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The influence of annealing temperature on the gas sensing properties of multifunctional hematite (α-Fe2O3) films
(Springer, 2025) Sarf, Fatma; Er, Irmak Karaduman; Yakar, Emin; Acar, Selim
In this study, hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) were prepared using direct solution spin coating and the changes of some physical properties with annealing temperature (400, 500 and 600 degrees C) for 2 h were investigated. The sensors annealed at 400 degrees C, 500 degrees C and 600 degrees C are referred to as F400, F500 and F600 respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared samples confirm the polycrystalline nature of the rhombohedral crystal structure of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3). The surface roughness parameters (SA-SQ) of the alpha-Fe2O3 films decreased drastically with increasing annealing temperature from 400 to 600 degrees C (57.47-68.08/13.63-17.13). The direct optical band gap values were estimated from absorption measurements and ranged from 2.77 to 2.52 eV. The electrical resistivity measurement at room temperature of the samples decreased with increasing annealing temperature from 400 to 600 degrees C. The response of the CO sensor of F400, F500 and F600 was found at 180 degrees C. The response to 1 ppm CO gas was calculated to be 1.45%, 8% and 10% for F400, F500 and F600 respectively. The wettability test of the samples showed a water contact angle (WCA) of less than 90 degrees, demonstrating the hydrophilic surface especially for the samples annealed at 500 degrees C.
Evaluation of the use of microwave energy on green floor/wall tile drying process
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Durgut, Emrah
Drying green ceramic tiles is necessary before the decoration and sintering processes and constitutes an important input in terms of energy consumption in the production step. Nowadays, natural gas-fueled vertical dryers are used to dry green ceramic tiles. However, alternative energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies are being investigated and used in many drying applications, such as microwave energy. In this study, the effects of magnetron power and drying rate on moisture, surface temperature, and dried bending strength of green ceramic tiles were experimentally examined. First, floor and wall tiles with a wet-based moisture content of 6% were shaped with an industrial hydraulic press with the specific pressures of 320 kg/cm2 and 300 kg/cm2 at the sizes of 33 x 33 cm and 25 x 40 cm, respectively. The shaped green floor and wall tiles were dried separately with a horizontal pilot-based microwave dryer at 20, 35, and 50 kW magnetron powers and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/min belt speeds, and then the changes in moisture, surface temperature, and bending strength values were measured. The minimum and maximum 51 degrees C/143 degrees C and 50 degrees C/138 degrees C surface temperature values were obtained for the floor and wall tiles, respectively, after the microwave drying. The moisture values changed in direct proportion to the magnetron power and inversely to the belt speed. The moisture values were reduced from 6% to a minimum of 0.1% under the conditions of 35, 50 kW of magnetron powers with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for floor tile and 50 kW of magnetron power with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for wall tile. In addition, the corner moisture values of microwave-dried tiles were lower than those in the center on the surface. The bending strength increased as the belt speed and magnetron power decreased within the working conditions. The maximum bending strength values for the floor and wall tiles were obtained as 29.2 kg/cm2 and 31.2 kg/cm2 at 20 kW magnetron power and 0.5 m/min belt speed, respectively. Of 52.4% and 42.6% energy savings in economic terms, 1000% and 837.5% increase in drying capacity, and 50.0% and 42.1% of environmental gain were calculated for the drying of floor and wall tiles with microwave energy compared to the natural gas, respectively. This study indicates that microwave energy can be used as a more energy efficient and capacity booster environmentally friendly process than natural gas-fueled vertical dryers in green ceramic drying. Units: m/min: meter per minute, speed; kg/cm2: kilogram-force per square centimeter, force mu m: micrometer, length; mm: millimeter, length; cm: centimeter, length; m: meter, length; kW: kilowatt, power; MHz: megahertz, frequency; GHz: gigahertz, frequency; g: gram, weight; kg: kilogram, weight; Sm3: standard cubic meter, volume; m2: square meter, area; kWh: kilowatt-hour, energy
Bedrock Investigation Based on Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) on the Sites of High-Rise Buildings
