Bitki Koruma Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2725

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Determination of the Biological Parameters of Graphosoma lineatum L. Heteroptera, Pentatomidae on Different Foods
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2009) Koçak, Erhan; Emre, H. Tevfik; Şahin, Ali Kürşat; Barış, Aydemir; Gökdoğan, Atilla; Başaran, M. Selçuk
Graphosoma lineatum is the suitable host of Sunn pest Eurygaster spp. egg parasitoids. Fecundity, adult lifespan, preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods, nymph development periods according to nymph stages and as total, nymph ratios of reaching to adult stage of Grapohosoma lineatum L. were determined on different plants from Apiaceae. Studies were carried out in laboratory under 27±2ºC temperature, 45±5% RH and 16 hours photoperiod conditions. Plants were presented weekly to insects collecting them from preflowering stage to ripping stage June–September, 2006 from Ayaş, Beypazarı and Kızılcahamam counties in Ankara province. The average fecundity of the insect on Torilis arvensis Huds. , Daucus carota L. , Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. , Conium maculatum L. and Astrodaucus orientalis L. as 178.0, 185.2, 196.0, 415.0 and 170.2, respectively; and the female lifespan was 56.67, 56.67, 51.50, 71.00 and 60.00 days; male lifespan was 55.67, 73.17, 58.83, 88.50 and 49.17 days; preoviposition period was 21.66, 12.50, 15.33, 11.50 and 18.00 days; oviposition period was 31.50, 33.67, 26.83, 57.17 and 35.83 days; postoviposition period was 3.50, 8.83, 9.00, 2.33 and 6.16 days; nymphs ratios reaching to adult stage 47.50%, 82.50%, 82.50%, 85.00% and 67.50%; and total nymphal period was 25.70, 22.20, 20.75, 18.85 and 24.10 days. The shortest nymhp development periods were determined as 1, 3, 2, 4 ve 5 according to nymph stages. Generation durations as the shortest 35.35 days on C. maculatum and the longest 51.36 days on T. arvensis were determined. These results show that C. maculatum and H. platytaenium were the most suitable food sources while T. arvensis and A. orientalis were not for G. lineatum [TR] Süne Eurygaster spp. yumurta parazitoitleri için uygun konukçu olan Grapohosoma lineatum L. ’un fekonditesi, erginlerin yaşam süreleri, preovipozisyon, ovipozisyon, postovipozisyon süreleri ile nimflerinin toplam gelişme süresi, dönemlerine göre gelişme süresi, döl nesil süreleri ve ergin olma oranları laboratuvar koşullarında Apiaceae familyasından farklı bitkilerde belirlenmiştir. Çalışmalar, 27±2ºC sıcaklık, %45±5 orantılı nem ve aydınlanma süresi 16 saat olan uzun gün koşullarının sabit tutulduğu iklim odasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bitkiler Ankara’nın Ayaş, Beypazarı ve Kızılcahamam ilçelerinden çiçeklenme öncesi dönemden tohum olgunlaşma dönemine kadar Haziran-Eylül 2006 haftada bir toplanarak böceklere sunulmuştur. Fekondite; Torilis arvensis Huds. , Daucus carota L. , Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. , Conium maculatum L. ve Astrodaucus orientalis L. bitkileri için sırasıyla ortalama 178.0, 185.2, 196.0, 415.0 ve 170.2 adet yumurta olarak bulunmuştur. Dişi yaşam süresi sırasıyla ortalama 56.67, 56.67, 51.50, 71.00 ve 60.00 gün; erkek yaşam süresi sırasıyla ortalama 55.67, 73.17, 58.83, 88.50 ve 49.17 gün; preovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 21.66, 12.50, 15.33, 11.50 ve 18.00 gün; ovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 31.50, 33.67, 26.83, 57.17 ve 35.83 gün; postovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 3.50, 8.83, 9.00, 2.33 ve 6.16 gün; nimflerin ergin olma oranı sırasıyla %47.50, % 82.50, %82.50, %85.00 ve %67.50; nimflerin toplam gelişme süresi sırasıyla ortalama 25.70, 22.20, 20.75, 18.85 ve 24.10 gün olarak bulunmuştur. En kısa nimf gelişme süresi sırasıyla 1, 3, 2, 4 ve 5. dönemler şeklinde sıralanmıştır. Döl süresinin en kısa 35.35 gün ile C. maculatum’da ve en uzun ise 51.36 gün ile T. arvensis’te tamamlandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, baldıran ismiyle bilinen ve güçlü alkaloidleriyle tanınan C. maculatum’un G. lineatum’un kültüre alınmasında diğer bitkilerden çok daha önde olduğu ve H. platytaenium‘un da onu takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. T. arvensis ve A. orientalis’in uygun konukçular olmadıkları sonucuna varılmıştır
