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Öğe Einstein-Rosen universe with scalar field in f(R,T) theories(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Taṣer, Dog̃ukan; Dog̃ru, Melis UluNon-static Einstein–Rosen universe with scalar field is examined via two different selection of f(R,T) models. Firstly, we analyzed Einstein–Rosen universe with scalar field in f(R,T)=R+2f(T) model. Then, we constructed field equations for f(R,T)=f1(R)+f2(R)f3(T) model, as well. For both models, exact solutions of field equations have been attained without considering any approximation or restriction. Whether scalar field corresponds to phantom and/or quintessence scalar field are investigated for each models.Öğe Determining the geochemical characteristics of geothermal resources and generating a geothermal information system of thermal waters in Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey(Amer Chemical Soc, 2013) Şanlıyüksel Yücel, Deniz; Yücel, Ali Mehmet; Karaca, Zeki; Çetiner, Ziya S.; Erenoğlu, Ramazan Cüneyt; Akçay, Özgün; Kamacı, Celal; Çalışkan, HidayetÖğe TEK YÖNLÜ KATILAŞTIRLMIŞ OKSİT MALZEMELERİN MEKANİKSEL DAVRANIŞLARI(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2007) Abalı, SerkanMost conventional ceramics and ceramic composites are produced by using the powder sintering method. For this reason they contain many impurities and there are many cases of amorphous phases forming at grain boundaries. In many cases these amorphous phases and grain boundaries effectively act to increase fracture toughness and strength at room temperature but there are microstructural factors which might cause a deleterious effect on high temperature strength and creep proporties. The oxide ceramic single crystal materials eliminates these microstructural factors by controlling its stable high temperature microstructure. In this paper the microstructural and high temperature behaviours such as the flexural strength, thermal stability and creep characteristics of single crystal oxide materials are examined.Öğe Effect of TiO2 doping on microstructural properties of Al2O3-based single crystal ceramics(Korean Assoc Crystal Growth, Inc, 2011) Abalı, SerkanPowders of Al2O3-TiO2 containing, 48 and 40% TiO2 by weight were formed into single crystals with a Verneuil furnace at 2088 K. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the phase composition of the samples solidified from the Al2O3-TiO2 powder. The resulting beta-Al2TiO5-Al6Ti2O13, beta-Al2TiO5-Al2O3 single crystals were probed with micro hardness assays, scratch test analyses, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal expansion and four-point bending tests. It was observed that the alumina-tialite single crystal retained a composition of Al2O3-TiO2 containing 60% Al2O3 by weight and displayed optimum properties.Öğe Effect of growth rate on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of directionally solidified Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4 eutectics(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Abalı, SerkanThe mechanical properties of YAG-spinel (Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4) eutectic rods were studied as a function of the solidification rate. Eutectic rods were grown by a laser-heated floating zone method. YAG-spinel eutectic rods measuring 2 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length were grown at rates of 0.1-10 mm/min with a temperature gradient of approximately 1 x 104 [gm. The compressive creep strength of a crystal grown at a rate of 5 mm/min and a now rate of 1.2 mm/min at 1500 degrees C under a strain rate of 1.0 x 10(-4) was only 398 MPa, which is slightly higher than that of crystals grown under different conditions. The highest flexure strength of the Y3Al5O12/MgAl2O4 material at ambient temperature was obtained at a growth rate of 5 mm/min. The maximum hardness reached 16.7 GPa, and the room fracture toughness was 3.9 MPa M-1/2. The changes in the mechanical behavior and the microstructure of the material that occurred at different growth rates are briefly discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reservedÖğe Mechanical and Microstructural Behaviors of Directionally Solidified Al2O3/Al16Ti5O34 Eutectics(Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2014) Abalı, SerkanIn this work, rods of Al2O3-TiO2 eutectics containing 65 and 60 wt% Al2O3 were grown using the laser floating zone method. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the phase composition. Creep strength of Al2O3-Al16Ti5O34 (65AT) eutectic at 1500 degrees C has 320 MPa, which is about higher than beta-Al2TiO5/Al2O3 (60AT) crystal. Temperature dependence flexure strength, hardness, elasticity and fracture toughness of the Al2O3-Al16Ti5O34 and beta-Al2TiO5/Al2O3 crystals were analyzed. The relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties were analyzed the 60 and 65AT eutectic crystals.