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Ateş, Barış; Bektaş, Özcan; Pamuk, Eren; Işık, Ercan
The foundations of high-rise buildings are naturally designed with more importance than other structures. Therefore, it is necessary to know the soil conditions very well during design. High-level information production is needed, especially for designs to be made on unstable soils with high earthquake risk. In this study, which was carried out on a very weak soil, the first 30 m from the surface were used with the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method, while precise Vs values were obtained with the Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) method in the depth range of 30–100 m. The depth value of engineering bedrock (260 m), where Vs reached a velocity value of 760 m/s, was obtained with the Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAC) method. By combining these three data sets, Vs velocity change was modelled up to a depth of 550 m. The PS logging measurement was made in the 200 m deep well, which could be opened with difficulty, and compared with the 1-dimensional Vs velocity model, and the changes were plotted on the same graph to see their compatibility with each other. Additionally, the ground dominant vibration period was calculated using the single station microtremor method and was found as 1.4 s. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
Seismic Performance of RC Structures in Pazarcık and Elbistan During the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; Arkan, Enes; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Aydın, MCihan; Ulu, Ali Emre
On Monday, February 6th, 2023, at 04:17 and 13:24 local time, two very severe shallow earthquakes with magnitudes Mw = 7.7 and 7.6 occurred, with epicenters in Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan. Due to the strong ground motion effect during these earthquakes, many people lost their lives and great economic losses occurred due to the destruction and damage to buildings in eleven different provinces and surrounding regions. In this study, the seismic performances of structures with various structural systems located in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş city, which are the epicenters of these earthquakes, were evaluated as a result of field observations. Structural failures in the earthquake epicenters’ urban and rural building stocks directly affected the damage's extent. Structural damages occurring in both district centers and rural areas of the districts were investigated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering. The main causes of damaged concrete structures are irregularities and insufficient reinforced concrete. The significance of earthquake-resistant structure design principles and irregularity-free structures has again become clear. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
Einstein-Rosen universe with scalar field in f(R,T) theories
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Taṣer, Dog̃ukan; Dog̃ru, Melis Ulu
Non-static Einstein–Rosen universe with scalar field is examined via two different selection of f(R,T) models. Firstly, we analyzed Einstein–Rosen universe with scalar field in f(R,T)=R+2f(T) model. Then, we constructed field equations for f(R,T)=f1(R)+f2(R)f3(T) model, as well. For both models, exact solutions of field equations have been attained without considering any approximation or restriction. Whether scalar field corresponds to phantom and/or quintessence scalar field are investigated for each models.
Determining the geochemical characteristics of geothermal resources and generating a geothermal information system of thermal waters in Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey
(Amer Chemical Soc, 2013) Şanlıyüksel Yücel, Deniz; Yücel, Ali Mehmet; Karaca, Zeki; Çetiner, Ziya S.; Erenoğlu, Ramazan Cüneyt; Akçay, Özgün; Kamacı, Celal; Çalışkan, Hidayet
TEK YÖNLÜ KATILAŞTIRLMIŞ OKSİT MALZEMELERİN MEKANİKSEL DAVRANIŞLARI
(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2007) Abalı, Serkan
Most conventional ceramics and ceramic composites are produced by using the powder sintering method. For this reason they contain many impurities and there are many cases of amorphous phases forming at grain boundaries. In many cases these amorphous phases and grain boundaries effectively act to increase fracture toughness and strength at room temperature but there are microstructural factors which might cause a deleterious effect on high temperature strength and creep proporties. The oxide ceramic single crystal materials eliminates these microstructural factors by controlling its stable high temperature microstructure. In this paper the microstructural and high temperature behaviours such as the flexural strength, thermal stability and creep characteristics of single crystal oxide materials are examined.
