcı, Songül; Polatoğlu, Bilgehan; Çakmakcı, Ramazan
Creating propositions for the near and distant future requires a design to catch the tide of the times and move with or against trends. In addition, appropriate, adaptable, flexible, and transformational projects are needed in light of changes in science, technology, social, economic, political, and demographic fields over time. Humanity is facing a period in which science and developing technologies will be even more important in solving food safety, health, and environmental problems. Adapting to and mitigating climate change; reducing pollution, waste, and biodiversity loss; and feeding a growing global population with safe food are key challenges facing the agri-food industry and the food supply chain, requiring systemic transformation in agricultural systems and sustainable future agri-food. The aim of this review is to compile scientific evidence and data, define, and create strategies for the future in terms of food security, safety, and sufficiency; future sustainable foods and alternative protein sources; factors affecting food and nutrition security and agriculture; and promising food systems such as functional foods, novel foods, synthetic biology, and 3D food printing. In this review, the safety, conservation, nutritional, sensory, welfare, and potential challenges and limitations of food systems and the opportunities to overcome them on the basis of new approaches, innovative interpretations, future possibilities, and technologies are discussed. Additionally, this review also offers suggestions for future research and food trends in light of future perspectives. This article focuses on future sustainable foods, alternative protein sources, and novel efficient food systems, highlights scientific and technological advances and new research directions, and provides a significant perspective on sustainability.
Assessment of the reactions of pure lines selected from Turkish bread wheat landraces against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) with the GGE-biplot method
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2018) Akçura, Mevlüt; Akan, Kadir
The present research was conducted to determine the reactions of 200 pure lines selected from bread wheat landraces collected from 18 provinces and seven regions of Turkey against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) under field conditions for 3 years. Bunt disease reactions of pure lines were assessed based on the infected spike/total spike ratio. For visually assessed materials, the GGE-biplot method, where G = genotype effect and GE = genotype-by-environment effect, was used to group the reactions against bunt disease. Fifty-nine pure lines showed high resistance (with infection rates ranging from 0.1 to 10%); 24 in the moderate resistance (with infection rates ranging from 10.1 to 25%); 75 in the moderate susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 25.1 to 45%); 38 in the susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 45.1 to 70%) and finally four in the highly susceptibility (with infection rates of >70.1%). PC1 and PC2 of the GGE-biplot graph created over the years explained 76.49% of the total variation. The GGE-biplot graph provided efficient identification of resistant genotypes. The lowest PC1 values and PC2 values close to 0.0 explained the resistance of pure line to bunt disease best. The resistance of pure lines to bunt disease over the biplot decreased from the first section through the last section. Based on the results of present study, 19 pure lines (located within the first circle of the biplot graph) were selected for resistance breeding programmes against the diseases.
Evaluation of silage quality characteristics and nutritive value of oat genotypes
(Springer, 2024) Kaplan, Mahmut; Akçura, Mevlüt; Kardeş, Yusuf Murat; Büyükılıç Beyzi, Selma; Çiftci, Beyza; Kökten, Kağan
This study aimed to determine the silage characteristics of oat lines developed through a rigorous 10-year selection process. During this period, 100 plants with high biomass yield were meticulously chosen from oat lines obtained from the Louisiana State University gene bank. Researchers designed experiments using an incomplete randomized block format across two growing seasons: 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Oat plants were carefully harvested at the milk stage, chopped into pieces using a specialized plant chopper, and ensiled in plastic vacuum bags for subsequent analysis. The samples were then stored at room temperature for a period of 60 days. The comprehensive analysis conducted over this two-year research period revealed significant variations in the silage yields of the genotypes, ranging from 5.71 to 24.42 t ha-1. Moreover, notable variations were observed in the content of crude ash (ranging from 3.952 to 9.380%), ADF (ranging from 27.899 to 40.782%), NDF (ranging from 40.688 to 63.999%), crude protein (ranging from 6.673 to 11.470%), dry matter (ranging from 14.954 to 41.817%), pH levels (ranging from 3.812 to 5.668), in vitro gas production (ranging from 49.793 to 67.847 ml), methane production (ranging from 15.036 to 18.442 ml), as well as concentrations of acetic acid (ranging from 0.000 to 0.144%), lactic acid (ranging from 1.974 to 2.599%), butyric acid (ranging from 0.000 to 0.064%), and propionic acid (ranging from 0.000 to 0.306%). The study clearly indicated that many oat lines showed promising silage properties. Consequently, it is inferred that the utilization of high-yield lines in silage production holds considerable potential in providing a valuable feed source for livestock.
