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Technical and Socio-Economic Perspective on the Disaster of the Century (6 February 2023 Earthquake) in Türkiye on the Second Anniversary
(Wiley, 2025) Aydın, M. Cihan; Işık, Ercan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Ulu, Ali Emre; Avcıl, Fatih
The two earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 that struck southeastern Türkiye on 6 February 2023 have been dubbed the ‘disaster of the century’ due to their catastrophic impact on the country and society. The shockwaves of the two earthquakes, which were centred in Kahramanmaraş and resulted in more than 50,000 deaths, not only devastated 11 provinces but were also strongly felt in neighbouring countries. In addition to the destruction caused by the earthquake, which directly affected approximately 14 million people, its psychological and socio-economic consequences on the Turkish and Syrian populations are likely to continue for many years. This study offers a comprehensive technical and socio-economic perspective on the earthquake-affected region on the second anniversary of the disaster. It also provides insights into the seismotectonics of the earthquake zone and the resulting structural damage. By enhancing the understanding of the socio-economic impacts of the devastating Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, this study aims to contribute to the development of safer and more resilient societies.
Effect of organic carbon on the physico-mechanical characteristics and durability of the Gohareh limestone subjected to a heating-cooling process
(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Shahrokhi, Seyede Samiye; Jamshidi, Amin; Hashemi, Morteza; Akbay, Deniz
The Gohareh limestone is the most common building stone used in buildings under construction in the Lorestan Province, Iran. Limestone contains organic carbon (OC), which can affect its inherent characteristics and durability against environmental deterioration processes. Any change in the inherent characteristics and durability can lead to a loss of quality of limestone and thus its service life in a building. In the present study, the effects of OC on the physico-mechanical characteristics and durability of the limestone subjected to a heating-cooling (HC) process, a temperature up to 70 °C, were investigated. The porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and P-wave velocity (Vp) of the limestone with different OC contents were determined. These characteristics were also determined after every 10 cycles of HC test for up to 60 cycles. The changes in the appearance and pore space of deteriorated limestone due to the effects of HC were investigated via visual inspection and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The findings indicate a loss in the physico-mechanical characteristics of the limestone with increasing OC. Moreover, it was found that limestone specimens with higher OC showed greater loss in their physico-mechanical characteristic during HC. These results were consistent with the findings of appearance damage and pore space modification in the limestone specimens after the HC process. The results of the present study can be applied to OC-containing limestones from other regions of the world whose OC and physico-mechanical characteristics are within the range of values obtained for the studied limestone.
Analyzing the October 16, 2024 MW 5.9 Kale (Malatya) earthquake in relation to the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence and local tectonic dynamics
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Şenkaya, Mustafa; Alkan, Hamdi; Öztürk, Serkan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın
The 6 February 2023 Mw 7.7-7.6 Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquake sequence has significantly impacted the East Anatolian Fault zone, including the city of Malatya and its immediate surroundings. In addition to the aftershocks of February 2023, the Mw 5.9 Kale earthquake that occurred on October 16, 2024, further underscores the ongoing seismic activity in the region. This study analyzes the distribution of b-values derived from a comprehensive dataset comprising 14,549 earthquakes and the Coulomb stress variations associated with the aftershocks of the February 2023 sequence and the Kale earthquake. The primary objective of this analysis is to enhance the understanding of the tectonic setting that contributed to the occurrence of the Kale earthquake. The findings indicate that the low b-values and stress transfer through the P & uuml;t & uuml;rge segment toward the unnamed fault near Kale are significant contributing factors to the occurrence of the Kale earthquake. Additionally, positive stress variations from Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir to Malatya's city center suggest a potential fault oriented toward the city center that may increase the current earthquake hazard. Furthermore, the distribution of seismic events around Malatya suggests a possible barrier supported by previous magnetic data analysis between Malatya and Kale. Lastly, the observed stress variations for the Kale earthquake indicate the likelihood of upcoming seismic events in both the northeast and southwest directions of the Kale.
