Bitki Koruma Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2725

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Determination of the Biological Parameters of Graphosoma lineatum L. Heteroptera, Pentatomidae on Different Foods
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2009) Koçak, Erhan; Emre, H. Tevfik; Şahin, Ali Kürşat; Barış, Aydemir; Gökdoğan, Atilla; Başaran, M. Selçuk
Graphosoma lineatum is the suitable host of Sunn pest Eurygaster spp. egg parasitoids. Fecundity, adult lifespan, preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods, nymph development periods according to nymph stages and as total, nymph ratios of reaching to adult stage of Grapohosoma lineatum L. were determined on different plants from Apiaceae. Studies were carried out in laboratory under 27±2ºC temperature, 45±5% RH and 16 hours photoperiod conditions. Plants were presented weekly to insects collecting them from preflowering stage to ripping stage June–September, 2006 from Ayaş, Beypazarı and Kızılcahamam counties in Ankara province. The average fecundity of the insect on Torilis arvensis Huds. , Daucus carota L. , Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. , Conium maculatum L. and Astrodaucus orientalis L. as 178.0, 185.2, 196.0, 415.0 and 170.2, respectively; and the female lifespan was 56.67, 56.67, 51.50, 71.00 and 60.00 days; male lifespan was 55.67, 73.17, 58.83, 88.50 and 49.17 days; preoviposition period was 21.66, 12.50, 15.33, 11.50 and 18.00 days; oviposition period was 31.50, 33.67, 26.83, 57.17 and 35.83 days; postoviposition period was 3.50, 8.83, 9.00, 2.33 and 6.16 days; nymphs ratios reaching to adult stage 47.50%, 82.50%, 82.50%, 85.00% and 67.50%; and total nymphal period was 25.70, 22.20, 20.75, 18.85 and 24.10 days. The shortest nymhp development periods were determined as 1, 3, 2, 4 ve 5 according to nymph stages. Generation durations as the shortest 35.35 days on C. maculatum and the longest 51.36 days on T. arvensis were determined. These results show that C. maculatum and H. platytaenium were the most suitable food sources while T. arvensis and A. orientalis were not for G. lineatum [TR] Süne Eurygaster spp. yumurta parazitoitleri için uygun konukçu olan Grapohosoma lineatum L. ’un fekonditesi, erginlerin yaşam süreleri, preovipozisyon, ovipozisyon, postovipozisyon süreleri ile nimflerinin toplam gelişme süresi, dönemlerine göre gelişme süresi, döl nesil süreleri ve ergin olma oranları laboratuvar koşullarında Apiaceae familyasından farklı bitkilerde belirlenmiştir. Çalışmalar, 27±2ºC sıcaklık, %45±5 orantılı nem ve aydınlanma süresi 16 saat olan uzun gün koşullarının sabit tutulduğu iklim odasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bitkiler Ankara’nın Ayaş, Beypazarı ve Kızılcahamam ilçelerinden çiçeklenme öncesi dönemden tohum olgunlaşma dönemine kadar Haziran-Eylül 2006 haftada bir toplanarak böceklere sunulmuştur. Fekondite; Torilis arvensis Huds. , Daucus carota L. , Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. , Conium maculatum L. ve Astrodaucus orientalis L. bitkileri için sırasıyla ortalama 178.0, 185.2, 196.0, 415.0 ve 170.2 adet yumurta olarak bulunmuştur. Dişi yaşam süresi sırasıyla ortalama 56.67, 56.67, 51.50, 71.00 ve 60.00 gün; erkek yaşam süresi sırasıyla ortalama 55.67, 73.17, 58.83, 88.50 ve 49.17 gün; preovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 21.66, 12.50, 15.33, 11.50 ve 18.00 gün; ovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 31.50, 33.67, 26.83, 57.17 ve 35.83 gün; postovipozisyon süresi sırasıyla ortalama 3.50, 8.83, 9.00, 2.33 ve 6.16 gün; nimflerin ergin olma oranı sırasıyla %47.50, % 82.50, %82.50, %85.00 ve %67.50; nimflerin toplam gelişme süresi sırasıyla ortalama 25.70, 22.20, 20.75, 18.85 ve 24.10 gün olarak bulunmuştur. En kısa nimf gelişme süresi sırasıyla 1, 3, 2, 4 ve 5. dönemler şeklinde sıralanmıştır. Döl süresinin en kısa 35.35 gün ile C. maculatum’da ve en uzun ise 51.36 gün ile T. arvensis’te tamamlandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, baldıran ismiyle bilinen ve güçlü alkaloidleriyle tanınan C. maculatum’un G. lineatum’un kültüre alınmasında diğer bitkilerden çok daha önde olduğu ve H. platytaenium‘un da onu takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. T. arvensis ve A. orientalis’in uygun konukçular olmadıkları sonucuna varılmıştır