Öğe Influence of isovalent Cd doping concentration and temperature on electric and dielectric properties of ZnO films(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Altun, Büşra; Ajjaq, Ahmad; Çağırtekin, Ali Orkun; Karaduman Er, Irmak; Sarf, Fatma; Acar, SelimIn this study, pure zinc oxide and lightly cadmium doped zinc oxide (Zn1-xCdxO; x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition to mainly investigate the possible impact of isovalent (in particular Cd) doping ratio and temperature on their electric and dielectric features. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that all produced films have a dominance of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure with the emergence of a minor CdO cubic phase at x ≥ 0.03, and predicted the decrease in average crystallite sizes with Cd doping. Cd content in the films was verified by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Images of scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanorods and spheres on the surface of pure ZnO film which changed to porous/agglomerative spheres with Cd doping. Then a comprehensive electric and dielectric analysis was carried out as a function of frequency in a wide temperature range (300–700 K) using two separate experimental data sets, (Z, θ) and (C, G). The results demonstrated the critical effect of temperature and Cd doping ratio on the electrical and dielectric properties of ZnO films. Among the investigated films, Zn0·97Cd0·03O film recorded highest conductivity and enhanced dielectric properties which was attributed to the equal activation of grains and grain boundaries in the film structure verified by the estimation of activation energies from impedance spectrum. However, the effect of Cd doping on electric and dielectric properties was prominent only below 500 K, beyond which the doping effect became negligible which might be correlated with the effective dominance of grain boundaries at high temperatures as was witnessed by modulus spectrum.Öğe Effect of Cd dopant on structural, optical and CO2 gas sensing properties of ZnO thin film sensors fabricated by chemical bath deposition method(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Altun, Büşra; Karaduman Er, Irmak; Çağırtekin, Ali Orkun; Ajjaq, Ahmad; Sarf, Fatma; Acar, SelimCadmium-doped zinc oxide (Cd-doped ZnO) films were produced by economic facile chemical bath deposition method. The Cd doping content was adjusted as 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the films were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM and UV–Vis. The response in a carbon dioxide atmosphere was measured by varying the concentration up to 100 ppm at different working temperatures (30–250 °C). XRD measurements demonstrated that all synthesized films have a good crystallite structure with hexagonal wurtzite dominant phase. A large variety of nanostructures are randomly distributed over the films’ surfaces depending on Cd doping content as was manifested by the corresponding SEM images. From the transmittance analysis, an ultraviolet absorption edge corresponding to pure ZnO film undergoes a redshift with the increase in Cd content. The results from Raman spectra are in good agreement with the XRD results. From the gas sensing measurements, a high response toward 100 ppm CO2 gas was detected by 3% Cd-doped ZnO sensor (88.24% at 125 °C) with an acceptable response of 8.36% at room temperature, which exhibited the lowest response/recovery times as well as highest selectivity, stability and reproducibility. Changes in the CO2 gas sensing response as a function of Cd doping content are explained based on particle size, optical bandgap and surface images.Öğe Failure mechanism by wrench faulting in Central Anatolia(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Gündoğdu, Erdem; Bektaş, Özcan; Işık, ErcanThe study area, where volcanism and tectonism are active at the same time, consists of the Cappadocia Volcanic Complex (CVC) in the middle, Tuzgölü on the west side, and Ecemiş fault systems on the east side. Remote sensing image processing method and derivation to aeromagnetic data were applied to identify the structural lineations that tectonically control the study area within the scope of the study. As a result of the lineation analysis performed in the west of the study area, 167 lineaments in the west, most of which are NW oriented, and 316 lineaments, most of which are NE oriented, were determined in the east. These findings are in agreement with the known fault orientations in the area. It is known that earthquakes greater than M > 4 occurred in these known faults during the neotectonics period, and they also have the potential to produce M > 6 earthquakes. In addition, the Tuzgölü and Ecemiş Faults' shearing effect relative to each other is an indication that a wrench tectonics mechanism has developed in the study area. With the remote sensing study and following the existing surface traces, two fault systems in opposite directions, the Tuzgölü Fault (−30°) dipping counterclockwise and the Ecemiş Fault, clockwise (60°) dipping, were determined. The orientation and locations of the faults could be determined by tilt transformation applied to the magnetic anomaly map of the study area. In particular, the effects of wrenching in the study area can be clearly observed in magnetic anomalies.