Average particle size and cluster size of metal (M: Cu, Ti)-doped Prussian blue nanoparticles for Li-ion battery anode material
(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Yakar, Emin; Sarf, Fatma; Bayırlı, Mehmet
As an anode in Li-ion batteries, cubic or cage forms derived from Prussian blue (PB) analogues have been so attractive although studies are limited for the PB nanoparticle form. In addition, the nanoparticle size affects the electrode performance while such influence on the sono-chemical route mechanism remains largely unexplored in Li-ion batteries. Here, we report a facile co-precipitation method to produce PB nanoparticles, which compare with the addition of sono-chemical route by metal (Cu- and Ti-) doping. The average grain size and fractal dimension of the synthesized PB particles were measured in the range of 18-23 nm and 1.879 +/- 0.009-1.812 +/- 0.016, respectively. By using sono-chemical route assisted co-precipitation, pure and metal-doped PB electrodes reach more than the specific capacity of traditional graphite anodes for 100 cycles. The preferential orientation shifts from (200) to (400) with Ti-doping and improved electrochemical stability with increasing coating ratio. With the decreasing average crystallite size of Cu-doping (18 nm for Debye-Scherrer method), cycle stability also improves. This study presents a new approach by presenting reduced cluster size as well as average particle size of nanoparticles that contribute to the anode performance.
Shear-wave velocity model of the Sivas City (inner eastern, Türkiye) using Rayleigh wave ellipticity inversion controlled by 2D microgravity modeling
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Bektaş, Özcan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Sarıtepe, Halil Erdim; Önal, Kemal Mert; Canbaz, Oktay; Eyisüren, Onur; Pamuk, Eren
The change in duration, amplitude, and frequency content of the earthquake ground motion as it passes through the rock and ground environment is referred to as the local ground effect. Impedance differences between bedrock and soil, as well as the dynamic behavior of soils, can amplify this effect. The geometry of both dense and loose soil layers must be known to accurately define soil–structure interaction and properly assess how soil behavior affects a structure during an earthquake. Local ground effects are known to play a significant role in structural damage during earthquakes. In basin-like environments, however, studies based on foundation and sub-base depth often lack sufficient information, making it difficult to identify problems associated with basin effects. It is not appropriate to provide construction-related information, especially in environments with a basin structure like Sivas, without determining the bedrock or solid ground conditions. This study aimed at determining the bedrock/seismic foundation depth for the central settlement of Sivas and defining the basin structure, involved large-scale microgravity measurements. The study area was modeled in three dimensions using the gravity data obtained. Long-term microtremor measurements were also conducted, and one-dimensional depth–shear-wave (Vs) velocity models were generated using the Rayleigh ellipticity method. The bedrock/seismic foundation structure of the study area was defined using two different methods, and these definitions were combined into two-dimensional sections. A depth map of the study area was created, revealing that the thickness of the loose basin unit is approximately 90 m. Ambient noise was recorded at 35 points with a velocity seismometer, and S velocity (Vs) profiles were obtained from joint inversion of Rayleigh ellipticity data and dispersion curves from MASW and ReMi data. Furthermore, the Vs-depth structure of the basin was defined along the profiles cutting the basin in NW–SE and S–N directions, based on the Vs velocities in the 2D gravity model. The frequency range along these profiles was found to be 0.6 Hz in the deep parts of the basin and 2.5 Hz in the shallow parts.