Assessment of nonchemical weed management of windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) nursery
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2025) İnci, Deniz; Uludağ, Ahmet; Al-Khatib, Kassim
The windmill palm is a distinctive outdoor ornamental palm adapted to cooler climates. Weeds pose significant challenges in palm nurseries, particularly during seedling and establishment stages. This research was conducted in a nursery with 5,500 windmill palm seedlings, starting in April 2014, when the palm trees were 3 yr old. Experiments were terminated in October 2018 when weed control was no longer necessary due to the advanced growth of the palm trees. The objectives of this study were to determine the weed composition and diversity, elucidate the effects of mechanical weed management (MWM) on growth rate of palm, and develop a sustainable program to maximize palm tree growth through effective weed management and soil tillage. Few herbicides are registered for nursery use in Türkiye; thus, weed control was performed mechanically using garden hoeing machines between rows and hand hoeing for intrarow strips. The most common and dense weeds were purple nutsedge, annual mercury, and common purslane in summer and autumn, and burning nettle in winter and spring. In 2014, weed densities were 100, 127, and 145 weeds m-2 for MWM, hand-weeding (HW), and nontreated (NT) plots, respectively. Transplanted palm seedlings required at least two, ideally three growing seasons of intensive weed control until the palm tree crowns block sunlight and suppress weed growth. The research indicated that palm trees in the MWM treatment had approximately 84 leaves and a height of 210 cm by October 2018, compared with 54 leaves and a height of 136 cm for HW, and 40 leaves and 100 cm height for NT. These results highlight the critical role of MWM in promoting optimal growth of Chinese windmill palms. Effective and sustainable weed management, combining MWM and HW, is essential for producing high-quality palm trees. The research provides valuable insights for nursery managers and contributes to best practices for cultivating windmill palm trees in similar climatic regions.
Determination of plant-parasitic nematode fauna and evaluation of soil quality in apple orchards of Canakkale province (Turkiye)
(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2024) Arslan, Enes Ceyhun; Gözel, Uğur
In September 2023, a total of 130 soil samples were collected from five different districts in the province of Çanakkale (Türkiye) and its surroundings to identify plant-parasitic nematode communities in apple orchards and to create distribution maps of these species. The density and distribution of nematode communities were examined. In total, 14.090 nematode individuals were analyzed, and 30 genera were identified. The nematodes were classified into six different orders, with the order Rhabditida standing out as the most dominant (53.87%). The order Tylenchida ranked second (23.22%). Among the most common plant-parasitic nematodes identified in the study were Dolichodoridae) (3.36%), and Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) (3.02%). The results of the study indicate that the c-p 2 group is prevalent under disturbed soil conditions, and the dominance of the p-p 2 and p-p 3 groups poses a significant threat to apple orchards. These findings highlight that nematode c-p series are important bioindicators in the assessment of soil quality, and such analyses should be expanded through regional studies.