New Records of Stinging Wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) from Western Türkiye
(American Entomological Society, 2025) Efil, Levent; Kaplan, Emin; Uzlu, Metehan
Hymenoptera have been surveyed from many regions of Türkiye, but far western provinces are underexplored. This study targets the identify species in wasp group belonging to Hymenoptera order collected from in Çanakkale province. Sweep net samples were examined from five localities emphasizing 24 habitats. This effort resulted in 42 specimens, spanning 24 species. Of these, 20 were new records for the Çanakkale Province, as follows: Astata kashmirensis Nurse, 1909; A. minor Kohl, 1885; Ammatomus asiaticus (Radoszkowski 1886); Ammophila hungarica Mocsáry, 1883; Cerceris eucharis Schletterer, 1887; C. sabulosa (Panzer, 1799); Eumenes dubius de Saussure, 1852; E. mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, 1879; Gorytes albidulus (Lepeletier, 1832); Gymnomerus laevipes (Shuckard, 1837); Harpactus laevis (Latreille, 1792); Leptochilus (Lionotulus) hermon Gusenleitner 1971; Odynerus melanocephalus armeniacus (Morawitz, 1885); Podalonia hirsuta mervensis (Radoszkowski, 1887); Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791); Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabricius, 1781); Tachysphex brullii (F.Smith, 1856); Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758); Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758; V. orientalis Linnaeus, 1761. One was also a new record for Türkiye: Ammatomus asiaticus (Radoszkowski 1886). This study was carried out to reveal the wasp diversity of the region. © 2024 American Entomological Society. All rights reserved.
Determination of plant-parasitic nematode fauna and evaluation of soil quality in apple orchards of Çanakkale province (Türkiye)
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2025) Arslan, Enes Ceyhun; Gözel, Uğur
In September 2023, a total of 130 soil samples were collected from five different districts in the province of Çanakkale (Türkiye) and its surroundings to identify plant-parasitic nematode communities in apple orchards and to create distribution maps of these species. The density and distribution of nematode communities were examined. In total, 14.090 nematode individuals were analyzed, and 30 genera were identified. The nematodes were classified into six different orders, with the order Rhabditida standing out as the most dominant (53.87%). The order Tylenchida ranked second (23.22%). Among the most common plant-parasitic nematodes identified in the study were Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) (3.46%), Merlinius spp. Siddiqi, 1970 (Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae) (3.36%), and Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) (3.02%). The results of the study indicate that the c-p 2 group is prevalent under disturbed soil conditions, and the dominance of the p-p 2 and pp 3 groups poses a significant threat to apple orchards. These findings highlight that nematode c-p series are important bioindicators in the assessment of soil quality, and such analyses should be expanded through regional studies. © 2025 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved.