Damage assessment, regional ground motion record evaluation, and seismic performance analysis of a high-rise 14-story dual system building after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2025) Peker, Fatma Ülker; Yüzbaşı, Jülide; Işık, Ercan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Avcıl, Fatih
On February 6, 2023, Türkiye experienced catastrophic Mw 7.8 and 7.6 earthquakes, severely affecting several cities, including Malatya. This study presents a comprehensive structural assessment of a 14-story reinforced concrete building with a symmetric layout in Malatya, one of the cities most impacted by these earthquakes. It uniquely integrates experimental material characterization with advanced seismic nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA). Unlike conventional post-earthquake studies that rely on visual assessments, this research is distinguished by its data-driven approach. 56 core concrete samples were extracted to determine actual material strengths, and rebar properties were directly measured after removing the concrete cover. These experimentally derived properties were incorporated into a structural model and subjected to seismic performance analysis. The analytical damage predictions closely matched the observed post-earthquake damage, highlighting the importance of accurate material data. Moreover, the study evaluates specifically Malatya’s seismic hazard levels by comparing earthquake risk parameters from Türkiye’s last two seismic codes (TEC-2007 and TBEC-2018) and analyzing regional acceleration spectra. Furthermore, it presents extensive field observations of structural damage to reinforced concrete buildings in Malatya, identifying key vulnerabilities. By integrating real material properties into the numerical model, this research enhances the reliability of predictive models and provides a robust framework for post-earthquake evaluation.
Existence of conformal symmetric wormhole with phantom Energy in f (R, Lm, T) tlredry
(Elsevier, 2025) Taşer, Doğukan
In this study, we construct a traversable wormhole solution within the framework of f (R, L-m, T) gravity by assuming conformal symmetry. The matter content is modeled using phantom energy, characterized by an equation of state parameter omega <-1, which inherently violates the null energy condition. By employing conformal Killing vector symmetry, we derive exact analytical expressions for the shape function, energy density, and pressure components of the anisotropic fluid. Our analysis includes a detailed examination of the flare-out condition, proper radial distance, embedding diagrams, and the generalized Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation. Notably, the model yields a positive active gravitational mass and positive total gravitational energy, despite the presence of exotic matter.
Viscous fluid with neutrino in f(R,Φ,X) gravity
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2025) Eraslan, Erkan; Doğru, Melis Ulu; Taşer, Doğukan; Aydın, Hüseyin
In this study, we investigate the Kantowski-Sachs space-time within the framework of f(R,Φ,X) gravity, incorporating a general fluid distribution with neutrino contributions. The field equations are constructed using a hybrid f(R,Φ,X) function that combines features of the Starobinsky-like model and k-essence functions with canonical scalar fields. Analytical solutions are obtained, showing that the fluid can exhibit bulk viscous behavior with neutrino contributions. The model’s kinematical properties and energy conditions are investigated. NEC, WEC and DEC are satisfied, while SEC is violated, indicating scenarios where gravity repels matter, enabling exotic configurations. These results provide insights into the early universe’s dynamics and the role of viscous fluids and neutrinos in modified gravity theories.
Solar-Powered Automated Drip Irrigation System Scheduling
(Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2025) Yıldırım, Murat; Yücel, Muzaffer; Mucan, Umut
The necessity of irrigation management has become increasingly important in many regions due to water scarcity. With agriculture consuming 72% of the world's freshwater, it is crucial to use water efficiently in all areas of life, particularly in agriculture. Pressurized irrigation systems, when combined with automation, have significantly improved irrigation practices. Currently, there is a growing shift from manual systems to automated operations in pressurized systems, as automation and electronics in agriculture are becoming more widespread globally. In the study, an automatic irrigation system powered by solar energy was used to calculate plant water consumption based on solar radiation throughout the entire growing season. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a solar-powered automatic drip irrigation system compared to manual irrigation, focusing on crop yield outcomes, improving water use efficiency, and reducing labor and energy costs. The developed system utilized solar radiation data to estimate plant water consumption and automatically applied irrigation water equivalent to the crop's evapotranspiration throughout the entire growing season. The system was programmed to activate and deactivate at predetermined times based on calculated water requirements. The study's results showed no statistically significant difference in yield between the manually controlled drip irrigation system (6.72 t/ha) and the automated drip irrigation system (6.80 t/ha); however, the use of solar energy to power the automatic drip irrigation system eliminated irrigation energy costs by 100% during daylight hours, and the integration of automation reduced labor costs. The study indicates a potential 50-60% reduction in labor efforts, as the automated system independently scheduled and executed irrigation without the need for human intervention. Despite an observed over-irrigation in June, the system effectively maintained soil moisture at field capacity throughout the plant's growth stages. This approach prevented excessive water use and nutrient leaching beyond the root zone, thereby making significant contributions to environmental sustainability.
