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A Study on the Effect of Health Expenditures on Selected Healthcare Indicators: Evidence from Türkiye
(AVES, 2025) Kılcı, Esra Nazmiye; Yılancı, Veli
Objective: While the coronavirus outbreak overburdens health systems, leading to a significant global death toll and severe human suffering across the world, the pandemic brought questions regarding how Türkiye manages this huge pandemic and whether Türkiye’s health system is ready for coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). With the Health Transformation Program (HTP) which was implemented from 2003 to 2013, Türkiye made noteworthy progress in the main measures of health condition by making noteworthy investments in the healthcare sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of health expenditures on the selected health indicators of Türkiye for the 1977-2018 period, which covers the significant transformation process under the HTP. Methods: We employ the Bayer and Hanck cointegration test and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test to examine the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables by using life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, and crude death rate as dependent variables, and health expenditures as a regressor. Results: The results of cointegration tests support the evidence of a long-run relationship between the variables, showing that an increase in health expenditures decreases infant mortality rates and crude death rates while increasing life expectancy rates. Our results also imply that after the HTP, the effect of health expenditures on indicators has increased. Conclusion: We conclude that investments in the healthcare system led to improvements in healthcare indicators. In fighting diseases like the COVID-19 epidemic, the strength of the health system is of great importance. Investing in people’s health as human capital boosts the population’s overall health and strengthens employability, which increases the effectiveness of active employment strategies, aids in securing acceptable living conditions, and promotes growth. © 2025 AVES. All rights reserved.
İSKENDER PAŞA’NIN SARAYBOSNA’DAKİ ZAVİYE VAKFI’NIN FİNANSAL DURUM TABLOSU (1807-1821)
(Marmara Üniversitesi, 2021) Arslanboğa, Kadir
Osmanlı Devleti’nde özel şahıslar ile bürokratların kurmuş olduğu vakıflar iktisadi ve sosyal açıdan birçoktoplumsal görevi yerine getirmekteydi. Bürokratlar, özellikle de Balkanlar’da fetihten sonra bulunduklarıbölgenin idarecileri o şehrin kalkınması açısından gerek kendi gelirlerini gerekse de devletten kendilerinekuracakları vakıflar için tahsis edilen gelirleri toplum yararına adamışlardır. Fatih Sultan Mehmet ve II. Beyazıtdönemlerinin önemli eşhasından olan ve Vezir, Rumeli Beylerbeyliği ve Bosna Sancakbeyliği görevlerindebulunan İskender Paşa da başta şehrin su ihtiyacının karşılanması olmak üzere Bosna’da vakıf kurmuştur.Nehirlerin sularını şehrin muhtelif bölgelerine yönlendirmiş, çeşmeler, köprü, Nakşibendi Tekkesi, imaret,misafirhane, kervansaray ve saray inşa ettirmiştir. İnşa edilen bu yapı ve müesseselerin faaliyetlerinin devamıiçinde çiftlikler, bahçeler, yoncalıklar ve değirmenler vakfetmiştir. Vakıflar açısından tescil belgesi hüviyetindekivakfiye ile evkaf muhasebe bilançoları önem arzetmektedir. İskender Paşa Vakfı’nın vakfiyesi günümüzeulaşamamıştır. Ancak vakıf muhasebesi olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde 1807-1821 yılları arasındakisüreyi ihtiva eden bir arşiv defteri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada bu arşiv defterinden elde edilen bilgiler ışığındavakfın finansal durumu incelenmiştir. Olağan süreçte vakfın gelirlerinin giderlerini karşıladığı, ancak 1815yılında yaşanan nehir taşkınlarının vakfın inşa ettiği birimlere zarar verdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yıkılan birimlerinyeniden inşası, vakfın devam eden yıllarda bir mali daralmaya gitmesine sebebiyet vermiştir.