Classifying Weed Development Stages Using Deep Learning Methods: Classifying Weed Development Stages with DenseNET, Xception, SqueezeNET, GoogleNET, EfficientNET CNN Models Using ROI Images
(Science and Information Organization, 2025) Çiçek, Yasin; Gülbandılar, Eyyüp; Çıray, Kadir; Uludağ, Ahmet
The control of harmful weeds holds a significant place in the cultivation of agricultural products. A crucial criterion in this control process is identifying the development stages of the weeds. The technique to be used is determined based on the weed's growth stage. This study addresses the application of deep learning methods in classifying growth stages using images of various weed species to predict their development periods. Four different weed species, obtained from seeds collected in Turkey-Afyonkarahisar-Sinanpaşa Plain, were used in the study. The images were captured with a Nikon D7000 camera equipped with three different lenses, and the ROI extraction was performed using Lifex software. Using these ROI images, deep learning models such as DenseNet, EfficientNet, GoogleNet, Xception, and SqueezeNet were evaluated. Performance metrics including accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall were employed. In the 4-class dataset with ROI annotations, DenseNet and Xception achieved an accuracy of 86.57%, while EfficientNet demonstrated the highest performance with an accuracy of 89.55%. Following the initial tests, it was concluded that classes 3 and 4 exhibited extreme similarity caused most of the prediction errors. Merging the said classes significantly increased the accuracy and F1 scores across all models. In image classification tests, SqueezeNet and GoogleNet demonstrated the shortest processing times. However, while EfficientNet lagged slightly behind these models in terms of speed, it exhibited superior accuracy. In conclusion, although the use of ROI improved classification performance, class merging strategies resulted in a more significant performance enhancement. © (2025), (Science and Information Organization). All Rights Reserved.
Comparison of Blue Basin Traps on Capturing The Adults of Tropinota hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) at Three Different Heights in Cherry Orchards
(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2021) Özpınar, Ali; Şahin, Ali Kürşat; Polat, Burak
In this study, the effect of five different hues of blue colored basin traps at different heights on capture rates of Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) adults in a cherry garden in Çanakkale (Ezine-Akköy) province, was investigated. Basin traps, which were painted with blue colors coded as #B4C8E1, #C4D5E3, #A6CDE3, #4D9AC9 and #05467A, and made from 35x25x15 cm sized basins, were used to capture T. hirta adults. The trial was conducted on a 21 da cherry orchard with 5 years old Regina cultivar trees on Maxima 14 rootstock. It was planned with three repetitions, traps were mounted on platforms on wooden stakes placed between two trees with 10 m space with other traps at three different heights as; on ground level (0 cm), on 50 cm and 100 cm from ground level, on 22 March, 15 days before the trees bloomed with a total of 45 traps. The basin traps were filled with 1/3 of water and licensed attractants (100 mg Trans-Anethol + 100 mg Cinnamyl Alcohol) are added to the traps. The samplings were done with an interval of 2 days and the adults caught in the traps were recorded. The adult flight period was determined from the number of T. hirta adults caught in different blue colored traps at three heights. A total of 3828 adults were captured in all traps. 73.45% of the total adults caught in the traps were found before flowering period (before April 7th). The difference between the numbers of adults caught in traps at three heights was statistically significant. Highest number of adults was caught on the ground level (0 cm) in the #C4D5E3 code trap (429 adults) and this trap was followed by the trap #B4C8E1 at 50 cm height (384 adults). The number of adults caught by all traps at 100 cm height was lower than the other two heights. As a result, traps color and heights were found to be different in catching T. hirta adults in cherry orchard. With these results in mind, there is a strong possibility to use #C4D5E3 coded traps (Light grayish blue) successfully in cherry orchards against T. hirta adults in the future.
Identification of Root-knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) Species in Celery ( Apium graveolens L.) (Apiaceae) Growing Areas of Çanakkale Province
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Yağcıköse, Şerifali; Uysal, Gülsüm; Yılmaz, Ayşenur; Devran, Zübeyir; Gözel, Uğur
In this study, the species and extensiveness of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) causing yield loss in the celery ( Apium graveolensL.) L.) (Apiaceae) production areas of & Ccedil;anakkale were determined. For this purpose, celery plant roots and soil samples were taken by making non-periodical surveys of a total of 75 different celery growing areas in & Ccedil;anakkale province and districts in 2020-2021. Females of root-knot nematodes and second-stage juveniles (J2s) from egg masses were obtained from celery samples brought to the laboratory. Morphological identification of root-knot nematode species was done by making sections obtained from perineal regions of female individuals and morphometric measurements were performed from J2s for each population. For molecular identification, DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood,1949 in 9 samples, and M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) in 5 samples were determined based on morphologic-morphometric and molecular methods. The result of the study indicated that the rate of root- knot nematode infestation in celery cultivation areas in & Ccedil;anakkale was 18,6%. The infestation rates of M. javanica and M. arenaria determined in celery growing areas in the province were 12% and 6.6%, respectively. In this study, M. javanica and M. arenaria species were detected for the first time in the celery fields of & Ccedil;anakkale province.