A Comparative Investigation on the Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) of the Various Rocks and Development a BTS-Based Rock Classification
(Shahrood Univ Technology, 2025) Jamshidi, Amin; Akbay, Deniz
Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) is an important parameter in mining activities, particularly in conditions that rocks are under tensile stresses. This test measures the indirect tensile strength of rocks, which is crucial for understanding the mechanical behavior and quality of rocks in the mining context, including slope stability analysis, blast design, rock support systems, excavation and equipment selection, fracture propagation, and hydraulic fracturing and drilling. So far, no classification of tensile strength of rock for mining applications has been presented. In the present study, a new rock classification based on BTS for the various rocks was proposed. To achieve this purpose, by a reviewing previous studies, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and BTS of various rock classes, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic were collected. For each rock class, the correlation equations between UCS and BTS were developed using simple regression analysis. Using data analyses, the rocks was categorized into to seven BTS classes. The findings revealed that igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks have a wide range of BTS values, and subsequent fall into the different BTS classes. The validity of BTS classification was verified using data of BTS and UCS of various rock classes published in the literature, and results showed that BT S can be as a suitable indicator for preliminary assessment of rock quality. This can lead to a better understand from the strength behavior of the rock under tensile stresses in site a mining activity, and therefore, a more accurate design of a mining project.
Late Cenozoic stress states in the Datça and Bozburun Peninsulas, SE Aegean, Turkey
(Slovak Acad Sciences, Earth Science Inst, 2025) Demirci, Alper; Özden, Süha; Över, Semir; Gündoğdu, Erdem
The Datpa and Bozburun are E-W-oriented peninsulas located near the Pliny-Strabo Trench Zone and considered to be eastern continuations of the seismically-active Hellenic Subduction Zone. Although no catastrophic earthquakes were recorded on the peninsulas in the previous century, two large earthquakes of a magnitude of 6.6 (Mw) occurred in the Gulf of G & ouml;kova in the north, in 2017, and a magnitude of 7.1 (Mw) in the Gulf of Fethiye in the south was recorded in 1957. Therefore, the necessity to pay close attention and issue warnings regarding potential earthquakes in and around the peninsulas has been increasing. Inversion of fault slip vectors affecting both the Plio-Quaternary and Paleozoic units in the Datpa and Bozburun Peninsulas yields N-S, NE-SW, and NW-SE extensional stress states. The NW-SE trending Datpa Basin formed during the Plio-Quaternary under the NE-SW extensional regime. The inversion of the focal mechanisms for shallow earthquakes in the Datpa and Bozburun Peninsulas provides N-S and NW-SE extensional stress states. Extensional stress tensors obtained from both the fault planes measured, as well as the focal mechanisms of the shallow earthquakes, are related to the roll-back process of the African slab along the Hellenic Subduction Zone.
Assessment of Soil Conditions with Rayleigh Ellipticity Analysis and Microtremor Methods at Strong Motion Stations in Diyarbakır (Türkiye)
(Mdpi, 2025) Adar, Kübra; Akyıldız, Mehmet Hayrullah; Büyüksaraç, Aydın
This article presents the results of single-station microtremor measurements conducted in Diyarbak & imath;r Province. To develop shear wave velocity profiles and determine dynamic soil parameters for the region, measurements were carried out at eight strong-motion accelerometer stations located within the provincial boundaries and operated by the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD). Data were recorded in three components over a 30 min period. For analysis, the Rayleigh wave ellipticity method was employed in combination with inversion techniques, along with the Horizontal-to-Vertical (H/V) Spectral Ratio method. These analyses yielded shear wave velocity profiles for each station, from which Vs values, predominant ground frequency, and amplification factors were obtained. Based on the average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30), ground classifications were made. In the final stage, earthquake acceleration records were analyzed and compared with the microtremor results. The findings indicate that the predominant frequency values range from 3.64 to 16.61 Hz, while ground amplification values vary between 1.20 and 2.85. The lowest Vs30 value was 555 m/s, and the highest damage vulnerability index (Kg), calculated from the H/V analysis, was 1.90.