Öğe Domain wall with quark matters cosmological models in f(R,T) theory(Springer, 2024) Çag̃lar, Halife; Taşer, Dog̃ukan; Aygün, SezginIn this article, Ruban universe has been investigated in presence strange quark matter and normal matter coupled with domain wall for f(R, T) alternative gravitation theory. One of the classifying of f(R, T) has been used as f(R, T) = f(R) + 2 μ(T) to obtain modified Einstein field equations (MEFE’s). The solutions of MEFE’s have been attained with help of relationship between metric potentials. The model has been constructed with domain wall matter distribution in form perfect fluid and then strange quark matter and normal matter (NM) have been attached by using equations of states. Also, all solutions have been reduced from f(R, T) theory to General Relativity (GR) by assuming μ= 0 . In last section, all solutions have been concluded with physical and geometrical perspective for f(R,T) and GR theories.Öğe Achieving Intensity Distributions of 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes from Peak Ground Acceleration Records(MDPI, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Işık, Ercan; Bektaş, Özcan; Avcıl, FatihOn 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes struck southern Türkiye on the same day, resulting in a considerable loss of life and property damage over a large region that included 11 cities. After these disasters, there was a requirement to define the soil-related intensity distribution, aside from manufacturing defects caused by buildings. The modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale results in the same intensity value (XI) when decimal values are not mathematically considered, even though the fundamental data in the AFAD and USGS sources differ. In this study, an equation based on the MMI–PGA relationship was obtained and tested with ten previously developed equations to calculate the earthquake intensity. Seven of these selected equations, depending on the earthquake magnitude, were calculated comparatively. The equation most compatible with the earthquakes that occurred on 6 February 2023 was obtained in this study. In addition, it was decided that three similar equations could also be used. Intensity distribution maps were created according to the calculated MMI values. In this way, it has been observed that different earthquake intensity values are more sensitive, reliable, objective, and sustainable.Öğe Investigation of earthquake sequence and stress transfer in the Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone by Coulomb stress analysis(TUBITAK, 2024) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Alkan, Hamdi; Bektaş, ÖzcanA devastating earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw = 7.7) occurred on February 06, 2023, in the Pazarcık segment of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, which has not shown major earthquake activity for a long time. On the same day, another earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw = 7.6) occurred in Ekinözü-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) in the northwest. Three more earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw = 6.6, Mw = 5.9, and ML = 5.7 occurred on the same day, and significant damage, loss of life, and property occurred in 11 provinces and districts. A sixth earthquake occurred with Mw = 6.4 magnitude in Defne-Hatay on February 20, 2023. In addition, more than 32,000 aftershocks were recorded while this study was in progress. The interconnection of these earthquakes was investigated by Coulomb stress analysis. It showed compatibility with the distribution of both these six earthquakes and small aftershocks, in which earthquakes transfer stress to each other during their formation phases. By calculating Coulomb stress changes, mainshock ruptures have played an important role in transferring stresses between Elazığ and Malatya in the northeast, Kahramanmaraş-Göksun in the west, and Hatay and Syria in the south. Also, our calculations showed that shallow depths in and around source zones received positive stress changes (~1.0 bar) due to the focal depths of mainshocks with their aftershocks. Finally, it has been better understood with these earthquakes that the stress transfer time of high-energy earthquakes can be shortened considerably.