A new conducting polymer of 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)-1H-(pyrrole) (SNS) containing carbazole subunit: Electrochemical, optical and electrochromic properties
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2009) Koyuncu, Sermet; Zafer, Ceylan; Sefer, Emre; Baycan Koyuncu, Fatma; Demiç, Şerafettin; Kaya, İsmet; Özdemir, Eyüp
We report here the synthesis of a new electroactive monomer 3,6-di-tert-butyl-[4-(2,5-di-2-thienyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole in five steps and polymerization of this monomer by two different procceses: Kumada Coupling and electro-oxidative. The product obtained by chemical polymerization exhibits a high thermal stability and narrow molecular weight distribution. While, in the UV-vis absorption spectrum of monomer the absorption peaks appear at 338 nm, the chemically synthesized polymer absorbs at 428 nm with 90 nm red shift. Cyclic voltammogram of monomer shows two separate oxidation processes which reflect the first oxidation at +0.84 V and a second one at +1.43 V. When the polymeric film prepared by electrochemical process was subjected to a repeated cyclic scan between -0.2V and +1.0V, it switches among three different colors (orange, green and blue). The oxidation and reduction response times were calculated as 2.0 s for this polymer film and exhibits high redox stability. The results anticipate that this kind of polymers can be used for designing electrochromics based on the use of one molecule for the generation of three basic colors (RGB). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Electrochemical and optical properties of biphenyl bridged-dicarbazole oligomer films: Electropolymerization and electrochromism
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Koyuncu, Sermet; Gültekin, Burak; Zafer, Ceylan; Bilgili, Hakan; Can, Mustafa; Demic, Şerafettin; Kaya, İsmet
4,4'-Di(N-carbazoyl)biphenyl monomer (CBP) was synthesized and coated onto ITO-glass surface by electrochemical oxidative polymerization. Its CV shows two distinct one-electron and stepwise oxidation processes occurred at 1.29 and 1.61 V. By using this property, the monomer was electrochemically polymerized separately at these oxidation states and thus, two different oligomer films were obtained afterwards. Their spectro-electrochemical and electrochromic properties were also investigated. Switching ability of the oligomers was evaluated by kinetic studies upon measuring the percent transmittance (%T) at their maximum contrast point, indicating that these oligomers were found to be suitable material for electrochromic devices. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Statistical and seismotectonic analyses of the Marmara region under existing stress regime in the west of the NAFZ
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Alkan, Hamdi; Özturk, Serkan; Bektaş, Özcan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın
The Marmara Region is an active tectonic region in northwestern Türkiye, which comprises some important strike-slip active fault mechanisms and important tectonic units, located near the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. In the historical and instrumental period, the Marmara Region experienced large/devastating earthquakes. Considering this continuous activity, in this study, we investigate the tectonic structure and performed future seismic hazard estimation of the region based on some seismotectonic parameters. For this evaluation, we plot the Coulomb stress change maps of 1912 Mürefte-Şarköy, 1953 Yenice-Gönen and 1999 İzmit mainshocks with the earthquakes (MW ≥ 4.5) that occurred in the study region after 2003. For the estimation of b-value, occurrence probabilities and return periods of earthquakes, we used a homogenous local seismicity catalogue consisting of 119.029 events for the period between 1912 and 2023. In the findings of this study, the lower b-values and increasing Coulomb stress changes which are trigger stress failure compatible are observed in the west and northwest of the Marmara Sea. In contrast, the higher/moderate b-values and decreasing Coulomb stress values are observed in the east and southeast of the Marmara Sea. The results of probability assessments show that an earthquake with Mw = 6.5 may occur with a probability of 98% in the west of the Marmara Sea after 2025. As a remarkable fact, a comprehensive assessment of these types of variables will supply important findings for earthquake hazard and potential in the study region.
Effect of TiO2 doping on microstructural properties of Al2O3-based single crystal ceramics
(Korean Assoc Crystal Growth, Inc, 2011) Abalı, Serkan
Powders of Al2O3-TiO2 containing, 48 and 40% TiO2 by weight were formed into single crystals with a Verneuil furnace at 2088 K. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the phase composition of the samples solidified from the Al2O3-TiO2 powder. The resulting beta-Al2TiO5-Al6Ti2O13, beta-Al2TiO5-Al2O3 single crystals were probed with micro hardness assays, scratch test analyses, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal expansion and four-point bending tests. It was observed that the alumina-tialite single crystal retained a composition of Al2O3-TiO2 containing 60% Al2O3 by weight and displayed optimum properties.