Seismic Hazard Implications of the 2025 Balıkesir Earthquake of Mw 6.1 for Western Türkiye
(Mdpi, 2025) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Avcıl, Fatih; Alkan, Hamdi; Işık, Ercan; Harirchian, Ehsan; Özçelik, Abdullah
On 10 August 2025, a powerful earthquake (Mw = 6.1) occurred in Balıkesir, located within the Aegean Graben System, one of Türkiye’s major tectonic elements, and was felt across a very wide region. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the seismotectonic characteristics, recorded ground motions, and observed structural performance during this earthquake, focusing specifically on implications for regional seismic hazard assessment. Peak ground acceleration values obtained from local accelerometer stations were compared with predicted peak ground accelerations. The study also conducted comparisons for Balıkesir districts using the two most recent earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye. Comparative hazard analyses revealed whether existing seismic hazard maps adequately represent Balıkesir. The findings highlight the need for region-specific hazard model updates, improved implementation of earthquake-resistant design rules, and targeted retrofit strategies to mitigate future earthquake risk. The methodology adopted in this study involved comparative hazard analysis using the last two seismic hazard maps, evaluation of PGA’s across 20 districts of Balıkesir Province, and a field-based survey of structural damage. This integrative approach ensured that both seismological and engineering perspectives were comprehensively addressed.
Industrial-Based Comprehension on the Ceramic Body Composition by Continuous/Batch Grinding Methods
(Mdpi, 2025) Durgut, Emrah
In this study, the effects of batch and continuous grinding on the ceramic floor tile body were investigated in terms of cost, capacity, and technical aspects. In batch milling, a changing speed during grinding was more efficient than a constant speed. Capacity and energy consumption increased as the mill rotation speed increased in continuous grinding. Specific energy consumptions were measured as 36 kW/ton and 43.1 kW/ton, with 1.6 ton/h and 8.375 t/h capacities. Additionally, d10, d50, and d90 values for ground ceramic floor tile bodies were determined to be 2.5, 9.5, and 47.2 mu m and 2.5, 9.4, and 48.1 mu m for batch and continuous grinding, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the color and shrinkage values, while water absorptions were calculated to be 1.1% and 0.3% as sintering properties for batch and continuous methods, respectively. In the phase analysis of a sintered body prepared using the continuous method, mullite and quartz were observed, while microcline was also analyzed differently from such minerals for the batch one. Structural changes, surface morphology, and roughness were also interpreted by DTA/TG, SEM, and AFM analysis. The presence of plastic clay minerals during the grinding process in batch milling caused non-plastic raw materials not to be ground sufficiently, and sintering characteristics changed.
The Industrial Effects of Ball Type on Ceramic Porcelain Tile Body Grinding
(Wroclaw Univ Technology, Fac Geoengineering Mining & Geology, 2025) Durgut, Emrah
Raw materials such as feldspar, kaolin and illitic clay are used in the preparation of ceramic porcelain tile compositions according to their specific properties. Such raw materials are ground in ball mills in order to reduce the particle size to a certain value determined according to the operating conditions. In this study, it was aimed to compare capacity, time and energy spent in the grinding process of porcelain tile composition by using alumina and silica grinding medium from an industrial perspective. In this context, firstly, the grinding properties of the raw materials were determined with porcelain ball mill and Bond mill, separately. Bond Work Index values of magnesite, clay, kaolin and feldspar were determined as 8.7, 7.9, 12.3 and 14.2 kWh/ton, respectively. Then industrial grinding of a porcelain body was executed with a discontinuous horizontal ball mill. The industrial grinding studies showed that porcelain body was ground at 480 and 720 min to reach 2% sieve residue for +45 mu m with alumina and silica ball, respectively, which resulted as 625 ton/h capacity difference. Lastly, the ground materials in alumina and silica medium were compared in terms of water absorption, shrinkage, color and SEM analysis after sintering in porcelain tile conditions.
