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Öğe The multifunctional role of bovine colostrum in managing diabetes: clinical insights and potential therapeutic effects(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Aiello, Gilda; Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Campaci, Diego; Lombardo, Mauro; Muthanna, Fares M. S.; Conte, Caterina; Karav, SercanDiabetes mellitus is a global metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production, leading to chronic hyperglycemia and severe complications. Although pharmacological treatments exist, there is a growing interest in complementary therapies to improve glycaemic control and attenuate disease progression. Bovine colostrum, a nutrient-rich secretion produced after parturition, contains bioactive compounds such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), lactoferrin, cytokines and immunoglobulins, which have potential therapeutic effects on diabetes. The aim of the review is to report on the various molecular mechanisms through which bovine colostrum is involved in diabetes management. The review analyzes, through clinical studies and potential therapeutic effects, the influence of colostrum on glucose metabolism, insulin sensibility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that bovine colostrum supplementation can lower blood glucose levels, improve lipid profiles and enhance immune modulation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition, its role in healing wounds and injuries has been demonstrated in a number of studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of bovine colostrum. Furthermore, its role in wound healing and regulation of the gut microbiota highlights its potential as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes management. Further research is needed to standardise formulations and determine optimal dosages for clinical applications.Öğe Discovery of diverse chimeric peptides in a eukaryotic proteome sets the stage for experimental validation of the mosaic translation hypothesis(Elsevier, 2025) Çakır, Umut; Gabed, Noujoud; Köroğlu, Yunus Emre; Kaya, Selen; Sinharoy, Senjuti; Benedito, Vagner A.; Brunet, MarieThe high complexity of eukaryotic organisms enabled their evolutionary success, driven by the diversification of their proteomes. Various mechanisms contributed to this process. Alternative splicing had the largest known impact among these mechanisms. Earlier, we hypothesized that along with alternative splicing, a different but conceptually similar mechanism creates novel versions of existing proteins in all eukaryotes. However, this mechanism operates at the level of translation, where amino acid sequence novelty arises through multiple programmed ribosomal frameshifting events occurring within the same transcript. This mechanism, which is termed mosaic translation, is very difficult to demonstrate even with the most up-to-date molecular tools. Thus, it remained unnoticed so far. Using a subset of mass spectrometry proteomic data from various organs of the model plant Medicago truncatula, we took the first step toward experimental validation of this hypothesis. Our original in silico approach resulted in the discovery of two candidates for mosaic proteins (homologs of EF1 alpha and RuBisCo) and 154 candidates for chimeric peptides. Chimeric peptides and polypeptides are produced in the course of one ribosomal frameshifting event and may correspond to parts of mosaic proteins. In addition, our analysis reveals the possibility of translation of chimeric peptides from five ribosomal RNA transcripts, ten long non-coding RNA transcripts, and one transfer RNA transcript. These findings are novel and will form the basis for future experimental validation. We also present multiple lines of indirect evidence supporting the validity of our in silico data.Öğe SGLT-2 inhibitors beyond diabetes: a new frontier in cancer treatment(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2025) Nakhaei, Ali; Delavar, Kiana; Azim, Azin Sadat; Afshari, Sadaf; Mohtashami, Alireza; Jalili-Nik, Mohammad; Jalali, Mahsa; Karav, SercanSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, a new class of antidiabetic medications including canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, and empagliflozin, recently came to light as possible anti-cancer therapeutics. The confirmed presence of SGLT-2 in many cancer cell lines further substantiates their potential as therapeutic targets. Because many cancer cells change their metabolism to become more glucose-dependent, blocking glucose absorption with SGLT-2 inhibitors is an intriguing anti-cancer therapy. In addition to their physiological function in renal proximal tubules, SGLT-2 has been identified in specific tumor cells. Clinical trials have shown that SGLT-2 inhibitors are safe and well-tolerated in individuals with diabetes and heart failure. Significantly, these medicines demonstrate antiproliferative effects across multiple cancer types, as substantiated by both in vitro and in vivo models, frequently via mechanisms that are independent of SGLT-2 itself. They seem to regulate a diverse array of intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways, encompassing those associated with microRNAs, AMPK, ERK, DNA and RNA metabolism, ATP homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. These data collectively underscore the potential of SGLT-2 inhibitors in clinical oncology and elucidate the processes driving their anti-cancer efficacy.