Nematicidal effects of olive pomace and green walnut husk on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato
(Allelopathy Journal, 2019) Kavdır, Yasemin; Gözel, Uğur; Şahiner, Nurettin
We studied the nematicidal effects of olive pomace (OP) and green walnut husk (GWH) on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato. We determined under in-vitro conditions, the efficacy of OP and GWH extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) against the second stage juvenile of M. incognita. Then, GWH and OP were mixed with sandy loam soil at rates of 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 % and 2 % w/w under controlled atmosphere conditions. Tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Troy) were transplanted in pots and inoculated by second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Gall index (GI), egg mass index, root and shoot development of tomato plants were determined 60 days after inoculation. GWH (2 %) application reduced the GI of tomato seedlings by 85 % while OP (2 %) reduced it by 53 % than unamended control. Mortality rates of J2 were significantly affected by type of material, concentrations and the exposure time. GWH had higher juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4- naphthoquinone) concentration which suppressed the root knot nematodes as compared to OP. Higher rates of GWH and OP added into the soil resulted into healthy and much longer root systems. Plant fresh and dry weight increased in all treatments than control. Use of GWH and OP suppressed the root-knot nematodes without causing phytotoxicity to tomato plants.
Akıllı Mikrojellerle Kaplanmış Ham Pirina ve Yeşil Ceviz Kabuğunun ve Bunların Kompostlarının Kök-ur Nematodu Mücadelesinde Kullanılma Potansiyellerinin Araştırılması
(2018) Kavdır, Yasemin; Şahiner, Nurettin; Gözel, Uğur
Birçok ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de domates kök-ur nematoduna karşı çok yoğun olarak nematisit kullanılmaktadır. Bu nematisitlerin ve fumigantların doğru kullanılmadığında insan ve çevre sağlığına çok zararlı oldukları bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle alternatif mücadele yöntemleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada pirina ve yeşil ceviz kabuğu (YCK) direk olarak, ekstrakte edilerek, kompost yapılarak ve ceviz içindeki juglon maddesi ve ekstrakları polimerle kaplanarak toprağa uygulanmış ve kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.) populasyonunda oluşan farklılıklar ile domates gelişimi üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir. Laboratuar, kontrollü atmosfer, açık hava saksı denemesi, tarla denemesi ve yüksek tünel denemesi olarak uygulamalar denenmiştir. Saksılarda, kök-ur oranı ve yumurta paketi oluşumu üzerine en etkili pirina ve YCK dozu %2 olmuştur. YCK ve pirina kompostu denemesinde kompost uygulanan bitkilerde kök ve boy gelişimi daha fazla olmuştur. Bitki köklerindeki urlanma da kontrole oranla daha az olmuştur. YCK kompostunun % 6 dozunda uygulanması topraktaki kök-ur nematodu sayısını % 88.4 oranında azaltmıştır. Saksı denemesinde YCK ekstraktı uygulanan topraklarda infektif larvaların azalma oranları %8.9 ile %38.1 arasındadır iken pirina ekstraktı uygulanan saksılarda bu oran %26.8-46.1 arasında değişmiştir. Çalışmada, ayrıca pirina, juglon ve YCK ekstraklarının uygulamasında taşıyıcı sistem olarak kullanılmak üzere CMC kullanılmıştır. 0.2Pirjel, 0.1Cjel ve 33Jugçöz uygulamaları domates bitkisine zarar vermeden %0 uygulamasına göre topraktaki nematod sayısını ve kök-ur oranını düşürmüştür. En etkin ve bitki gelişimine en zararsız uygulama 0.2Pirjel olmuştur. Tarla denemesinde %1 pirina ve YCK, %2 pirina ve YCK kompostu denenmiştir. YCK kompostu uygulamasında nematod sayısı en düşük bulunmuş ve ortalama 43.42 adet /100 g?dır. Kontrol parsellerinde M. incognita; sayısı %161 artarken, YCK uygulamasında %120, pirina uygulamasında %122, pirina kompostu uygulamasında %129 ve YCK kompostu uygulamasında ise %155 azalma meydana gelmiştir. Yüksek tünel denemesinde en yüksek domates verimi 5349 kg da-1 ile pirina kompostu uygulamasında bulunmuş ve bunu pirina uygulaması (4815 kg da-1) izlemiştir. Her iki denemede de maksimum M. incognita populasyonu kontrol parsellerinde bulunmuştur.