Determination of Plant Parasitic Nematode Fauna and Evaluation of Soil Quality in Olive Orchards of Çanakkale Province, Türkiye
(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, 2025) Aktürk, Çağla; Gözel, Uğur
In September 2023, a total of 185 soil samples were collected from the olive orchards in Çanakkale province’s Centre district and the districts of Ayvacık, Bayramiç, Biga, Ezine, and Lapseki to identify the plant-parasitic nematode communities present, determine their distribution maps, and evaluate soil quality by demonstrating the use of nematodes as bioindicators. A total of 22.257 nematode individuals were examined, and 33 genera belonging to 19 families were identified. The Rhabditida order constituted 47.62% of the population, followed by the Tylenchida order with 23.18% and the Aphelenchida order with 22.44%. The most prevalent plant-parasitic nematodes were identified as Merlinius spp. Siddiqi, 1970 (Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae) (10.41%), Tylenchus spp. Bastian, 1865 (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae) (3.47%) and Helicotylenchus spp. Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) (1.77%). The dominance of the p-p 3 group indicates that this group has a common life strategy among herbivorous nematodes and poses a potential threat in agricultural ecosystems. The prevalence of the c-p 2 group among free-living nematodes highlights the critical role of this group in ecosystem processes, particularly in organic matter cycling and soil health.
Soil Nematode Community Analysis of Four Chickpea Cultivated Areas in Aksaray, Türkiye
(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2025) Yılmaz, Ayşenur; Saraçoğlu, Yasemin; Çakmak, Taylan; Gözel, Uğur
This study investigates soil nematode communities in four distinct chickpea cultivation areas in Aksaray, Türkiye, to understand their composition, ecological functions, and impact on soil health. Chickpeas, as the nitrogen-fixing crop, play a vital role in sustainable agriculture, supporting soil health and providing economic benefits in rural areas. Soil nematodes, however, including plant-parasitic types like root-knot and lesion nematodes, pose risks to chickpea yield by damaging root systems, thus necessitating effective management strategies. The research took place from May to December 2023 at Düzce University’s Nematology Laboratory. Soil samples from four locations (Akgülü, Bağınbaşı, Camili and Göllü) in Aksaray were collected and using the Baermann funnel technique nematodes were exracted. Nematode identification and ecological parameter analyses used for nematode-based biological monitoring were conducted with light microscopy and structured taxonomic keys. The study grouped the nematodes based on feeding behaviors, showing distinct profiles across locations: bacterivores dominated in Akgülü, while Bağınbaşı had a higher prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes, suggesting soil biodiversity challenges. Analysis of soil food webs indicated a stressed ecosystem in Akgülü and enriched, structured soil in Bağınbaşı, as shown by higher enrichment and structure index values. These patterns highlight the effects of soil management on nematode communities, with biodiversity directly linked to soil health and chickpea productivity. Findings emphasize that integrated pest management, including crop rotation and resistant chickpea varieties, is essential to mitigate the effects of nematodes. The study provides insights into nematode-driven soil dynamics and underscores the need for further research on nematode impacts in various agroecosystems, particularly for sustainable chickpea cultivation.
New records and complementary description of two Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) species from Türkiye
(Acarologia-Universite Paul Valery, 2025) Yaşar, İpek; Döker, İsmail; Kök, Şahin; Kasap, İsmail
A preliminary survey was conducted in Kaz Dağları, also known as Mount Ida, one of the regions considered a biodiversity rich region due to its wide range of floral diversity at the westernmost point of Türkiye. As a result, we found two species of phytoseiids associated with unknown eriophyoid mite species on two different endemic plants in Kaz Dağları. Neoseiulus vasoides (Karg) and Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) ernesti Ragusa & Swirski were collected from Sideritis trojana Bornm. (Lamiaceae) and Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) Coode & Cullen (Pinaceae) at high elevations of 1726 meters and 1350 meters, respectively. The new species records are complementarily described and illustrated based on Turkish specimens, including detailed descriptions of leg chaetotaxy. Important diagnostic characters of the new species records are provided to further improve diagnosis and to avoid any confusion regarding the species status of the Turkish specimens.