Öğe Targeting mitophagy in the heart: Exploring the therapeutic potential of MicroRNAs(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2025) Javadifar, Amin; Tahani, Masoud; Khayat, Sorousha; Nasab, Shiva Rakhshani; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, AmirhosseinMitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, plays an indispensable role in preserving mitochondrial integrity by eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby sustaining cellular homeostasis. This process is particularly critical in cardiomyocytes, which rely heavily on high-quality mitochondria to meet their substantial energy demands. Impaired mitophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs)-small non-coding RNA molecules-in modulating mitophagy by targeting key genes such as PINK1, Parkin, and FUNDC1, which are integral to mitochondrial quality control. This review comprehensively examines the dual capacity of miRNAs to either enhance or suppress mitophagy and evaluates the implications of these regulatory actions for cardiovascular health. For instance, miRNAs such as miR-24-3p and miR-125a-5p modulate mitophagy pathways, influencing cardiac function in distinct ways. Additionally, miRNAs like miR-34a and miR-330-3p may exert broader effects on mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiac tissue. This paper further explores the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs to restore mitophagy equilibrium and mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, offering novel avenues for cardiovascular disease management. By synthesizing recent findings, this review underscores the promise of miRNA-based interventions and identifies critical directions for future research.Öğe Lerodalcibep: Another Crucial Addition to the Dyslipidaemia Arsenal(Imr Press, 2025) Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Karav, Sercan; Almahmeed, Wael; Jamialahmadi, Tannaz[No abstract available]Öğe Rethinking Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease: Plant Foods, Bioactive Compounds, and the Shift Beyond Traditional Limitations: A Narrative Review(Mdpi, 2025) Nogueira-Rio, Nerea; Mondragon Portocarrero, Alicia del Carmen; Lamas Freire, Alexandre; Franco, Carlos Manuel; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Karav, Sercan; Miranda Lopez, Jose ManuelThe incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased worldwide in recent years. Many factors can contribute to the progression of CKD, some of which are dietary patterns. Adequate control of protein, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium intake can significantly slow the progression of CKD. Most studies and nutritional guidelines addressing the care of people with CKD have focused primarily on dietary recommendations regarding macronutrient intake and the restriction of individual micronutrients. Traditionally, the consumption of fiber-rich fruits and vegetables has been restricted in patients with CKD to combat hyperkalemia. Among the reasons often given for this restriction are concerns about their high potassium and phosphorus contents. Limiting the intake of whole grains in CKD patients has also been recommended. However, findings indicate that phosphorus in plant foods is not fully absorbed in humans. Potassium contribution from vegetables can be reduced by culinary treatments, and when highly insoluble fiber is present in vegetables, it promotes potassium excretion through the intestine, which could help control the risk of hyperkalemia in CKD patients. Other recent findings have shown beneficial effects of vegetable bioactive compounds and resistant starch on CKD patients. The aim of the present review was to compile and discuss traditional recommendations for the use of plant-based foods for patients with CKD, as well as the mechanisms through which such foods may contribute to improving CKD progression.Öğe Recent Advances of Silver Nanoparticles in Wound Healing: Evaluation of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies(Mdpi, 2025) Kaya, Melis; Akdaşcı, Emir; Eker, Furkan; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted significant attention in recent years in diverse fields owing to their broad mechanisms of action. In particular, the wound healing process has become one of the main fields where the therapeutic potential of AgNPs is highlighted. AgNPs can be used as monotherapy or incorporated into composite structures in various formulations such as nanogels, hydrogels, powders, ointments, and sprays, for the treatment of a wide range of wound types including burns, excisional and incisional wounds, bone defects, surgical wounds, and diabetic ulcers. This widespread use is attributed to the strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cell proliferation-promoting biological properties of AgNPs. Moreover, AgNPs exhibit synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics, enhancing their efficiency against resistant bacterial strains or even restoring the lost antibacterial activity. These biological properties enable AgNPs to reduce infection risk while simultaneously promoting high-quality healing by accelerating tissue regeneration. The therapeutic effectiveness of AgNPs is influenced by their physicochemical properties, including particle size, shape, and surface chemistry. In particular, synthesis methods play a significant role in determining both the biological activity and the safety profile of AgNPs. Among various methods, green synthesis approaches stand out for enabling the production of environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and highly biocompatible AgNPs. In this review, the mechanisms of action of AgNPs in wound healing are examined in detail, and recent scientific developments in this field are evaluated based on current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.