Convergence analysis of ecological footprint at different time scales: Evidence from Southern Common Market countries
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Ursavaş, Uğur; Yılancı, Veli
This study investigates the convergence in ecological footprint per capita across Southern Common Market countries over the period 1961-2016 within the framework of the environmental convergence hypothesis. However, unlike the existing literature, which mainly tests the convergence for the overall period, this study follows a different path. First, the time series is decomposed into different frequencies using the discrete wavelet transform method. Then, using the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests, convergence in ecological footprint per capita is tested for different time scales; short-run, medium-run, and finally long-run. The results indicate that countries show different convergence tendencies at different time scales. While the results support the convergence hypothesis for all countries in the short-run, the convergence hypothesis holds for only four and three of the five countries in the medium and long-run, respectively. Besides, the results show that the convergence hypothesis holds for only Uruguay for the whole period.
Convergence of aggregate and sectoral nitrogen oxides in G7 countries for 1750-2019: Evidence from a new panel Fourier threshold unit root test
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Yılancı, Veli; Gorus, Muhammed Sehid
One of the major pollutants in the atmospheric space is nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is, and industrialized countries are responsible for a substantial share of this air pollutant at the global level. Among developed countries, G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, and the US) were responsible for 12% of the global nitrogen oxide emissions in 2019. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased by almost 280 times between 1750 and 2019 in this set of countries. For this reason, this study concentrates on this group of countries. Besides, it is rational to test the convergence of NOx emissions at the sectoral level for designing effective environmental policies. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the convergence pattern of aggregate and sectoral NOx emission levels in G7 countries covering long-span data, from 1750 to 2019. Agriculture, energy production, industry, residential-commercial-other (RCO), transport, and waste are the main sectors where nitrogen oxides are emitted from. For this purpose, we utilize the panel Fourier threshold unit root test, which allows for the possibility of nonlinearity in the series. Besides, the test is able to capture gradual structural changes through the Fourier approximation. The empirical results derived from the analysis indicate that all the nitrogen oxide series have nonlinear behavior. In addition, this study highlights that the convergent behavior of sectoral nitrogen oxide displays at least partial convergence for the countries examined. Besides, global (full) convergence is confirmed for agriculture, energy production, and transport sectors for the period studied. According to the empirical findings, it can be said that policymakers in G7 countries should prioritize the emission allocation policies.
Suitable site selection by using full consistency method (FUCOM): a case study for maize cultivation in northwest Turkey
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Everest, Timuçin; Savaşkan, Gönül Selin; Or, Aykut; Özcan, Hasan
The agricultural land evaluation procedure is a valuable guide for growing plants where they are best suitable, and it has a critical role in actualizing sustainable plans for providing food security for the growing population. In agricultural land suitability analysis, different multi-criteria decision-making methods are applied. The main objective of this study is to introduce the potential usage of a new multi-criteria decision-making method the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) in agricultural land suitability analysis. The study was carried out in the northern part of the Karamenderes plain in NW Turkey. Nine land characteristics (soil texture, soil depth, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, pH, slope, drainage, CaCO3%, and cation exchange capacity) were used for the land evaluation study. The weighting values of the land characteristics were calculated by the FUCOM. According to the results, 223 ha (6.26%) were highly suitable, 2650 ha (74.40%) were moderately suitable, 508 ha (14.26%) were marginally suitable, and 181 ha (5.08%) were not suitable for maize cultivation. The weighted values of the parameters were also tested with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Best-Worst Method (BWM). There is a general compatibility between the methodologies. The data obtained from these methods showed that analysis consists of a very positive relationship with each other. The comparisons of these methodologies showed that FUCOM’s prioritization order simplicity in parameter weighting and ability to reduce the processing intensity would provide a significant contribution and advantage to the land evaluation experts and planners. It is recommended that the Full Consistent Method could be reliably used in agricultural land suitability analysis.