A new record for the flora of Turkey: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae)
(2014) Uremis, I.; Uludağ, Ahmet; Arslan, Z.F.; Abacı, O.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is reported for the first time for the flora of Turkey. This invasive alien plant was observed in the Asi River (also called the Orontes River), which runs from Lebanon, through Syria to Turkey. The observation was made in the river near the border with Syria. This site is the in the district of Altinözü in the province of Hatay in the East Mediterranean region. Turkey is divided into grids for floral purposes by the book 'Flora of Turkey' and the plants described were collected in grid sector C6. The authors concluded that E. crassipes (water hyacinth) can establish and spread in Turkey. © 2014 OEPP/EPPO.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Turkish isolates of the rose viruses
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Karanfil, Ali
Roses are among the most important ornamental plants in the world. There are many biotic disease factors that cause damage to this important plant. The most important group among these is virus diseases. However, of the studies about rose viruses conducted worldwide, those in Turkey are limited. With the aim of determining the prevalence and genetic diversity of rose viruses, 332 rose plants showing virus and virus-like symptoms were collected in 14 provinces from four different geographic regions of Turkey. The samples were tested to determine the infection of nine different viruses infecting rose plants. As a result of the tests, prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV), rose cryptic virus-1 (RCV-1), rose spring dwarf-associated virus (RSDaV), rose yellow vein virus (RYVV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) infections were detected. It was determined that 94.27% of the samples were infected with at least one virus infection. While the virus causing the most infection was found to be PNRSV, the least one was determined as ApMV. With this result, PNRSV is determined as a significant virus disease for rose plants in Turkey. Based on their geographical origins, 25 PNRSV and RCV-1 isolates, 15 RSDaV and RYVV isolates, and 10 ApMV isolates were selected for further analysis and their partial genetic diversity was investigated. As a result of these analyzes, it was determined that PNRSV, RCV-1, and RSDaV isolates showed a high-sequence homology with each other and with world isolates. Rose ApMV isolates were found to form separate groups phylogenetically. RYVV, which is known to exist in a very limited number of countries, has been found to have up to 10% genetic differences and phylogenetically, three different groups were determined. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, these are the first reports of RCV-1 and RSDaV in Turkey. It was also found that Turkey is still free of rose rosette virus. Therefore, quarantine measurements should continue to be strictly enforced.
Annual Change of Marine Litter in a Rocky Area on the Coast of the Çanakkale Strait
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2022) Yenici, Elif; Aslan, Herdem; Tekeli, Zeynep; Uludağ, Ahmet
Çanakkale Boğazı işlek bir su yolu olmasının yanında bölge insanı ve turuistlerin ziyaret ettiği önemli bir rekreasyon alanıdır. Bu çalışma, 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında Çanakkale Boğazı’nın Çanakkale şehir merkezindeki denizden doldurularak kazanılmış kayalık bir kesiminde, çöp birikiminin boyutu, çöplerin tipleri, malzeme olarak çöpün türü ve kullanım amaçlarını belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. 2021 yılında 3528 adet, 2022 yılında ise 1777 adet çöp toplanmıştır. Çöp yoğunluğu, Türkiye kıyılarında gerçekleştirilen önceki çalışmaların çoğundan çok daha yüksek bulunmuştur. En yaygın deniz çöpünü 2021'de %80,24 ve 2022'de %59,65 ile plastikler oluşturmuştur. En fazla karışık ambalaj malzemelerinin toplanması, gıda ve içecek sektöründe plastik malzemelerin çok yaygın kullanıldığını göstermiştir. Uygun çöp imha yöntemleri, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen ambalaj malzemelerinin kullanımı, sahil temizliği ve atık yönetimi konusunda halkın bilinçlendirilmesi, özellikle kıyı bölgelerinde başarılı çöp yönetimi için kritik öneme sahiptir.