Effect of growth rate on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of directionally solidified Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4 eutectics
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Abalı, Serkan
The mechanical properties of YAG-spinel (Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4) eutectic rods were studied as a function of the solidification rate. Eutectic rods were grown by a laser-heated floating zone method. YAG-spinel eutectic rods measuring 2 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length were grown at rates of 0.1-10 mm/min with a temperature gradient of approximately 1 x 104 [gm. The compressive creep strength of a crystal grown at a rate of 5 mm/min and a now rate of 1.2 mm/min at 1500 degrees C under a strain rate of 1.0 x 10(-4) was only 398 MPa, which is slightly higher than that of crystals grown under different conditions. The highest flexure strength of the Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4 material at ambient temperature was obtained at a growth rate of 5 mm/min. The maximum hardness reached 16.7 GPa, and the room fracture toughness was 3.9 MPa M-1/2. The changes in the mechanical behavior and the microstructure of the material that occurred at different growth rates are briefly discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Polystyrene functionalized carbazole and electrochromic device application
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2009) Oral, Ayhan; Koyuncu, Sermet; Kaya, İsmet
Polystyrene (PS) functionalized carbazole macromonomer was synthesized and polymerized by electrochemical oxidative polymerization on the ITO-glass surface. The structure of the macromonomer was elucidated by (1)H NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The spectro-electrochemical and electrochromic properties of the polymer film were investigated. Also the greenish blue colored film converted to dark blue color by the applying potential. Polystyrene-carbazole/polyethylenedioxythiophene (PS-Carb/PEDOT) electrochromic device was assembled in sandwich configuration: ITO-coated glass/anodically coloring polymer (PS-Carb)//gel electrolyte//cathodically coloring polymer (PEDOT)/ITO-coated glass. According to kinetic studies of this device, the optical contrast Delta T% at 640 nm between -1.0 and +2.0V with a residence time of 10s was found to be 38% and switching time was measured as 1.1s. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mechanical and Microstructural Behaviors of Directionally Solidified Al2O3/Al16Ti5O34 Eutectics
(Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2014) Abalı, Serkan
In this work, rods of Al2O3-TiO2 eutectics containing 65 and 60 wt% Al2O3 were grown using the laser floating zone method. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the phase composition. Creep strength of Al2O3-Al16Ti5O34 (65AT) eutectic at 1500 degrees C has 320 MPa, which is about higher than beta-Al2TiO5/Al2O3 (60AT) crystal. Temperature dependence flexure strength, hardness, elasticity and fracture toughness of the Al2O3-Al16Ti5O34 and beta-Al2TiO5/Al2O3 crystals were analyzed. The relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties were analyzed the 60 and 65AT eutectic crystals.
Influence of isovalent Cd doping concentration and temperature on electric and dielectric properties of ZnO films
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Altun, Büşra; Ajjaq, Ahmad; Çağırtekin, Ali Orkun; Karaduman Er, Irmak; Sarf, Fatma; Acar, Selim
In this study, pure zinc oxide and lightly cadmium doped zinc oxide (Zn1-xCdxO; x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition to mainly investigate the possible impact of isovalent (in particular Cd) doping ratio and temperature on their electric and dielectric features. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that all produced films have a dominance of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure with the emergence of a minor CdO cubic phase at x ≥ 0.03, and predicted the decrease in average crystallite sizes with Cd doping. Cd content in the films was verified by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Images of scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanorods and spheres on the surface of pure ZnO film which changed to porous/agglomerative spheres with Cd doping. Then a comprehensive electric and dielectric analysis was carried out as a function of frequency in a wide temperature range (300–700 K) using two separate experimental data sets, (Z, θ) and (C, G). The results demonstrated the critical effect of temperature and Cd doping ratio on the electrical and dielectric properties of ZnO films. Among the investigated films, Zn0·97Cd0·03O film recorded highest conductivity and enhanced dielectric properties which was attributed to the equal activation of grains and grain boundaries in the film structure verified by the estimation of activation energies from impedance spectrum. However, the effect of Cd doping on electric and dielectric properties was prominent only below 500 K, beyond which the doping effect became negligible which might be correlated with the effective dominance of grain boundaries at high temperatures as was witnessed by modulus spectrum.
Effect of Cd dopant on structural, optical and CO2 gas sensing properties of ZnO thin film sensors fabricated by chemical bath deposition method
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Altun, Büşra; Karaduman Er, Irmak; Çağırtekin, Ali Orkun; Ajjaq, Ahmad; Sarf, Fatma; Acar, Selim
Cadmium-doped zinc oxide (Cd-doped ZnO) films were produced by economic facile chemical bath deposition method. The Cd doping content was adjusted as 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the films were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM and UV–Vis. The response in a carbon dioxide atmosphere was measured by varying the concentration up to 100 ppm at different working temperatures (30–250 °C). XRD measurements demonstrated that all synthesized films have a good crystallite structure with hexagonal wurtzite dominant phase. A large variety of nanostructures are randomly distributed over the films’ surfaces depending on Cd doping content as was manifested by the corresponding SEM images. From the transmittance analysis, an ultraviolet absorption edge corresponding to pure ZnO film undergoes a redshift with the increase in Cd content. The results from Raman spectra are in good agreement with the XRD results. From the gas sensing measurements, a high response toward 100 ppm CO2 gas was detected by 3% Cd-doped ZnO sensor (88.24% at 125 °C) with an acceptable response of 8.36% at room temperature, which exhibited the lowest response/recovery times as well as highest selectivity, stability and reproducibility. Changes in the CO2 gas sensing response as a function of Cd doping content are explained based on particle size, optical bandgap and surface images.