Geothermal gradients and seismicity correlations in the Biga Peninsula (NW Türkiye) based on Curie point depths
(Inst Geology & Geography, 2025) Bektaş, Özcan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Pamuk, Eren; Canbaz, Oktay
The Biga Peninsula has hot springs with geothermal temperatures varying between 40oC and 175oC. In this study, we investigate the regional temperature distribution and change in radiogenic heat production in the Biga Peninsula. We use EMAG2 magnetic data to estimate the Curie point depth (CPD). Our findings show that the CPD in the region varies between 9 km and 17 km. We also calculated the geothermal gradient and heat flow values based on the CPD data. which range between 92.9 and 141.6 mWm-2. Additionally, we also obtained values for zo, zt, and zbfrom the power spectrum and calculated 1D geothermal gradient change for examined blocks. The resulting equations are: zt= z80 degrees C, zo= z350 degrees C, and zb= z580 degrees C. These equations enabled us to propose a new formula to calculate the CPD. We also obtained the Conrad discontinuity depth (zc = z680 degrees C) in the Biga Peninsula. Furthermore, we prepared 2D heat flow and temperature profiles along three sections to investigate the relationship between heat changes and earthquake focal distributions. The results indicate that seismicity is high in the southwest of the Biga Peninsula, which has a high CPD, high heat flow value, and shallow Conrad discontinuity.
The influence of annealing temperature on the gas sensing properties of multifunctional hematite (α-Fe2O3) films
(Springer, 2025) Sarf, Fatma; Er, Irmak Karaduman; Yakar, Emin; Acar, Selim
In this study, hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) were prepared using direct solution spin coating and the changes of some physical properties with annealing temperature (400, 500 and 600 degrees C) for 2 h were investigated. The sensors annealed at 400 degrees C, 500 degrees C and 600 degrees C are referred to as F400, F500 and F600 respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared samples confirm the polycrystalline nature of the rhombohedral crystal structure of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3). The surface roughness parameters (SA-SQ) of the alpha-Fe2O3 films decreased drastically with increasing annealing temperature from 400 to 600 degrees C (57.47-68.08/13.63-17.13). The direct optical band gap values were estimated from absorption measurements and ranged from 2.77 to 2.52 eV. The electrical resistivity measurement at room temperature of the samples decreased with increasing annealing temperature from 400 to 600 degrees C. The response of the CO sensor of F400, F500 and F600 was found at 180 degrees C. The response to 1 ppm CO gas was calculated to be 1.45%, 8% and 10% for F400, F500 and F600 respectively. The wettability test of the samples showed a water contact angle (WCA) of less than 90 degrees, demonstrating the hydrophilic surface especially for the samples annealed at 500 degrees C.