Testing the nuclear energy induced environmental Kuznets curve for Bulgaria: An ARDL bounds test with sharp and smooth breaks
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Yılancı, Veli; Syed, Qasim Raza; Haouas, Ilham
Attaining sustainable development entails extensive use of clean energy and low levels of carbon emissions. Hence, nuclear energy is considered an avenue to reach higher levels of sustainable development. However, the existing literature documents the ambivalent conclusion on the nuclear energy-emissions nexus. To solve this puzzle, the present study re-investigates the nuclear energy-emissions nexus for Bulgaria using the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework. We adopt the methodology of novel bootstrap ARDL with sharp and smooth structural breaks. The findings document that nuclear energy is responsible for waning emissions across the long and short-run. Also, we validate the EKC hypothesis. To provide robust empirical findings, we perform a sensitivity analysis, which reports results similar to the baseline findings. Hence, we propose to escalate the adoption of nuclear energy to curb emissions.
Testing the Short, Medium, and Long-Term Effects of Shocks on Ecological Balance
(Springer, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Adalı, Zafer; Çelik, Orkun; Bari, Bilgin
Ecological balance is an indicator of environmental degradation, which is computed as the difference between biocapacity and ecological footprint. In this study, we examine whether the effect of shocks on the ecological balance is permanent or temporary in the EU-15 countries, considering the period from 1961 to 2018. The application of unit root tests, with and without a Fourier function, indicates that the effects of shocks are temporary in only four countries. To reveal the persistence of shocks at different frequencies, that is, the short-, medium-, and long-run, we decomposed the ecological balance series by using the Discrete Wavelet Transform method. The unit root test results show that the effects of shocks are temporary in all countries in the short-run. However, the results also show that the shocks are temporary in nine countries in the medium-run and ten countries in the long-run. Thus, the implemented policies to balance ecology are not effective in the short-run but are effective in only six countries in the medium-term and in only five countries in the long-term. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering different frequencies when testing the effectiveness of empirically implemented policies. Regarding policy implications, this study suggests focusing on medium- and long-term environmental policies rather than short-term ones.
FDI Inflows-Economic Globalization Nexus in ASEAN Countries:The Panel Bootstrap Causality Test Based on Wavelet Decomposition
(Springer, 2023) Görüş, Muhammed Sehid; Yılancı, Veli; Kongkuah, Maxwell
This study aims to investigate the causal linkage between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and economic globalization (considering de facto and de jure indexes) for 7 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries for 1985–2018. Our sample consists of Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Empirically, we propose the panel bootstrap causality test based on wavelet decomposition to find a causal link between the series in different time scales. The main advantages of the methodology can be listed as follows; (a) testing the unit root behavior of the series, or existence of a cointegration relationship between the series are not pre-requisites, (b) one can test the causal relationship between the series in different time scales. Also, we employ the panel bootstrap causality test of Kónya (Econ Modell 23:978–992, 2006) to compare our results with the panel bootstrap causality test based on wavelet decomposition. In addition to the causality analyses, this study utilizes the panel bootstrap cointegration test of Westerlund-Edgerton (2007) to find long-run relationship between variables. The proposed method’s results exhibit that ASEAN countries’ FDI inflows and types of economic globalization levels have mutually affected each other, especially in the long-run. The empirical findings offer some significant implications for policymakers.
The role of affluence, urbanization, and human capital for sustainable forest management in China: Robust findings from a new method of Fourier cointegration
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Ulucak, Recep; Zhang, Yaoqi; Andreoni, Valeria
Affluence and planned urbanization may have a crucial role in conserving forests and decreasing forest footprint with rising awareness and human development. Productivity rise from technological progress is key to facilitating the underlying mechanisms of theoretically expected changes in all those processes. They are seen as an alternative way to transform the current habits into one that is conservative and respectful to the environment while keeping the economic welfare at the same time. By following the theoretical underpinnings of such expectations, this article investigates how the development changes of China have impacted on the forest footprint. In this frame, the study is an attempt to empirically inquire underlying mechanisms of the forest transition hypothesis, which supports the idea that affluence, urbanization, human capital, and productivity can help to save forests. The transition process is depicted by a hump-shaped curve mostly attributed to the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the literature. The period 1961–2017 is particularly relevant as it precedes and follows the Chinese open-door policy of the 1980s. This study reaches robust findings and new insights for sustainable forest management. Results show that income growth did not contribute to reducing the forest footprint, as the forest footprint has increased with income rises. On the contrary, urbanization, human capital, and total factor productivity have reduced the forest footprint. Based on the evidence provided, policymakers should devote increasing attention to education that serves human capital formation, and efficiency gains for sustainable forestry simultaneously.