Determination of fungicide residues in soil using QuEChERS coupled with LC-MS/MS, and environmental risk assessment
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Polat, Burak; Tiryaki, Osman
Fungicide residues of soil samples taken from Batak Plain of canakkale province of Turkiye were assessed. Fungicide residue analyses were performed with the use of QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS device. Blank samples were spiked at two different limit of quantification (LOQ) levels for method verification. Overall recovery was identified as 85.69% with an RSD of 12.36% (n=360; SD=10.59). A total of 110 soil samples were taken in November 2020. Present analyses revealed that 59.09% of samples contained fungicide residues at different concentrations. Propiconazole had the highest concentration (1736.06 & mu;g/kg) in one sample, taken from the edge of the field where pesticide wastes were found and 26 fungicides were found at different concentrations in the same sample. Azoxystrobin was encountered in majority of the samples (29 samples). The most frequent fungicides were ordered as; boscalid and tebuconazole (22 samples) > metalaxyl (17 samples) > fluopyram (15 samples). Thirteen triazole fungicides were found in soil samples, mostly at moderately hazardous level (Class II). Risk assessments revealed that hazard levels of fungicides for adults and children were low with a hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of <1. Despite the safe nature of fungicides in soil samples, the greatest HQ values were identified for propiconazole (326.52E-08 for adults and 2449.00E-08 for children). The sum of hazard quotients for all fungicides was 86.31E-08 8 for adult and 647.35E-08 for children. In terms of soil pollution, it is important for farmers to apply fungicides with low HQ levels.
Determination of insecticide residues in "Bayramic Beyazi" nectarines and their risk analysis for consumers
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2023) Serbes, Elif Betül; Tiryaki, Osman
In this study, insecticide residues on “Bayramiç Beyazı” nectarines were investigated with the use of QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS analysis. Analytical method was verified through SANTE 11312/2021 Guidelines. The limit of quantification were below the MRLs for 12 insecticides. Method recovery was identified as 89.6%. Such a value was within the SANTE recovery (60-140%) limits. Nectarine samples were collected from Çanakkale open markets between 15 June-30 September, 2022 and analyzed at ÇOMÜ Agriculture Faculty-Pesticide Laboratory (Çanakkale-Türkiye). Abamectin, acetamiprid, deltamethrin, etoxazole, novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spirodiclofen, tetramethrin and thiacloprid residue levels were below the MRLs. On the other hand, dimethoate, imidacloprid and omethoate residues exceeded their MRLs only in one sample each. The maximum residues of acetamiprid, deltamethrin, etoxazole and novaluron were about 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, and 1/70 of the MRLs in one sample, respectively. Risk assessments revealed that exposure levels for adults were low (hazard quotient, HQ ≤ 1), with the exception of omehoate residues. Omethoate posed a chronic risk to human health through consumption of nectarines. For the remaining 11 insecticides, there was no risk for human health. However, the highest acute HQ were found for dimethoate even though its HQ was less than or equal to 1 The use of dimethoate is in the process of being banned in Türkiye, while omethoate (metabolite of dimethoate) is already banned. Presence of omethoate residue may be due to the degradation product of dimethoate.
Do primary and secondary host plants affect aphid- parasitoid interactions in fruit orchards?
(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Kök, Şahin; Tomanović, Željko; Karabacak, Ersin; Kasap, İsmail
The aim of this study was to investigate how the primary (PHP) and secondary host plants (SHP) in the fruit orchards affect the interactions of aphids and their parasitoids in northwest Turkey during spring and summer 2020 and 2021. In total, 67 tritrophic aphid-parasitoid-host plant interactions, including new association records for Europe and Turkey, were obtained from 16 parasitoid species from the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from 25 aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on 22 PHP and SHP in the fruit orchards. Also, we evaluated the effect of the PHP and SHP on the parasitoids, aphids and their interactions. We revealed that the species richness and the values of the biodiversity indices of the parasitoids and aphids were significantly higher on the SHP than the PHP. Similarly, the aphid-parasitoid interactions on the SHP showed greater diversity than the PHP. The results of this study clearly show that the interactions of parasitoids and aphids in the fruit orchards were more diverse on the SHP compared to the PHP.