Öğe Lactoperoxidase: Properties, Functions, and Potential Applications(Mdpi, 2025) Özhan, Hasan Kutluay; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanLactoperoxidase (LPO) (E.C. 1.11.1.7) is a member of the superfamily of mammalian heme peroxidases that is isolated from milk, and it is the first enzyme announced to be found in milk. In addition to milk, LPO is also found in saliva, tears, and airways (airway goblet cells and submucosal glands). It contributes significantly to the self-defense of the mammal body. It catalyzes the oxidation of certain molecules such as thiocyanate (SCN-), I-, and Br- in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This reaction leads to the formation of antimicrobial products that have a great antimicrobial spectrum, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity, especially hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) and hypoiodite (OI-), which are coming into prominence via their high antimicrobial activity. The lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) is the system consisting of LPO, H2O2, and SCN-. LPO has a great potential to be used in various areas such as preservation and shelf-life elongation of milk; milk products; meat; meat products; plants, including fruits and vegetables; and oral care, diagnosis, immunomodulation, and treatment of nephrotoxicity. The LPO gene, along with LPO itself, is important for animals. In the absence of the LPO gene, there is an increase in the frequency of diverse diseases, including inflammation, tumor formation, and obesity. In this review, we mentioned general information about the enzyme LPO and its potential. Chemical properties and other features of other components of the LPOS, H2O2, and SCN- were also touched on the review. To offer readers a comprehensive understanding of the enzyme's biological significance and research progress over time, both recent and older studies have been used together. Lastly, we discussed potential applications of LPO in different areas and left future remarks in the light of recent studies.Öğe The Functional Role of Polyphenols Across the Human Lifespan(Mdpi, 2025) Koca, Bekir Enes; Sarıtaş, Sümeyye; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanPolyphenols are bioactive molecules that occur naturally in plants and exhibit a diverse array of properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects, all of which have been supported by numerous studies. They are categorized into four main groups: flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans. Polyphenols demonstrate a wide range of health-promoting effects throughout human life, from the womb to old age. They can exert these effects by modulating signaling pathways, regulating gut microbiota, influencing gene expression, and regulating epigenetic pathways. This comprehensive review summarizes the evidence regarding polyphenol intake across various life stages, exploring their effects on immune function, cognitive development, cardiovascular health, and healthy aging. These findings highlight the potential role of polyphenol supplementation in supporting lifelong health. It also emphasizes the significant impact of polyphenols on mental health issues and obesity, which have become more prevalent in modern life. The review also highlights the distinct requirements for each age group, due to changes in metabolic and cellular functions, as well as the age-specific effects of polyphenols. Recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies were reviewed to evaluate the biological effects of polyphenols. In the current literature, there are limited studies that directly compare the effects of polyphenols specific to different life stages and comprehensively address the results. This review aims to provide a framework to guide future research by evaluating the effects of polyphenols used in early life, adulthood, and old age.Öğe Osteopontin: Its Properties, Recent Studies, and Potential Applications(Mdpi, 2025) Karasalih, Büşra; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanOPN is a phosphorylated glycoprotein found in all vertebrate organisms and expressed in many tissues and secretions. It is a pleiotropic protein that plays diverse roles in various pathological and physiological processes. OPN is involved in many tissue transformation events such as intestinal and brain development, the regulation of immune system activity, immune cell activation, and inflammatory responses. This protein increases the functionality of the digestive system by regulating the intestinal microbiome and may help strengthen the intestinal barrier. OPN can also influence cognitive development and behavior. In addition, its recent association with cancer has gained critical importance. The increased expression of OPN has been observed in many cancer types, which may promote tumor cell metastasis. OPN is also effective in bacterial interaction and infections; it can prevent bacterial adhesion, supporting the development of new therapeutic approaches for oral care. Furthermore, the supplementation of OPN in infant formula has positively influenced the immune and intestinal health of infants. Many recent studies have focused on these aspects. This article provides a review and comparison of the existing knowledge on the structure and functions of OPN. It emphasizes how milk-derived OPN impacts human and infant health and disease.