Dynamic relationship between carbon emissions and climate policy uncertainty: a dynamic symmetric and asymmetric fourier causality analysis
(Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Ursavaş, Uğur
This paper tests the causal link between climate policy uncertainty (CPU) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United States from April 1987 to February 2022. In this paper, we use a novel CPU index recently developed and employ a novel econometric methodology, dynamic symmetric and asymmetric Fourier causality tests. The findings of the causality tests show a symmetric causality relationship from CO2to CPU, and a unidirectional causality runs from positive shocks of CO2to positive shocks of CPU. We also run the causality test in a dynamic framework to test the instabilities in the causality relationship. The dynamic symmetric causality test results show a significant unidirectional causality from CO2(CPU) to CPU (CO2) for specific periods. Since different shocks may affect the causality relationship, we test the causality relationship by considering positive and negative shocks. The asymmetric causality test results show a significant unidirectional asymmetric causality from positive shocks of CO2(CPU) to positive shocks of CPU (CO2) for certain periods. Finally, the asymmetric causality test results also show a unidirectional asymmetric causality from negative shocks of CO2(CPU) to negative shocks of CPU (CO2) for certain periods. Based on our results indicating a significant causal link between CPU and CO2, governments and policymakers should avoid policies and decisions that may lead to such uncertainties.
Testing the relationship between employment and tourism: a fresh evidence from the ARDL bounds test with sharp and smooth breaks
(Emerald Publishing, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Kirca, Mustafa
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of the tourism sector on employment in 13 Mediterranean countries. In addition, the impact of economic growth and inflation rate, which are included in the analysis as control variables, on the employment rate are investigated. Design/methodology/approach: For this study, data from 1995 to 2018 and the ratio of the employed population, the number of international tourist arrivals, the annual growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) and the annual percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) were used. First, the authors investigated the relationship between variables using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test with Sharp and Smooth Breaks. Then, after determining the significant cointegration relationship, the long-term and short-term coefficients were also estimated. Findings: The results show a cointegration relationship for Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Malta and Tunisia. Tourism demand has a positive effect on all these countries and economic growth positively affects the employment rate only in Greece, Israel and Tunisia. Besides, the inflation rate has a negative effect in Israel and Tunisia and a positive effect in Malta. Overall, the authors' results provide important policy suggestions, such as the training of the employees in the tourism sector should be improved to keep up with the requirements of the times. Practical implications: The impact of the tourism sector on total employment varies from country to country. In particular, the employment creation policies of the sector need to be changed by taking technological changes into consideration. Originality/value: Since tourism is a labor-intensive sector, tourism's impact on employment is an important research topic. However, whether this effect applies to all countries is debatable. Furthermore, the development of technology can also reduce employment in labor-intensive sectors. Therefore, this research can be regarded as important as this research addresses such a critical current issue and suggests a novel econometric method such as the ARDL Bounds Test with Sharp and Smooth Breaks.
The Determinants of Forest Products Footprint: A New Fourier Cointegration Approach
(MDPI, 2023) Yılancı, Veli
This study aims to determine the factors that affect the forest products footprint (FPF) in Brazil during the period 1965–2018 by proposing a new cointegration test which augments the Engle-Granger cointegration test with a Fourier function (Fourier Engle-Granger) and allows multiple structural breaks in the long-run relationship. Since the results of the unit root tests show that all variables are nonstationary, we applied the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration test and revealed that there was a long-term relationship between the forest products’ footprint, energy consumption, gross domestic product, and trade openness. Although energy consumption was found to have a decreasing effect on FPF, the remaining variables were found to have a healing effect on FPF. Policymakers in Brazil should consider shifting energy consumption to clean energy sources and sustain international trade and economic growth in the current form to consider the FPF.