Öğe The Comparison of Seismic and Structural Parameters in Steel Structures for Different Spectra(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Karaşin, İbrahim Baran; Işık, Ercan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Karaşin, AbdulhalimIn order to determine the earthquake performance of the buildings, the interactions of many different parameters were considered. These parameters generally include data on the seismicity of the region, local soil conditions, and structural characteristics. In this study, the seismicity factor has been selected as the variable. An eight-storey steel structure with the same local soil and structural characteristics was selected as a sample. Turkey has seven different geographical regions. So, one sample province from every seven different geographical regions of Turkey was taken into consideration which was earthquake hazard is variable. Static adaptive pushover analyzes were performed for the selected steel structure by using special design spectra obtained for each province because this analysis is allowing the use of these spectra. In this study, first of all, the changes in earthquake parameters that will be used to determine the earthquake effects on structures are examined. The results of structural analysis using special design spectra obtained for each province were also examined. This study aims to determine the effect of seismicity risk on both earthquake and structural outcome parameters for steel structures. The design spectra significantly affect the demand displacement of buildings. Therefore, damage estimates and building performance will better reflect real values for the buildings which did not meet the demand displacement.Öğe Combined Use of Standard Penetration Test and Shear Wave Velocities in Liquefaction Analysis: Çanakkale Example(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Eyisüren, Onur; Karaca, Öznur; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Işık, ErcanIn order to investigate the liquefaction potential of the Çanakkale residential area, 151 boreholes, SPT, and 1027 classification tests were performed on disturbed samples, and 110 units of shear wave velocity (Vs) were determined by multi-channel analysis (MASW) of surface waves, and Vs values determined by underground water level information is used. Unlike previous studies, which were made using the simplified method based on SPT-N, liquefaction potential index (IL) and liquefaction risk index (IR) maps based on the standard penetration test (SPT) as well as Vs parameters were created separately for the Çanakkale settlement area. Very high IL and IR values were obtained in most of the city centers around Sarıçay. At the same time, analyses were repeated for different energy levels in order to investigate the effect of the energy coefficient, which is one of the SPT numbers of impact correction factors, on the analysis. As a result of all the analyses, it is thought that the energy level transferred in the SPT significantly affects the results, and since shear wave velocity (Vs) does not require such a correction, using SPT-N values as a reference in the analyses will reduce the negative effects that may arise from the uncertainties in field tests.Öğe A Study on Damages in Masonry Structures and Determination of Damage Levels in the 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) Earthquake(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Işık, Ercan; Ulu, Ali Emre; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Aydın, M. CihanOne of the main tectonic elements of Turkey is the Eastern Anatolian Fault zone. An earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 6.8 on this fault on 20 January 2020 in Sivrice (Elazığ) district caused loss of life and property. Seismic parameters were obtained for the five closest earthquake station locations to the earthquake in the region, which is very active in terms of seismicity. The peak acceleration values predicted in the earthquake hazard map and codes were compared with the measured values. The measured acceleration values were considerably smaller than the acceleration values recommended for the building design. In this study, damage grading was also made depending on the damages in the masonry structures. Damage classification was actualized using the damage levels for masonry structures predicted in the European Macro-Seismic Scale (EMS). Information about the causes of damage in masonry structures and solution suggestions are given.