Failure mechanism by wrench faulting in Central Anatolia
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Gündoğdu, Erdem; Bektaş, Özcan; Işık, Ercan
The study area, where volcanism and tectonism are active at the same time, consists of the Cappadocia Volcanic Complex (CVC) in the middle, Tuzgölü on the west side, and Ecemiş fault systems on the east side. Remote sensing image processing method and derivation to aeromagnetic data were applied to identify the structural lineations that tectonically control the study area within the scope of the study. As a result of the lineation analysis performed in the west of the study area, 167 lineaments in the west, most of which are NW oriented, and 316 lineaments, most of which are NE oriented, were determined in the east. These findings are in agreement with the known fault orientations in the area. It is known that earthquakes greater than M > 4 occurred in these known faults during the neotectonics period, and they also have the potential to produce M > 6 earthquakes. In addition, the Tuzgölü and Ecemiş Faults' shearing effect relative to each other is an indication that a wrench tectonics mechanism has developed in the study area. With the remote sensing study and following the existing surface traces, two fault systems in opposite directions, the Tuzgölü Fault (−30°) dipping counterclockwise and the Ecemiş Fault, clockwise (60°) dipping, were determined. The orientation and locations of the faults could be determined by tilt transformation applied to the magnetic anomaly map of the study area. In particular, the effects of wrenching in the study area can be clearly observed in magnetic anomalies.
Domain wall with quark matters cosmological models in f(R,T) theory
(Springer, 2024) Çag̃lar, Halife; Taşer, Dog̃ukan; Aygün, Sezgin
In this article, Ruban universe has been investigated in presence strange quark matter and normal matter coupled with domain wall for f(R, T) alternative gravitation theory. One of the classifying of f(R, T) has been used as f(R, T) = f(R) + 2 μ(T) to obtain modified Einstein field equations (MEFE’s). The solutions of MEFE’s have been attained with help of relationship between metric potentials. The model has been constructed with domain wall matter distribution in form perfect fluid and then strange quark matter and normal matter (NM) have been attached by using equations of states. Also, all solutions have been reduced from f(R, T) theory to General Relativity (GR) by assuming μ= 0 . In last section, all solutions have been concluded with physical and geometrical perspective for f(R,T) and GR theories.
Achieving Intensity Distributions of 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes from Peak Ground Acceleration Records
(MDPI, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Işık, Ercan; Bektaş, Özcan; Avcıl, Fatih
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes struck southern Türkiye on the same day, resulting in a considerable loss of life and property damage over a large region that included 11 cities. After these disasters, there was a requirement to define the soil-related intensity distribution, aside from manufacturing defects caused by buildings. The modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale results in the same intensity value (XI) when decimal values are not mathematically considered, even though the fundamental data in the AFAD and USGS sources differ. In this study, an equation based on the MMI–PGA relationship was obtained and tested with ten previously developed equations to calculate the earthquake intensity. Seven of these selected equations, depending on the earthquake magnitude, were calculated comparatively. The equation most compatible with the earthquakes that occurred on 6 February 2023 was obtained in this study. In addition, it was decided that three similar equations could also be used. Intensity distribution maps were created according to the calculated MMI values. In this way, it has been observed that different earthquake intensity values are more sensitive, reliable, objective, and sustainable.
Investigation of earthquake sequence and stress transfer in the Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone by Coulomb stress analysis
(TUBITAK, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Alkan, Hamdi; Bektaş, Özcan
A devastating earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw = 7.7) occurred on February 06, 2023, in the Pazarcık segment of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, which has not shown major earthquake activity for a long time. On the same day, another earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw = 7.6) occurred in Ekinözü-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) in the northwest. Three more earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw = 6.6, Mw = 5.9, and ML = 5.7 occurred on the same day, and significant damage, loss of life, and property occurred in 11 provinces and districts. A sixth earthquake occurred with Mw = 6.4 magnitude in Defne-Hatay on February 20, 2023. In addition, more than 32,000 aftershocks were recorded while this study was in progress. The interconnection of these earthquakes was investigated by Coulomb stress analysis. It showed compatibility with the distribution of both these six earthquakes and small aftershocks, in which earthquakes transfer stress to each other during their formation phases. By calculating Coulomb stress changes, mainshock ruptures have played an important role in transferring stresses between Elazığ and Malatya in the northeast, Kahramanmaraş-Göksun in the west, and Hatay and Syria in the south. Also, our calculations showed that shallow depths in and around source zones received positive stress changes (~1.0 bar) due to the focal depths of mainshocks with their aftershocks. Finally, it has been better understood with these earthquakes that the stress transfer time of high-energy earthquakes can be shortened considerably.

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