Genetic Diversity of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Isolates from Tobacco Growing Fields of Western Anatolia, Türkiye
(Univ Namık Kemal, 2025) Randa Zelyüt, Filiz; Karanfil, Ali; Korkmaz, Savaş
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an important plant virus that is common in agriculture. It is the first evidence of the existence of viruses in history. Studies on the genetic diversity of the CP gene of TMV, which plays a leading role in host interaction, are limited both in our country and around the world. Genetic diversity analyses were conducted on ten isolates of the full CP gene region of TMV obtained from the most intensive tobacco cultivation areas in our country, and compared with global isolates. TMV infection was detected in 32 out of 300 plants collected from the Aegean and Marmara regions (Çanakkale, Balıkesir, İzmir, Manisa, Uşak, Aydın and Denizli) between 2019 and 2020 using conventional molecular techniques. To genetically characterize the virus, 10 samples were selected from each region, and the complete CP gene region sequences were determined. The aligned CP gene region sequences of TMV from Türkiye and its global isolates exhibited nucleotide homology ratios ranging from 87.7% to100%, with amino acid ratios ranging from 88.7% to 100%. The Türkiye isolates displayed similarity rates of 98.5% to 100% at the nucleotide level and 98.7% and 100% at the amino acid level. In phylogenetic analysis, the 196 known isolates of TMV registered in GenBank, belong to the CP gene region, were divided into two main clades (I and II) and two subclades (Ia and Ib). Turkish isolates were clustered in the major branch with the main clade I and subclade Ia isolates. Therefore, genetic analyses were performed on the CP gene region isolates obtained from different parts of the world and a wide range of hosts, including the isolates obtained from Türkiye. The results showed high genetic stability, similar to many tobamoviruses.
New Records of Stinging Wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) from Western Türkiye
(American Entomological Society, 2025) Efil, Levent; Kaplan, Emin; Uzlu, Metehan
Hymenoptera have been surveyed from many regions of Türkiye, but far western provinces are underexplored. This study targets the identify species in wasp group belonging to Hymenoptera order collected from in Çanakkale province. Sweep net samples were examined from five localities emphasizing 24 habitats. This effort resulted in 42 specimens, spanning 24 species. Of these, 20 were new records for the Çanakkale Province, as follows: Astata kashmirensis Nurse, 1909; A. minor Kohl, 1885; Ammatomus asiaticus (Radoszkowski 1886); Ammophila hungarica Mocsáry, 1883; Cerceris eucharis Schletterer, 1887; C. sabulosa (Panzer, 1799); Eumenes dubius de Saussure, 1852; E. mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, 1879; Gorytes albidulus (Lepeletier, 1832); Gymnomerus laevipes (Shuckard, 1837); Harpactus laevis (Latreille, 1792); Leptochilus (Lionotulus) hermon Gusenleitner 1971; Odynerus melanocephalus armeniacus (Morawitz, 1885); Podalonia hirsuta mervensis (Radoszkowski, 1887); Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791); Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabricius, 1781); Tachysphex brullii (F.Smith, 1856); Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758); Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758; V. orientalis Linnaeus, 1761. One was also a new record for Türkiye: Ammatomus asiaticus (Radoszkowski 1886). This study was carried out to reveal the wasp diversity of the region. © 2024 American Entomological Society. All rights reserved.
Determination of plant-parasitic nematode fauna and evaluation of soil quality in apple orchards of Çanakkale province (Türkiye)
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2025) Arslan, Enes Ceyhun; Gözel, Uğur
In September 2023, a total of 130 soil samples were collected from five different districts in the province of Çanakkale (Türkiye) and its surroundings to identify plant-parasitic nematode communities in apple orchards and to create distribution maps of these species. The density and distribution of nematode communities were examined. In total, 14.090 nematode individuals were analyzed, and 30 genera were identified. The nematodes were classified into six different orders, with the order Rhabditida standing out as the most dominant (53.87%). The order Tylenchida ranked second (23.22%). Among the most common plant-parasitic nematodes identified in the study were Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) (3.46%), Merlinius spp. Siddiqi, 1970 (Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae) (3.36%), and Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) (3.02%). The results of the study indicate that the c-p 2 group is prevalent under disturbed soil conditions, and the dominance of the p-p 2 and pp 3 groups poses a significant threat to apple orchards. These findings highlight that nematode c-p series are important bioindicators in the assessment of soil quality, and such analyses should be expanded through regional studies. © 2025 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved.