Öğe Polyphenols in Foods and Their Use in the Food Industry: Enhancing the Quality and Nutritional Value of Functional Foods(Mdpi, 2025) Coşkun, Nurten; Sarıtaş, Sümeyye; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanPolyphenols are known as secondary metabolites, which are crucial bioactive compounds that play a significant role in enhancing human health. Chromatographic methods are typically used to identify polyphenols after food extraction. The extraction methods are fundamental, however, they are implemented with some differences, including extractant type, according to the food. Polyphenols are mostly found in some foods, including grapes, olives, cherries, and apples. Foods have diverse polyphenols, which differ according to the food type. Moreover, they have flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins as various subgroups of polyphenols, which can change in terms of quantity and quality along with several factors, including the type, growing region, germination time, and harvest season of the food. The consumption of polyphenols is crucial for human health due to their anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, cardiometabolic risk management, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. In the valorization of polyphenols, the consumption dose is also important to effectively benefit from the polyphenols of plant-based foods. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have tested the polyphenols' digestion ability and preservation ability in gut microbiota and their effect on the microbiota to determine the benefits and effects of polyphenols in several areas. According to these studies, polyphenols can be used to fight against disease. In addition, diverse applications, including encapsulation and polyphenol coating, are used to stabilize, preserve, and improve the bioaccessibility of polyphenols. Even though polyphenol-rich foods are consumed for nutrition in daily life, they are also used as nutritional ingredients in the food industry to produce functional foods, and functional foods are enriched with food by-products to enhance their nutritional value, especially in terms of polyphenols. Particularly, food by-products are used to enrich functional foods, which are preferred in healthy life diets due to the diversity and amount of bioactive ingredients, including the polyphenol types of the food by-products. Furthermore, polyphenols also provide the preservation ability of storage and improve the bioaccessibility of bioactive ingredients during the digestion of functional foods. This review article examines the polyphenol ingredients of several types of food used in the food industry. It explains the effective factors that affect the amount and type of food and determines the impact of polyphenols on polyphenol-enriched products and functional foods. The article also provides a brief exemplification of the value of polyphenol-rich food by-products in the context of functional food production. Several studies presented in this review article demonstrate the value of polyphenols, particularly in the food industry and functional food production.Öğe Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bovine Colostrum for Cancer Therapies(Mdpi, 2025) Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanColostrum is a nutrient-rich fluid secreted by mammals shortly after birth, primarily to provide passive immunity and support early immune development in newborns. Among its various sources, bovine colostrum is the most widely used supplement due to its high bioavailability, safety profile, and clinically supported health benefits. Rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides, bovine colostrum exhibits diverse biological activities that extend beyond neonatal health. Recently, the rising prevalence of cancer-driven by environmental stressors such as radiation, processed foods, and chronic inflammation, as well as non-environmental hereditary factors including germline mutations, family history, and epigenetic inheritance-has fueled interest in natural adjunctive therapies. Scientific studies have explored the anticancer potential of bovine colostrum, highlighting its ability to modulate immune responses, inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis in cancer cells, and reduce inflammation. Key components including lactoferrin and proline-rich peptides have been identified as contributors to these effects. Additionally, bovine colostrum may help reduce the side effects of standard cancer treatments, such as mouth sores from chemotherapy or weakened immune systems, by helping to heal tissues and boost the body's defenses. While large-scale clinical studies are still needed, current findings suggest that bovine colostrum holds promise as a supportive element in integrative cancer care. In conclusion, bovine colostrum represents a safe, bioactive-rich natural supplement with multifaceted therapeutic potential, particularly in oncology, owing to its key components such as lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, growth factors (e.g., IGF-1, TGF-beta), and proline-rich polypeptides (PRPs), which contribute to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects. Ongoing and future research will be crucial to fully understand its mechanisms of action and establish its role in evidence-based cancer prevention and treatment strategies.Öğe Clinical Applications of Bovine Colostrum in GastrointestinaI Disorders: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Potential(Mdpi, 2025) Karakülah, Yusuf Serhat; Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanBovine colostrum stands out as a natural supplement with rich bioactive components that attract attention for its therapeutic potential in the maintenance and improvement of gastrointestinal (GI) health. The major bioactive components of bovine colostrum include immunoglobulin (Ig) (especially immunoglobulin G), lactoferrin (LF), growth Factors (IGF-I, TGF-beta, EGF), oligosaccharides (OS), and bioactive peptides. These components play a role in epithelial repair, suppression of inflammation, balancing the microbiota, and enhancing the mucosal barrier. Various animal models and recent human studies show that bovine colostrum has various positive effects against gastrointestinal tract diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). These effects include preservation of epithelial integrity, reduction of inflammatory markers, and improvement of intestinal permeability. Studies on the tolerability and efficacy profiles of various bovine colostrum formulations for oral, oropharyngeal, and enteral administration are increasing. In this review, the multifaceted effects of bovine colostrum on the gastrointestinal tract are explained at a mechanistic level, and potential areas of study for clinical translation are presented. Bovine Colostrum stands out as a promising natural biotherapeutic agent for both preventive and therapeutic approaches.