Öğe Bedrock Depth Calculation of Çanakkale (Turkey) Basin Using Rayleigh Ellipticity and Microgravity Survey(Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 2023) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Eyisüren, Onur; Bektaş, Özcan; Karaca, ÖznurIt is a well-known fact that the local ground effect plays an important role in the damage to structures during earthquakes. In order to define the soil-structure interaction correctly, the geometry of the tight and loose soil layers in the soil should be well known. In addition, the impedance contrast due to local ground effects can be deeper than the first 30 m, which is accepted as the engineering depth, and in this case, the Vs,30 parameter is disabled. For this reason, the location of engineering bedrock and seismic bedrock gains importance. The variation of shear wave velocity with depth is a key parameter for seismic field effect estimation. In addition, the separation of low-density layers close to the surface and higher-density bedrock can be easily done by the gravity method. Bedrock/seismic foundation levels were determined by using these two methods together for canakkale soils, which are known to have thick alluvial thickness and liquefaction problems. Microgravity measurements were made at 100 points and the anomalies obtained were modelled in three dimensions. In light of the data obtained from this study, it has been determined that the thickness of the loose basin unit in the study area is in the range of about 50-300 m. Ambient vibration was recorded with the help of a velocity seismometer at 146 points, and S velocity (Vs) profiles were obtained by using the inversion of the observed ellipticity curve. In addition, the velocity-depth change rate structure of the basin is defined depending on the Vs velocities on the 2D gravity model made along the two profiles that cut the basin in N-S and E-W directions. Along these profiles, the frequency range has been determined as 0.8-1.3 Hz in the deep parts of the Basin and 1.5-11.0 Hz in the shallow parts.Öğe Determination of Natural Fundamental Period of Minarets by Using Artificial Neural Network and Assess the Impact of Different Materials on Their Seismic Vulnerability(MDPI, 2023) Işık, Ercan; Ademovic, Naida; Harirchian, Ehsan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, AydınMinarets are slender and tall structures that are built from different types of materials. Modern materials are also starting to be used in such structures with the recent developments in material technology. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets can vary, depending on the material characteristics. Within this study’s scope, thirteen different material types used in minarets in Türkiye were chosen as variables. A sample minaret model was chosen as an example with nine different heights to reveal how material characteristic change affects seismic and dynamic behavior. Information and mechanical characteristics were given for all the material types. Natural fundamental periods, displacements, and base shear forces were attained from structural analyses for each selected material. The empirical period formula for each material is proposed using the obtained periods, depending on the different minaret heights taken into consideration. At the same time, fundamental natural periods for the first ten modes and 13 different types of materials used in the study were estimated with the established Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The real periods from the experimental analyses were compared with the values estimated by the ANN using fewer parameters, and 99% of the results were successful. In addition, time history analyses were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the minaret (three different materials were considered). In this specific case, the acceleration record from the 2011 Van (Eastern Turkiye) earthquake (Mw = 7.2) was taken into consideration. Performance levels were determined for the minaret according to the results obtained for each material. It has been concluded that material characteristics significantly affect the dynamic and seismic behavior of the minarets.Öğe Ordovician S-type granites in the western Sakarya Zone, NW Turkey; linkage to a back-arc setting(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Karslı, Orhan; Şengün, Fırat; Aydın, Faruk; Moghadam, Hadi S.; Dokuz, Abdurrahman; Griffin, William L.; Saka, Simge Oğuz; Zack, ThomasTurkey's Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution has received much attention in recent years. Early Paleozoic intrusive rocks are mainly distributed across Europe, Turkey (İstanbul-Zonguldak Zone, Strandja Zone, and Tauride Block), and Iran. However, the Early Paleozoic rocks have not yet been identified in north Turkey's Sakarya Zone, and thus the Early Paleozoic paleogeography of the Sakarya Zone remains enigmatic. Here, we provide new field observations, petrography, geochemistry, and geochronology of the western Sakarya Zone to identify the nature, origin, and tectonic setting of the Ordovician magmatic rocks cropping out in the Söğüt area (Bilecik, northwest