Classifying Weed Development Stages Using Deep Learning Methods: Classifying Weed Development Stages with DenseNET, Xception, SqueezeNET, GoogleNET, EfficientNET CNN Models Using ROI Images
(Science and Information Organization, 2025) Çiçek, Yasin; Gülbandılar, Eyyüp; Çıray, Kadir; Uludağ, Ahmet
The control of harmful weeds holds a significant place in the cultivation of agricultural products. A crucial criterion in this control process is identifying the development stages of the weeds. The technique to be used is determined based on the weed's growth stage. This study addresses the application of deep learning methods in classifying growth stages using images of various weed species to predict their development periods. Four different weed species, obtained from seeds collected in Turkey-Afyonkarahisar-Sinanpaşa Plain, were used in the study. The images were captured with a Nikon D7000 camera equipped with three different lenses, and the ROI extraction was performed using Lifex software. Using these ROI images, deep learning models such as DenseNet, EfficientNet, GoogleNet, Xception, and SqueezeNet were evaluated. Performance metrics including accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall were employed. In the 4-class dataset with ROI annotations, DenseNet and Xception achieved an accuracy of 86.57%, while EfficientNet demonstrated the highest performance with an accuracy of 89.55%. Following the initial tests, it was concluded that classes 3 and 4 exhibited extreme similarity caused most of the prediction errors. Merging the said classes significantly increased the accuracy and F1 scores across all models. In image classification tests, SqueezeNet and GoogleNet demonstrated the shortest processing times. However, while EfficientNet lagged slightly behind these models in terms of speed, it exhibited superior accuracy. In conclusion, although the use of ROI improved classification performance, class merging strategies resulted in a more significant performance enhancement. © (2025), (Science and Information Organization). All Rights Reserved.
Comparison of Blue Basin Traps on Capturing The Adults of Tropinota hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) at Three Different Heights in Cherry Orchards
(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2021) Özpınar, Ali; Şahin, Ali Kürşat; Polat, Burak
In this study, the effect of five different hues of blue colored basin traps at different heights on capture rates of Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) adults in a cherry garden in Çanakkale (Ezine-Akköy) province, was investigated. Basin traps, which were painted with blue colors coded as #B4C8E1, #C4D5E3, #A6CDE3, #4D9AC9 and #05467A, and made from 35x25x15 cm sized basins, were used to capture T. hirta adults. The trial was conducted on a 21 da cherry orchard with 5 years old Regina cultivar trees on Maxima 14 rootstock. It was planned with three repetitions, traps were mounted on platforms on wooden stakes placed between two trees with 10 m space with other traps at three different heights as; on ground level (0 cm), on 50 cm and 100 cm from ground level, on 22 March, 15 days before the trees bloomed with a total of 45 traps. The basin traps were filled with 1/3 of water and licensed attractants (100 mg Trans-Anethol + 100 mg Cinnamyl Alcohol) are added to the traps. The samplings were done with an interval of 2 days and the adults caught in the traps were recorded. The adult flight period was determined from the number of T. hirta adults caught in different blue colored traps at three heights. A total of 3828 adults were captured in all traps. 73.45% of the total adults caught in the traps were found before flowering period (before April 7th). The difference between the numbers of adults caught in traps at three heights was statistically significant. Highest number of adults was caught on the ground level (0 cm) in the #C4D5E3 code trap (429 adults) and this trap was followed by the trap #B4C8E1 at 50 cm height (384 adults). The number of adults caught by all traps at 100 cm height was lower than the other two heights. As a result, traps color and heights were found to be different in catching T. hirta adults in cherry orchard. With these results in mind, there is a strong possibility to use #C4D5E3 coded traps (Light grayish blue) successfully in cherry orchards against T. hirta adults in the future.