Öğe Comprehensive Review of Silver Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Applications(Mdpi, 2025) Okur, Erkan Efe; Eker, Furkan; Akdaşçı, Emir; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanIn recent years, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields has been investigated due to their highly potent properties. One of these areas is the adaptation of AgNPs to food packaging/preservation technologies. The primary reasons for the use of AgNPs in food preservation studies are their high levels of antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. In particular, the slow and controlled release of silver provides a sustained protective effect throughout the contact period of AgNP-integrated packaging with food and reduces microbial load by preventing biofilm formation. Furthermore, high thermal stability of AgNPs provides high protection to foods under various conditions. Their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, making them effective even at low concentrations, further supports AgNPs as a promising alternative in food preservation technologies. Moreover, their ease of surface modification facilitates the integration of these nanoparticles (NPs) into polymer matrices, biodegradable films, and coatings. Additionally, some AgNP-based films are also used in smart packaging applications, providing a color change indicator of degradation. Their broad pH tolerance enhances their applicability to a variety of food types, from dairy to meat products. For all these reasons, AgNPs are considered as one of the essential components of innovative food packaging to slow down food spoilage, prevent microbial contamination, and provide safer, longer-lasting products to the consumer, and studies on them are ongoing.Öğe Recombinant Production and Characterization of a Novel α-L-Fucosidase from Bifidobacterium castoris(Mdpi, 2025) Pekdemir, Burcu; Karav, Sercanα-L-fucosidases (EC 3.2.1.51) are of particular interest due to their ability to cleave terminal alpha-L-fucose residues from glycoconjugates, a property associated with numerous biological and therapeutic effects. They have also been investigated for their potential use in glycan remodeling, disease biomarker analysis, and particularly as therapeutic agents in the context of fucosidosis, a rare lysosomal storage disorder, caused by a deficiency in alpha-L-fucosidase activity. However, limitations in enzyme availability, stability, and substrate specificity highlight the need for novel and more efficient enzyme sources. Bifidobacterium castoris (B. castor is) is a newly identified species first discovered in the beaver gut microbiota in 2019. Phylogenetic studies have revealed its advanced metabolic capacity, and genomic analyses have demonstrated its extensive carbohydrate metabolism potential. This research article focuses on the recombinant production and biochemical characterization of a novel alpha-L-fucosidase from B. castoris LMG (Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Gent) 30937, predicted to belong to glycoside hydrolase family 29 (GH29) according to Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) annotation. Under optimized reaction conditions the recombinant alpha-L-fucosidase exhibited a specific activity of 0.264 U/mg to pNP-Fuc (4-Nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside). The results indicate that the enzyme is active in the pH range of 3.0-8.0 and temperatures of 24-42 degrees C, but its optimum conditions are the slightly acidic pH of 5.5 and the elevated temperature of 42 degrees C. This profile suggests that the enzyme is adapted to acidic intestinal-like environments. This novel enzyme expands the GH29 alpha-L-fucosidase repertoire and offers a promising new candidate for future biotechnological applications.Öğe Exploring the Activity of a Novel N-Glycosidase (EndoBI-2): Recombinant Production to Release Bioactive Glycans(Mdpi, 2025) Duman, Hatice; Avcı, İzzet; Salih, Bekir; Kayılı, Hacı Mehmet; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanThe gut microbiome evolves in response to host development, health state, lifestyle, nutrition, and microbial interactions. The survival of gut microbiota depends on its ability to utilize its host-indigestible complex oligosaccharides. Certain gut microbes produce glycosidases that cleave N-glycoproteins to release N-glycans that are then used as a carbon source. However, commercial glycosidases are inefficient and, thus, require improved deglycosylation strategies to study their functions and scale up their production. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to recombinantly produce and characterize the novel endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 (EndoBI-2) from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) and to evaluate its enzymatic performance for controlled N-glycan release. Furthermore, the optimum reaction conditions for EndoBI-2 were investigated on model glycoprotein RNAse B using model glycoprotein. The released N-glycans were profiled by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLD-QTOF-MS/MS). We demonstrated that EndoBI-2 possesses a strong temperature tolerance and efficiently cleaves N-glycans under mild reaction conditions, exhibiting high activity at pH 5. These findings highlight EndoBI-2 as a robust and efficient biocatalyst for the production of bioactive N-glycans from diverse N-glycoproteins, with potential applications in glycobiotechnology.Öğe Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: A Comprehensive Review of Physicochemical Properties and Multifunctional Applications(Mdpi, 2025) Eker, Furkan; Akdaşçı, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanGreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of plant-mediated synthesis routes, emphasizing the influence of phytochemicals on nanoparticle formation, morphology, and stability. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs, such as size, shape, and surface characteristics, are critically examined in relation to synthesis parameters, summarizing the plant species employed and associated reaction conditions. The wide-ranging applications of plant-based AgNPs are explored, including antimicrobial, agricultural, environmental, industrial, and biomedical uses, such as drug delivery and wound healing. The section is supported with recent application-specific studies to their corresponding nanoparticle properties, highlighting the relationship between structure and function. Finally, this review discusses current challenges, particularly potential toxicity considerations, and outlines future perspectives for standardization, mechanistic understanding, and translational potential in wide-ranging applications.Öğe Prebiotic and Functional Fibers from Micro- and Macroalgae: Gut Microbiota Modulation, Health Benefits, and Food Applications(Mdpi, 2025) Deniz, Nurdeniz; Sarıtaş, Sümeyye; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanMicro- and macro-algae are natural resources that attract attention in terms of their prebiotic potential and functional food applications due to their rich polysaccharide diversity. In this review, the regulatory effects of dietary fibers and polysaccharides from algae on gut microbiota, their health benefits and their potential functions in foods are discussed in detail. Compounds such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, porphyran, agar, carrageenan and exopolysaccharides are examined for their interactions with the microbiota and how they support digestive health, immunity and metabolic balance through the production of short chain fatty acids. In contrast to earlier reviews, this paper offers a comprehensive comparison between sulfated and non-sulfated algal polysaccharides, incorporates updated insights on their regulatory status and safety, and highlights emerging direction for developing next-generation prebiotic formulation. The review also examines their applications in functional foods, nutraceutical effects and protective roles, and includes preclinical and clinical studies. However, some limitations such as safety of consumption, risk of heavy metal accumulation, bioavailability issues and regulatory restrictions are also addressed. New nutritional approaches, next generation prebiotic formulations and biotechnological studies are included. This review aims to comprehensively highlight the versatile potential of algal polysaccharides as functional fibers and prebiotics. While numerous studies have examined algal polysaccharides, their heterogeneous structures and safety. This review emphasized these critical gaps and proposed a rational evaluation framework for future research and functional food development.Öğe Microbial-Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparative Review of Bacteria- and Fungi-Mediated Approaches(Mdpi, 2025) Akdaşçi, Emir; Eker, Furkan; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanThe growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies has driven the development of green and bio-based synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles. Among these, the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical methods, which often rely on hazardous reagents and harsh conditions. Bacteria and fungi are particularly attractive due to their ability to produce AgNPs with tunable size, shape, and surface properties through natural enzymatic and metabolic processes. This review provides a comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal synthesis routes, focusing on their distinct advantages, limitations, and optimal applications. Bacterial synthesis offers faster growth, simpler culture requirements, and greater potential for genetic manipulation, enabling precise control over nanoparticle (NP) characteristics. In contrast, fungal synthesis typically yields higher nanoparticle stability and is well suited for extracellular, scalable production. The review also summarizes key synthesis parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, reaction time), addresses reproducibility and scalability challenges, and highlights emerging research areas, including antibacterial bio-hybrid materials and bacterial-supported metallic catalysts. Overall, this comparative perspective provides a clear framework for selecting appropriate microbial systems for different technological applications and identifies future research directions to advance green nanotechnology.Öğe THE OVARY STRUCTURE OF PARAMACROBIOTUS GADABOUTI (TARDIGRADA: EUTARDIGRADA)(Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Pas Branch Cracow, 2024) Wieczorkiewicz, Filip; Arslan, Alper; Özer, Akın; Siwek, Daria; Poprawa, Izabela[No abstract available]