Turkey). Our Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analyses on zircons suggest that the Söğüt metagranites were emplaced at ∼484–461 Ma (except two zircons with ages of 490 and 494 Ma). There are abundant inherited zircon cores in the Söğüt metagranites, with ages of >500 Ma to ∼2.2 Ga. The inherited Cadomian cores give concordant ages of 588 and 572 Ma. The Söğüt metagranites are felsic and have high SiO2 (72–76 wt%) and K2O (4.1–5.3 wt%) contents, with high K2O/Na2O ratios (1.2–1.9), and low Mg# (17–35) values. The samples are Ca-poor (CaO = 0.52–0.68 wt%) and show peraluminous [A/CNK = molar Al2O3/(K2O + CaO + Na2O) = 1.15–1.28] and high-K calc-alkaline geochemical characters, with high modal content of muscovite (∼10%), consistent with S-type compositions. The samples have low REE concentrations, with negative Eu anomalies. Ordovician zircon rims show εΗf(t) values of +3.6 to −35.4, whereas inherited zircon cores have εΗf(t) values of +33.9 to −26.1. Our data, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that the Söğüt metagranites were generated by fluid-absent muscovite-dehydration melting of metasediments accumulated in a back-arc setting. This back-arc basin was characterized by a denuded continental crust with abundant pelite-dominated sediments and minor input of juvenile mafic melts. Our results, combined with previously published data and paleogeographic reconstructions, allow us to conclude that the Ordovician S-type granites were formed by progressive back-arc extension and crustal thinning prompted by the rollback of the southward subducting oceanic-lithosphere slab. This led to the opening of the Rheic Ocean on the northern side of Gondwana in response to the final closure and termination of the Tornquist Ocean as a branch of the Iapetus Ocean. We argue that the Ordovician S-type granites from the northern side of Gondwana could signal significant crustal reworking away from any clear continental collision zone.Öğe Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adiyaman during the Kahramanmaras, (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; İzol, Rabia; Hakan Arslan, Musa; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Eyisüren, OnurThe 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes, which were the disaster of the century for Türkiye and in which more than 50,000 people lost their lives, caused many buildings to collapse or receive significant structural damages. Adıyaman is one of the provinces that caused the most destruction by earthquakes affecting 11 different provinces, which occupy approximately 14% of the country's surface area. The masonry buildings have been severely damaged by earthquakes, which constitute a significant part of the building stock in the province's rural areas. In this study, the region's seismicity and the spectral acceleration values of the last earthquakes were analyzed, and the distribution of building damages was given statistically. The main goal of this study is to determine the collapse and failure mechanisms of existing unreinforced masonry buildings in detail. The study also includes reconstruction strategies or retrofitting procedures to prevent damage to masonry structures in the region. Non-compliance with seismic design codes is the leading cause of damage in masonry buildings constructed by local craftsmen using low-strength wall and joint building materials. The usage of heavy earthen roofs, insufficient wall-wall, and wall-roof connections, lack of vertical and horizontal beams, poor workmanship, and insufficient interlocking between layers are the causes of structural damages observed in the field. At the end of the study, critical clauses in the current earthquake code were emphasized, and the precautions to be taken for existing and new design masonry buildings were also mentioned.Öğe Compact stars in ?(R, T) gravity(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Taṣer, Dog̃ukan; Dog̃ru, Sertaç SerkanThe study is conducted for investigation of a new solution for stellar objects in κ(R, T) theory. We investigate whether Krori–Barua model produces valid results in κ(R, T) theory. We attain field equations through Krori–Barua metric form related with geometry of inner space. From field equations, we obtain all unknown matter components κ(T) = 8 πG− λT in the theory. Constructed model is considered with some class of compact stars such as 4 U1820 − 30 , SAXJ1808.4 − 3658 , and HerX− 1 . To prove physical stability of the constructed model, we investigate both normal and effective matter form behaviors by way of some physical conditions. It is found that all conditions are valid for effective matter. Therefore, this study reveals consistency of both the compact star model and the gravitation theory. But a remarkable point is that normal matter has to face some problems in the κ(R, T) theory.