Monitoring and environmental risk assessment of agricultural fungicide and insecticides in water, sediment from Kumkale Plain, canakkale-Turkey
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Top, Zübeyde Nur; Tiryaki, Osman; Polat, Burak
This study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in 34 water and sediment samples taken from Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale-Turkey. Residue analyses were performed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. For method verification, blank sediment and water samples were spiked at two limits of quantification (LOQ) levels of the pesticides. Overall recovery was 81.66% for sediment and 91.50% for water samples. In sediment samples, chlorpyrifos-M had the highest concentration, pyridaben was encountered in the majority of the samples (15 samples) and the highest number of pesticides (35) was seen in sample no. s13. In water samples, methoxyfenozide had the greatest concentration, metalaxyl was encountered in the highest number of samples (three samples) and the highest number of pesticide (8) was seen in sample no.w13. Sample no. s13 and w13 were taken from around the fountain basin. Pyraclostrobin and chlorantraniliprole residues exceeded the national limits set for water. In terms of hazard quotient (HQ), pesticides in sediment and waters were found to be safe. Despite the safe nature of pesticide on samples, greater attention has been paid on toxicity of the residues. It was concluded that authorities should put strict regulations on agrochemicals to reduce health risks of these chemicals.
Population structure and genetic diversity of tobacco mild green mosaic virus variants in Western Anatolia of Turkey
(Academic Press, 2023) Karanfil, Ali; Randa-Zelyüt, Filiz; Korkmaz, Savaş
Tobamoviruses have been pioneers in understanding the population genetic structure, host-vector interactions, and evolutionary processes of viruses. To better understand the population genetic structure and molecular evolutionary relationships of tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), a significant species of tobamoviruses, extensive analyses were performed using bioinformatics tools in this study. 300 samples were collected from plants exhibiting viruses and virus-like symptoms from Turkey's largest tobacco cultivation areas during the plant vegetation period between 2019 and 2020. Samples were tested using conventional molecular techniques for tobamoviruses, including ToBRFV, TMV, TMGMV, ToMV, and ToMMV species. Single and double tobamovirus infections were determined in 258 of 300 samples. Single infections were 225 (75%), 10 (3.33%), and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV, TMV, and ToMV, respectively. Double infections were 21 (7.0%) and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV + TMV and TMV + ToMV, respectively. TMGMV-infected samples from each region were chosen, and their complete genomes were revealed. Detailed analyses were carried out from Turkey, with global variants available in GenBank. Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed three main lineages (Clades I, II, and III) at the p126, p183, MP, and complete genome levels and two main lineages at the CP gene (Clades I and II). Variants from Turkey were distributed in two different branches in other phylogenetic trees, except for the CP gene. High haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were determined in each gene region, indicating consistent genetic stability. In addition, purifying selection pressures were determined in specific gene regions. With AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance), it was determined that the source of genetic variation came from within the main lineages, including various hosts and geographies. The differences in lineages were confirmed by independent test statistics. While neutrality tests revealed population expansions in the CP and MP genes, other p183 and p126 genes revealed bottlenecks or balancing selection. The fact that TMGMV was more common than TMV in Turkey strongly supported the phenomenon called “mutational melting” or “Müller latch,” which presumably causes TMV to disappear from its niche.
Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of three types: S, L, and N
(Springer, 2023) Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Randa-Zelyut, Filiz; Karanfil, Ali; Korkmaz, Savaş; Hartono, Sedyo; Ertunç, Filiz
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses were performed on the P1 and CP genes of global isolates to clarify the phylogrouping of leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, genus Potyvirus), a pathogen affecting Allium spp. worldwide, into different types based on genetic variation and host species. The constructed phylogenetic trees divided the isolates into three major groups: S, L, and N. Low nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) percent identities among the three groups were observed on full ORF (75.4–99.0 and 79.1–99.0), P1 (59.1–98.3 and 36.8–98.3), and CP (76.6–100 and 75.7–100) coding regions. The dN/dS values of P1 and CP confirmed that both genes are under strong negative (purifying) selection pressure. Neutrality tests on Eastern Asian isolates suggested that the ancestors of current LYSV isolates evolved with garlic while they were in Asia before spreading to other world regions through garlic propagative materials. Genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis showed extremely frequent gene flow from S group to L and N groups, and these phylogroups differentiated from each other over time. Host differences, inconsistent serological test results, substantial nt and aa variation, and phylogenetic and diversity analyses in this study supported previous reports that LYSV can be separated into three major evolutionary lineages: S, L, and N types.
Seedling Growth Performance of Selected Rootstock Almond Genotypes and Their Nematode Resistance
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Yıldırım, Adnan Nurhan; Gözel, Uğur; Yıldırım, Fatma; Şan, Bekir; Çelik, Civan; Bayar, Berna; Özgönen Özkaya, Hülya; Karakurt, Yaşar
The aim of the study was to determine the germination and seedling growth performances of 25 rootstock candidates of almond genotypes and their tolerance to Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica nematode species. It was found that genotypes 29, 57, 58, 76, and 156 showed a germination output of over 90% in the years 2017 and 2018 and they stood out in terms of seed germination. We determined that genotypes 29, 68, 133, and 196 showed less than 5% variation in terms of the coefficients of variation in the seed diameter in both years. In terms of seedling size variation, genotypes 101, 161, and 183 came to the fore with a variation of less than 5% in both years. Although it was determined that all genotypes reached the thickness that can be grafted at a high rate in the same year, genotypes 29 and 161 stood out with the rate of seedlings with a diameter of over 7 mm in both years. Generally, the gall ratio of Meloidogyne incognita and the resulting population in the soil were higher than those of Meloidogyne javanica. According to the gall ratios in the roots, the gall ratio values in genotypes 29, 66, 80, 121, 127, 134, 143, 161, and 163 were 2.0 and below, and they stood out as promising genotypes for resistance. Genotype 29 was noteworthy in terms of both its seedling growth performance and nematode tolerance characteristics.
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki l.) and johnsongrass [sorghum halepense (l.) pers.] are new natural hosts of peach latent mosaic viroid
(Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021) Oksal, H. D.; Aydın, S.; Baran, M.; Emir, C.; Karanfil, A.; Bozdoğan, O.; Sipahioğlu, H. M.
Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) naturally infects stone fruits worldwide. Here, we report the first detection of PLMVd in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) and a weed Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.]. Samples corresponding to 12 persimmon specimens and weeds nearby the persimmon trees were collected from a germplasm collection plot in Malatya (Turkey). Total RNAs were isolated using a silica-based method and the complete viroid genome was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). From these samples, PLMVd was detected in 7 of the 12 persimmons and in Johnsongrass revealing 8 new sequence variants. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that identified persimmon and Johnsongrass isolates clustered only with PLMVd-walnut isolates previously identified from same locality. The nucleotide sequences of PLMVd persimmon and Johnsongrass isolates showed 96.71-99.11% similarity with the PLMVd isolates detected in different fruit crops in the world. A single specific mutation identified in two PLMVd persimmon variants (-TH2 and-TH10) effectively changed the predicted secondary structure of the agent. The identification and the genetic analyses of PLMVd variants in persimmon and Johnsongrass confirm that the agent is a ubiquitous and genetically variable viroid that infects many cultivated fruit crops and weeds worldwide.
First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on calendula in Turkey
(Exeley Inc., 2021) Ataş, Hürkan; Gözel, Çiğdem; Gözel, Uğur; Uysal, Gülsüm; Özalp, Tevfik; Devran, Zübeyir
Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) is a traditional medicinal plant called pot marigold or English marigold. In this study, galled roots of pot marigold were collected from Balıkesir province of Turkey and egg masses were picked up from the roots of each plant with fine forceps. DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Our results showed that Meloidogyne incognita was found as the only species in all the samples taken. The determination of M. incognita on calendula was done for the first time in Turkey.

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