Corrigendum to “An empirical investigation of resource curse hypothesis for cobalt” [Resour. Pol. (2022) 102843]
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Türkmen, N. Ceren; Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim
The authors regret The author Muhammad Ibrahim Shah has used the affiliation (c). “Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology (REES), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada” in this publication. However, since this work was not part of Muhammad Ibrahim Shah's thesis and not part of the work he does at the University of Alberta and no professors or supervisors from University of Alberta was involved in this paper, rather it was the result of his own personal interests, the author would like to remove the affiliation of the University of Alberta from this publication and replace it with the following affiliation: “Independent researcher, Edmonton, Canada”. He would like to replace his University email mshah3@ualberta.ca with personal email: ibrahimecondu@gmail.com. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Pollution haven or pollution halo in the fishing footprint: Evidence from Indonesia
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Çütçü, İbrahim; Çayır, Bilal; Sağlam, Muhlis Selman
This study tests the pollution halo/haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in Indonesia by considering the fishing footprint (FF) as the environmental degradation indicator over the period 1976–2018. The results provide evidence of the validity of the pollution halo hypothesis and the EKC. Besides, we found that trade openness in the fishery sector harms the FF. These results have important policy implications for Indonesia. (i) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) positively affects the fishing environment, which may be due to the beneficial implications of the FDI in the fishery sector via modern management techniques, cutting-edge technologies, increased productivity, and know-how transfers. (ii) The validity of the EKC hypothesis with the estimated turning point of 4579.513 US Dollars indicates that the Indonesian fishing environment deteriorates till the per capita GDP level reaches 4579.513 and then improves after this point. (iii) Increased free trade in fishery products contributes to environmental quality.
Why are some countries cleaner than others? New evidence from macroeconomic governance
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Akan, Taner; Gündüz, Halil İbrahim; Vanlı, Tara; Zeren, Ahmet Baran; Işık, Ali Haydar; Mashadihasanli, Tamerlan
This study aims to investigate why some countries are cleaner than the others with reference to macroeconomic governance (MEG) in order to explain how major macroeconomic aggregates should be governed to mitigate environmental pollution at the level of economic systems. Using per capita carbon dioxide emissions (CPC) as the proxy for air pollution, and macro-non-financial governance (MNFG) and macro-financial governance (MFG) as the proxies for MEG, the study introduces the systemic and fragmented governance of green complementarities (GCMs) and dirty complementarities (DCMs) as analytic concepts to compare the MEG models for managing pollution in 13 high-income countries (HICs), 10 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and nine lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) for the period 1994–2014. The paper concludes that (i) HICs reduced their CPC levels thanks to adopting green systemic governance by creating GCMs between both MNFG and MFG variables in the long run; (ii) UMICs experienced a remarkable increase in their CPC levels due to adopting dirty systemic governance by creating DCMs between the MNFG variables, but prevented pollution from being higher through creating GCMs between the MFG variables; and (iii) LMICs experienced the highest comparative increase in CPC due to adopting a fragmented governance in managing both MNFG–pollution and MFG–pollution nexus.
Does the frequency of stochastic convergence in per capita ecological footprint matter?
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Abbas, Shujaat
Among the environmental economics research issues, the issue of convergence has received quite a lot of attention, which is also known as stationary analysis. In this research strand, whether shocks to the time series variable are permanent or temporary is tested via the unit root tests. In this study, based on the theory and empirical works of stochastic convergence, we evaluate the convergence for the BASIC member countries, including Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. We use a variety of methodologies to see whether the convergence of ecological footprint holds for these countries or not. We first use the wavelet decomposition technique to decompose the series into the short run, middle run, and long run, and then we run several unit root tests to confirm the stationarity property of the series. The methodologies implemented in this study allow us to apply econometric tests to the original series as well as to the decomposed series. The results of panel CIPS test demonstrate that the null hypothesis of unit root could be rejected for the short run but not for the middle and long run, implying that long-lasting impact might prevail due to any shocks to the ecological footprint in the middle and long run. The results for individual countries varied.