Azotla gübrelemenin bazı ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin verimi ve kalitesine etkileri
(Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, 2008) Öztürk, İrfan; Gökkuş, Ahmet
Trakya’da ağırlıklı olarak buğday yetiştirildiği için her yıl değişik yollarla bölgeye farklı buğday çeşitleri girmektedir. Ekilen çeşit sayısının fazla olması ister istemez bazı sorunları (düşük verim ve kalite, hastalık, soğuk ve kurağa az dayanıklılık gibi) da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu yüzden araştırmada yöreye en uygun çeşit ve azot dozunun belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Deneme Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nün deneme tarlasında 2003/2004 ve 2004/2005 yetiştirme yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Ana parsellere çeşitler (Gelibolu, Pehlivan, Turan-2000, Kate A-1 ve Golia), alt parsellere azot dozları (0, 4, 8, 12 ve 16 kg/da) yerleştirilmiştir. Azotun 1/3’ü ekim öncesi, 1/3’ü kardeşlenme ve 1/3’ü sapa kalkma döneminde verilmiştir. Denemenin ilk yılında çeşitler ve azot dozları arasında önemli fark olmamıştır. İkinci yılda Kate A-1 ve Turan-2000 daha yüksek tane verimine (539.9±35.1 ve 537.0±39.8 kg/da) sahip olmuşlardır. Bu yılda verilen azotun artışı ile tane verimi de artarak en yüksek azot uygulamasından (16 kg/da) en yüksek verim (616.1±23.4 kg/da) alınmıştır. Azotla gübreleme unun kalite özelliklerini (glüten miktarı ve sedimantasyon değerini) yükseltmiştir. Bu etki çeşitlere ve yıllara göre 8-16 kg/da azot dozuna kadar sürmüştür. Genel olarak Golia ve Gelibolu çeşitlerinden elde edilen unun ekmeklik kalitesi diğer çeşitlerden biraz daha yüksek olmuştur. Tane verimi ve un kalitesi birlikte ele alındığında, yöre için Gelibolu çeşidi tavsiye edilebilir niteliktedir.
Effects of Rooting Mediums and Growth Regulating Agents on Rooting Parameters of Lavender and Lavandin Cuttings (Lavandula sp.)
(2024) Karakaş, İsmail; İzci, Bahri
This study was conducted in Çanakkale province (North-West Anatolia) to determine the optimal auxin dosages (IBA at 2000 ppm and NAA at 1000 ppm) and rooting media (soil, peat, and cocopeat) for the cutting propagation of lavender, which holds significant industrial and commercial value. The research utilized three varieties belonging to the Lavandula angustifolia Mill species: Hemus, Sevtopolis and Drujba, as well as the Super A variety from the Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel species. The experiment was organized with three replications, following a split-plot trial design divided into random plots. Results indicated that the Super A variety of Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel, when cultivated in cocopeat medium with IBA at 2000 ppm, achieved the highest rooting rate (88.33%) and rooting status (17.67 units). The Sevtopolis variety of the Lavandula angustifolia species exhibited the highest values for root number (15.33), root length (9.88 cm), shoot number (20.93), and shoot length (15.35 cm) when grown in cocopeat medium with IBA at 2000 ppm. Based on these findings, the use of cocopeat medium and IBA at 2000 ppm auxin application is recommended for the effective propagation of lavender by cuttings.
Heavy metals in tailings and soils in the Pb-Zn mining areas of North-west Türkiye and health risk evaluations
(2024) Parlak, Mehmet; Tuncay, Tulay; Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan
Improper mining waste and tailing management in Pb-Zn mining areas (Balya and Koru) in the north-west Türkiye have not been researched sufficiently. Accordingly, concentrations of heavy metal were determined in mine tailing and soils taken from Balya and Koru, and a health risk evaluation caused by heavy metals was performed. Average Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in mine tailings in Balya are 35.2, 17.8, 354.7, 1735, 10, 10089, 3730 mg kg-1 and these values were determined as 9.9, 8.9, 101.5, 1308, 4.5, 1871, 1375 mg kg-1 in the tailings in Koru, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples taken from both Balya and Koru were determined to be lower. The evaluation of heavy metals’ health risks was performed according to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. The primary route of heavy metals in adults and children has been determined by oral intake. For both children and adults, the order of the carcinogenic effects of heavy metals in mine tailings and soils in Balya and Koru was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. As the carcinogenic risk values of Cd and Pb for adults and children in mine tailing and soils in Balya were above the limit value, the children’s Cd carcinogenic risk values were found above the limit value in mine tailing and soils in Koru. The mining area in both Balya and Koru poses a risk to human health since it is close to settlements.
Örnekleme Yöntemi Mısır Tohumlarından İzole Edilen DNA Miktarı ve Kalitesini Nasıl Etkiler?
(Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, 2024) Kahrıman, Fatih; Songur, Umut; Yıldırım, Ezgi Alaca; Egesel, Cem Ömer
DNA izolasyonu, moleküler analizler için temel adımlardan biridir. Bu adımda elde edilen DNA'nın miktarı ve saflığı, moleküler analiz içeren çalışmalarda önemlidir. Mısır genetik çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlar, tohumun endosperm kısmından alınan doku örnekleri üzerinde moleküler analizler yapılabileceğini ve güvenilir sonuçlar alınabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Ancak, açıkta tozlanma nedeniyle yüksek oranda genetik çeşitlilik gösteren mısır popülasyonları için tohum örneklemesinin sayısı ve yöntemi konusunda hala farklı öneriler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı i) tohum dokusu örneklerinden izole edilen DNA miktarını ve kalitesini örnek sayısına bağlı olarak karşılaştırmak ve ii) örneklenen tohumlardaki canlılık durumunu belirlemektir. Çalışmada 11 yerel mısır genotipi ve 2 standart hat (B73 ve Mo17) tohum materyali olarak kullanmıştır. Genotiplere ait 30’ar adet tohum örneğinin endosperm kısmından ayrı ayrı kesilerek alınan (çipleme) parçalar ile tekli, 10’lu, 20’li ve 30’lu olmak üzere 4 alt örnek grubu oluşturulmuştur. Bu örnekler üzerinde CTAB metodu kullanılarak DNA izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Örneklerin DNA içeriği ve saflıkları Nano-Drop cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, örneklerin DNA miktarları 2,2 ng ile 1243 ng arasında değişmiştir. Saflık değerleri ise 1,41 ile 2,03 arasında (A260/A280) değişmiştir. Tek tohum örneklerinden elde edilen DNA saflığı diğer gruplardan daha düşük olmasına rağmen, bir araya getirilmiş örneklerde DNA saflığı benzerlik göstermiştir. Örneklenen tohumların çimlenme oranları %55 ile %100 arasında değişmiştir. Bu örnekleme yönteminin küçük tohumlu popülasyonlarda risk taşıyabileceği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen DNA örnekleri, SSR primerleri kullanılarak genetik benzerlik analizlerine tabi tutulacak ve elde edilen sonuçlar bu alanda çalışan araştırmacılarla paylaşılacaktır.
Haploid ve Diploid Mısır Bitkilerinde Karyotipleme için Kromozom Boyama Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması
(Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, 2024) Kahrıman, Fatih; Songur, Umut; Baştuğ, Taha; Ovalı, Mehmet
In vivo katlanmış haploid tekniği mısır ıslah çalışmalarında homozigot hatların geliştirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir. İn vivo katlanmış haploid tekniği kullanılarak oluşturulan haploid ve diploid bitkileri sınıflandırmak için çeşitli analiz tekniklerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada in vivo katlanmış haploid tekniği ile elde edilen örneklerin plodi seviyesini belirlemek amacıyla farklı kromozom boyama yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, iki farklı donör (B73, HyaxB73) ile bir indirgeyicinin (CIM2GTAIL-P2) melezlenmesinden elde edilen haploid ve diploid mısır tohumları kullanılmıştır. Çimlendirilmiş tohumların kök meristemlerindeki ploidi seviyelerini belirlemek için farklı ön işlemler (Soğuk su, Carnoy, Colchicine, ve Kontrol) ile iki boyama yönteminin (Acetocarmin, Feulgen) altı kombinasyonu karşılaştırılmıştır. Uygulanan muameleler; Ön işlem yok + Acetocarmin (T1), Ön işlem yok + Feulgen (T2), Soğuk su + Carnoy + 1N HCl + Acetocarmin (T3), Soğuk su + Carnoy + 1N HCl + Feulgen (T4), Colchicine + Carnoy + 1N HCl + Acetocarmin (T5), Colchicine + Carnoy + 1N HCl +Feulgen (T6) şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. İki donör materyalden elde edilen toplam 120 adet tohum örneği çimlendirilerek kök ucu örnekleri elde edilmiştir. Bu numunelere Acetocarmin ve Feulgen boyama yöntemleri uygulanarak toplam 6 farklı işlem uygulanmıştır. Hazırlanan slaytların dijital görüntüleri kaydedilmiş ve ImageJ yazılımı kullanılarak karyotip analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre 1N HCl uygulamasının Feulgen boyaması için kritik bir adım olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada test edilen kombinasyonlar arasında en başarılı sonuçlar T3 ve T4'ten elde edilmiştir. Bu uygulamanın görüntü analizlerine dayalı karyotip analizi sonrasında haploid numunelerde uzun kol/kısa kol oranlarının 1,86 ile 2,57 arasında değiştiği, diploid numunelerde ise 1,50 ile 3,42 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Haploid ve diploid örneklerin kromozomlarının farklı morfometrik özelliklere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Haploid örneklerin tüm kromozomları metasentrik iken diploid örneklerde metasentrik, sub-metasentrik ve sub-telosentrik kromozomlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada farklı ön işlemlerin karyotip analizlerinde kullanılan dijital görüntülerin kalitesi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür.

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