Seasonal population fluctuation and life history in different temperatures of Myzus cerasi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cherry trees: a field and laboratory study
(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2024) Kök, Şahin; Kasap, İsmail
This study determined the seasonal population fluctuation of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cherry orchards and the effect of different temperatures on the life-history parameters of these aphids under laboratory conditions. Our field results showed that the population fluctuations and densities of M. cerasi on cherry trees were positively affected by the temperature increase between seasons. Also, our laboratory results showed that M. cerasi survived and reproduced at all temperatures tested under laboratory conditions. Female longevity was observed as 19.00 +/- 2.38, 18.72 +/- 0.49, and 12.59 +/- 0.74 days, and fecundity was 10.14 +/- 2.26, 9.36 +/- 0.59, and 7.27 +/- 0.84 offspring/female at 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Although the highest net reproductive rate (R0) was observed numerically at 25 degrees C (7.80 offspring/female), there was no significant difference compared to 20 degrees C (7.10 offspring/female). The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the highest finite rate of increase (lambda) were calculated at 30 degrees C (0.15 +/- 0.01 and 1.16 +/- 0.01 day-1, respectively), and there was no significant difference compared to 25 degrees C. The mean generation time (T) of M. cerasi showed a significant difference at all temperatures tested and decreased from 22.59 +/- 0.33 days at 20 degrees C to 12.78 +/- 0.37 days at 30 degrees C. Consequently, our results revealed that the seasonal population fluctuation and the life history of M. cerasi in the field and laboratory conditions were affected significantly by different temperatures. Our data obtained in the field and the laboratory will contribute to the understanding of M. cerasi biology and to the management of the pest.
Investigation of the synergistic effect of two predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), in the biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Yaşar, İpek; Kök, Şahin; Kasap, İsmail
Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a polyphagous pest that causes significant economic losses in multiple crop plants. Controlling T. urticae often involves intensive acaricide applications. The use of acaricides also significantly affects human health and ecosystem diversity due to residues and toxic effects in agricultural products. In this study, the efficacy of two predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), was determined against T. urticae when released as single species and when both species were released together on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions during autumn 2022. The study found that the highest T. urticae density per leaf, with 40.88 +/- 0.79 individuals (eggs + motile) in the control group, was reached at the eighth week. In the same week, the highest impact on T. urticae, with 7.57 +/- 0.42 individuals (eggs + motile), was observed in the treatment group where P. persimilis + A. swirskii were used together, compared to the untreated. According to the current results, the combined use of two predatory species (P. persimilis and A. swirskii) has been found to significantly suppress the population of T. urticae.
Herbicide contamination of Batak plain agricultural soils and risk assessment
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Polat, Burak; Tiryaki, Osman
Herbicide residue levels were analyzed in agricultural soils of Batak plain and health risk assessments were made for relevant pesticides. Herbicide contamination levels were analyzed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. Herbicide-free soil samples were spiked at two different levels. Overall recovery of the method was 87.32%. Present findings were parallel to SANTE recovery limits. About 50% of collected samples from the study sites contained herbicides at different concentrations. Totally, eight herbicides were detected, and herbicide concentrations ranged between 1.085 and 1724.23 mu g kg-1. Metolachlor had the highest concentration (1724.23 mu g kg-1) in a sample taken close to the pesticide waste disposal area. Six herbicides were detected at different concentrations in the same sample. Persistent herbicides (terbuthylazine and pendimethalin) were detected in 35 samples. Risk assessments revealed that hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were less than 1. The greatest HQ values were identified for terbuthylazine as 2772.48 x 10-7 and 20793.61 x 10-7 for adults and children, respectively. The HI for all herbicides were 3916.05 x 10-7 for adult and 29370.39 x 10-7 for children.