Identifying the roles of energy and economic factors on environmental degradation in MINT economies: a hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Yılancı, Veli; Candan, Gökçe; Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim
Globally, research communities have been studying the different determinants of environmental degradation or pollution using different contexts and methods. In this study, we identify several energy and economic factors, such as energy consumption (EC), gross domestic product (GDP), energy production (EP), urbanization (URB), and foreign direct investment (FDI) as the most effective factors of environmental degradation by obtaining several environmental researchers' opinions and using the hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. In the later stage of the analysis, we use these variables as regressors of the ecological footprint (EF) as a proxy for environmental degradation. Since we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence among the members of the variables, we use second-generational panel tests. First, we test the stationarity of the variables using the cross-sectionally augmented IPS (CIPS) panel unit test. The results show that the regressors have different orders of integration. So, we employ the Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration test to test the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. Having found a long-run relationship, we estimate the long-run coefficients using the common correlated effects mean group estimator, which reveals that energy consumption has an increasing effect on the EF in Indonesia and Turkey, while energy production has a negative impact in Mexico and Turkey. While GDP has an increasing effect in all countries, FDI has a similar effect in only Indonesia. Moreover, URB decreases the ecological footprint in Nigeria, while it increases in Turkey. Our approach to the evaluation of environmental degradation can be generalized to other regions as well as where there is a significant need to understand the roles of different drivers on environmental degradation or pollution.
Detecting speculative bubbles in metal prices: Evidence from GSADF test and machine learning approaches
(Elsevier, 2021) Özgur, Önder; Yılancı, Veli; Özbuğday, Fatih Cemil
The importance of metal prices to real economic activity and financial markets has increased the focus on detecting price bubbles in precious and industrial metals. Several studies looked at the influence of macroeco- nomic factors in the formation of a single metal bubble and tried to identify bubble dates. Our study extends the literature and analyzes monthly gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, silver, and aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, steel, tin prices over 1980M1-2019M12, and contributes to the literature in two ways: First, the analysis in- corporates the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller (GSADF) test to detect potential bubbles. Sec- ond, the study evaluates the impact of potential financial, real, and speculative factors in the likelihood of price bubbles using the random forest method. Our findings indicate that financial factors are more critical in pre- dicting precious metal price bubbles. The monetary policy rate and the production index are important to predict bubbles in industrial metal prices. However, our findings suggest that speculative activity may not adequately predict metal price bubbles.
Economics and Capitalism in the Ottoman Empire
(Research Centre for Islamic Economics (IKAM), 2021) Sağlam, Muhlis Selman
The book under review consists of five chapters. In the first part, the author discusses the 19th century Ottoman social structure and economic thought system. In the following three chapters this structure has been examined in detail by focusing on social change, development issues, imperialism, and industrialization. T he last chapter summarizes author’s views on the Ottoman economic thought system following which the author concludes his argument.
Impact of Distance on State University Enrolments: The Case for ÇOMÜ
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2019-03-15) Bekaroğlu, Can
This study aims to explain the impact of distance on state university enrolments in Turkey, based on the case for Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (ÇOMÜ), which has an extensive statistics regarding student background. We are able to explain 2/3 of the variation by using 3 highly statistically significant variables; i) distance to the college town (Çanakkale), ii) distance to the major cities and other nearby universities, iii) the number of students who pass the university entrance test. Further analysis also shows that a relatively significant gender disparity still persists, and distance is found to be much less effective on female students. Additional non-parametric data envelopment analysis also reveals that, compared to the predicted results, conservative and mostly landlocked provinces send far fewer students to ÇOMÜ while nearby provinces, Eastern Anatolia, and the Black Sea Region shows a much greater interest.

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