Evaluation of the use of microwave energy on green floor/wall tile drying process
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Durgut, Emrah
Drying green ceramic tiles is necessary before the decoration and sintering processes and constitutes an important input in terms of energy consumption in the production step. Nowadays, natural gas-fueled vertical dryers are used to dry green ceramic tiles. However, alternative energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies are being investigated and used in many drying applications, such as microwave energy. In this study, the effects of magnetron power and drying rate on moisture, surface temperature, and dried bending strength of green ceramic tiles were experimentally examined. First, floor and wall tiles with a wet-based moisture content of 6% were shaped with an industrial hydraulic press with the specific pressures of 320 kg/cm2 and 300 kg/cm2 at the sizes of 33 x 33 cm and 25 x 40 cm, respectively. The shaped green floor and wall tiles were dried separately with a horizontal pilot-based microwave dryer at 20, 35, and 50 kW magnetron powers and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/min belt speeds, and then the changes in moisture, surface temperature, and bending strength values were measured. The minimum and maximum 51 degrees C/143 degrees C and 50 degrees C/138 degrees C surface temperature values were obtained for the floor and wall tiles, respectively, after the microwave drying. The moisture values changed in direct proportion to the magnetron power and inversely to the belt speed. The moisture values were reduced from 6% to a minimum of 0.1% under the conditions of 35, 50 kW of magnetron powers with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for floor tile and 50 kW of magnetron power with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for wall tile. In addition, the corner moisture values of microwave-dried tiles were lower than those in the center on the surface. The bending strength increased as the belt speed and magnetron power decreased within the working conditions. The maximum bending strength values for the floor and wall tiles were obtained as 29.2 kg/cm2 and 31.2 kg/cm2 at 20 kW magnetron power and 0.5 m/min belt speed, respectively. Of 52.4% and 42.6% energy savings in economic terms, 1000% and 837.5% increase in drying capacity, and 50.0% and 42.1% of environmental gain were calculated for the drying of floor and wall tiles with microwave energy compared to the natural gas, respectively. This study indicates that microwave energy can be used as a more energy efficient and capacity booster environmentally friendly process than natural gas-fueled vertical dryers in green ceramic drying. Units: m/min: meter per minute, speed; kg/cm2: kilogram-force per square centimeter, force mu m: micrometer, length; mm: millimeter, length; cm: centimeter, length; m: meter, length; kW: kilowatt, power; MHz: megahertz, frequency; GHz: gigahertz, frequency; g: gram, weight; kg: kilogram, weight; Sm3: standard cubic meter, volume; m2: square meter, area; kWh: kilowatt-hour, energy
Compact objects in f(R,Lm) theory
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2025) Taşer, Doğukan; Doğru, Melis Ulu; Kirezli, Pınar; Aydın, Hüseyin; Eraslan, Erkan
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the Krori-Barua type compact stars within the scope of f(R, L-m) theory. In this context, first, the field equations are obtained by considering the f(R, L-m) = R/2 + alpha L-m(n) model. Interestingly, the model offers chance to attain all components of matter without any restrictions. In addition, data sets from LMC X-4, EXO 1785-248 and Cen X-3 are used to analyze physical stability of the solutions. It is obtained that all conditions such as causality and stability. which indicate consistency between compact objects and f(R, L-m) theory are valid for the constructed model. We obtained that small values of n in the f(R, L-m) function show significant effect on the consistency of the star models. Therefore, different n values are considered for each star data set when graphing the physical states. Finally, necessary quantities of the model are defined, compared with the considered stars and discussed in detail.
Comparative Analysis of Target Displacements in RC Buildings for 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes
(MDPI, 2025) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes
The Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake on 6 February 2023, one of the largest earthquakes of the century, caused the collapse or severe damage of thousands of structures. This catastrophic disaster resulted in over 53,000 fatalities and rendered many structures unusable. This study addresses the observed damage in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, which constituted the majority of the existing urban building stock. In this study, firstly, information about the destructive Kahramanmaraş earthquakes was given. The predicted PGAs in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes to determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented for eleven affected provinces in the earthquake region. The damages in RC structures were evaluated within the scope of civil and earthquake engineering. Structural analyses for the model created to represent mid-rise RC buildings in the region were carried out separately for each province using predicted and measured PGAs. Additionally, target displacements that were used in performance-based earthquake engineering for damage prediction, were examined comparatively for all provinces. While the predicted earthquake hazard and targeted displacements were exceeded in some provinces, there was no exceedance in the other provinces. The realistic representation of earthquake hazards will allow the predicted displacements for various performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic way. Consequently, the performance levels predicted for the structures will be assessed with greater accuracy. The study highlights the importance of accurately presenting earthquake hazards to predict building performance effectively.

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