Identification of Root-knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) Species in Celery ( Apium graveolens L.) (Apiaceae) Growing Areas of Çanakkale Province
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Yağcıköse, Şerifali; Uysal, Gülsüm; Yılmaz, Ayşenur; Devran, Zübeyir; Gözel, Uğur
In this study, the species and extensiveness of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) causing yield loss in the celery ( Apium graveolensL.) L.) (Apiaceae) production areas of & Ccedil;anakkale were determined. For this purpose, celery plant roots and soil samples were taken by making non-periodical surveys of a total of 75 different celery growing areas in & Ccedil;anakkale province and districts in 2020-2021. Females of root-knot nematodes and second-stage juveniles (J2s) from egg masses were obtained from celery samples brought to the laboratory. Morphological identification of root-knot nematode species was done by making sections obtained from perineal regions of female individuals and morphometric measurements were performed from J2s for each population. For molecular identification, DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood,1949 in 9 samples, and M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) in 5 samples were determined based on morphologic-morphometric and molecular methods. The result of the study indicated that the rate of root- knot nematode infestation in celery cultivation areas in & Ccedil;anakkale was 18,6%. The infestation rates of M. javanica and M. arenaria determined in celery growing areas in the province were 12% and 6.6%, respectively. In this study, M. javanica and M. arenaria species were detected for the first time in the celery fields of & Ccedil;anakkale province.
'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (Subgroup 16SrXII-A) Associated with Nicotiana tabacum Leaf Abnormality in Turkey
(Univ Namik Kemal, 2022) Zelyut, Filiz Randa; Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Karanfil, Ali
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is among the agricultural products with the highest added value in Turkey. Although frequently associated with its negative effects on human health, it also provides important contributions to the Turkish economy with the employment it creates in rural areas and continues to be a strategic product. Many postgraduate theses and studies related to the sociological and economic importance of the production of this plant, which is of great importance for our country, have been carried out. However, there are very limited studies on plant diseases in tobacco production areas in Turkey. Phytoplasma is one of the important plant pathogens that cause yield loss in tobacco. Since available data on phytoplasma diseases on tobacco was very scarce worldwide, field surveys to collect samples showing phytoplasma infection-like symptoms such as yellowish color changes, leaf blisters, proliferation, dwarfism, and other physical abnormalities were carried out in canakkale and Balikesir provinces of Turkey from June to August 2021. The presence of phytoplasmas in six samples was confirmed by 16S ribosomal DNA amplification by nested-PCR using universal phytoplasma primer sets, which also suggested the pathogen associated with the symptoms on tobacco. According to phylogenetic study and virtual-RFLP analysis using AluI and MseI endonuclease enzymes, the six Turkish tobacco phytoplasma strains all belong to group 16SrXII and have more than 99% nucleotide sequence identity with some members of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' of the taxonomic subgroup 'stolbur' (16SrXII-A). Genetic distances analysis indicated that group 16SrI was more closely related to 16SrXII than 16SrVI, in agreement with the groups clustering in the phylogenetic tree. Neutrality tests found that 16SrI and 16SrXII groups are experiencing expanding or bottleneck selections, probably due to new mutations in the 16S rRNA gene fragment. Meanwhile, 16SrVI populations are shown to be undergoing balancing selections, indicating that its isolates have evolved for a long time.
Piece and parcel of gymnosperm organellar genomes
(Springer, 2024) Cheng, Acga; Sadali, Najiah Mohd; Rejab, Nur Ardiyana; Uludağ, Ahmet
Main conclusion Significant past, present, and potential future research into the organellar (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes of gymnosperms that can provide insight into the unknown origin and evolution of plants is highlighted. Abstract Gymnosperms are vascular seed plants that predominated the ancient world before their sister clade, angiosperms, took over during the Late Cretaceous. The divergence of gymnosperms and angiosperms took place around 300 Mya, with the latter evolving into the diverse group of flowering plants that dominate the plant kingdom today. Although gymnosperms have reportedly made some evolutionary innovations, the literature on their genome advances, particularly their organellar (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes, is relatively scattered and fragmented. While organellar genomes can shed light on plant origin and evolution, they are frequently overlooked, due in part to their limited contribution to gene expression and lack of evolutionary dynamics when compared to nuclear genomes. A better understanding of gymnosperm organellar genomes is critical because they reveal genetic changes that have contributed to their unique adaptations and ecological success, potentially aiding in plant survival, enhancement, and biodiversity conservation in the face of climate change. This review reveals significant information and gaps in the existing knowledge base of organellar genomes in gymnosperms, as well as the challenges and research needed to unravel their complexity.
Nematicidal effects of olive pomace and green walnut husk on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato
(Allelopathy Journal, 2019) Kavdır, Yasemin; Gözel, Uğur; Şahiner, Nurettin
We studied the nematicidal effects of olive pomace (OP) and green walnut husk (GWH) on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato. We determined under in-vitro conditions, the efficacy of OP and GWH extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) against the second stage juvenile of M. incognita. Then, GWH and OP were mixed with sandy loam soil at rates of 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 % and 2 % w/w under controlled atmosphere conditions. Tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Troy) were transplanted in pots and inoculated by second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Gall index (GI), egg mass index, root and shoot development of tomato plants were determined 60 days after inoculation. GWH (2 %) application reduced the GI of tomato seedlings by 85 % while OP (2 %) reduced it by 53 % than unamended control. Mortality rates of J2 were significantly affected by type of material, concentrations and the exposure time. GWH had higher juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4- naphthoquinone) concentration which suppressed the root knot nematodes as compared to OP. Higher rates of GWH and OP added into the soil resulted into healthy and much longer root systems. Plant fresh and dry weight increased in all treatments than control. Use of GWH and OP suppressed the root-knot nematodes without causing phytotoxicity to tomato plants.
Current Status of Herbicide Resistance of Wild Oats (Avena spp) in Wheat Fields in Mardin and Şanlıufa Provinces of Türkiye
(Univ Namik Kemal, 2024) Suer, İslam Emrah; Ateş, Erdal; Tursun, Nihat; Özaslan, Cumali; Uludağ, Ahmet
Wheat is a strategic crop with its role in human nutrition. In Türkiye, it has importance in agriculture and economy as well as being a staple crop. Mardin and Şanliurfa provinces of Türkiye approximately produces 1.6 million tons of wheat on 600 thousand ha fields. One of the important factors limiting wheat production is weeds. Weeds compete with the wheat plant and cause significant yield and quality loss. Wild oat (Avena spp.) species are an important problem in wheat fields in both provinces. Herbicide applications are widely used to control wild oats due to their ease of use, short duration of action and low cost. Wheat fields were surveyed to supply data for strategies to be followed via determining the current situation of herbicide resistance in these provinces where herbicide resistant wild oats had been reported. Out of 95 fields visited, 65 fields had significant wild oat populations of which 61 A. sterilis and four A. fatua. Then these populations were tested to find out herbicide resistance levels against clodinafop-propargyl (ACCase inhibitor) and formulated mix of mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl sodium (ALS inhibitors). Only two populations, one low level and the other medium level were found to be resistant to the formulated mix of mesosulfuron and iodosulfuron while 11 populations were resistant to clodinafop, one high level, three medium level and the remaining low level. It was assumed that longer use history and wider use of clodinafop as well as herbicides used in winter rotational crops might cause more clodinafop resistant populations. It was concluded that a strategy to prevent or delay herbicide resistance in these provinces should be prepared because herbicide resistance has continued evolving.
Impact of Higher Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Elevated Temperatures on the Growth of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) in Turkey
(Tarbiat Modares Univ, 2024) Karaman, Y.; Tursun, N.; Uludağ, Ahmet
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is one of the worst weeds in Turkey as well as worldwide. Climate change, with increasing temperature and concentrations of greenhouse gases and unpredictable extreme weather events, has been among the foremost problems of the world. The effect of climate change on crop husbandry and weeds is to be investigated. The effect of rising temperature and CO2 on different populations of C. arvensis was studied under greenhouse conditions in the Malatya Province of Turkey, in 2019. For this study, the weed seeds were collected from 14 provinces throughout Turkey during 2018. Two temperature regimes (day/night 26/16 degrees C and 29/19 degrees C) and two CO2 levels (400 +/- 50 and 800 +/- 50 ppm) were used. Plant aboveground length, root length, and dry weights of root, aboveground parts, and total plant were not affected by temperature, CO2, and seed source. However, seed source affected root length differently depending on temperature and root length, and root dry weight as affected by CO2 level. In addition, seed source and temperature showed significant effect on measured parameters, while no significant effect was determined for CO2.

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