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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2725

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Comparison of Blue Basin Traps on Capturing The Adults of Tropinota hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) at Three Different Heights in Cherry Orchards
(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2021) Özpınar, Ali; Şahin, Ali Kürşat; Polat, Burak
In this study, the effect of five different hues of blue colored basin traps at different heights on capture rates of Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) adults in a cherry garden in Çanakkale (Ezine-Akköy) province, was investigated. Basin traps, which were painted with blue colors coded as #B4C8E1, #C4D5E3, #A6CDE3, #4D9AC9 and #05467A, and made from 35x25x15 cm sized basins, were used to capture T. hirta adults. The trial was conducted on a 21 da cherry orchard with 5 years old Regina cultivar trees on Maxima 14 rootstock. It was planned with three repetitions, traps were mounted on platforms on wooden stakes placed between two trees with 10 m space with other traps at three different heights as; on ground level (0 cm), on 50 cm and 100 cm from ground level, on 22 March, 15 days before the trees bloomed with a total of 45 traps. The basin traps were filled with 1/3 of water and licensed attractants (100 mg Trans-Anethol + 100 mg Cinnamyl Alcohol) are added to the traps. The samplings were done with an interval of 2 days and the adults caught in the traps were recorded. The adult flight period was determined from the number of T. hirta adults caught in different blue colored traps at three heights. A total of 3828 adults were captured in all traps. 73.45% of the total adults caught in the traps were found before flowering period (before April 7th). The difference between the numbers of adults caught in traps at three heights was statistically significant. Highest number of adults was caught on the ground level (0 cm) in the #C4D5E3 code trap (429 adults) and this trap was followed by the trap #B4C8E1 at 50 cm height (384 adults). The number of adults caught by all traps at 100 cm height was lower than the other two heights. As a result, traps color and heights were found to be different in catching T. hirta adults in cherry orchard. With these results in mind, there is a strong possibility to use #C4D5E3 coded traps (Light grayish blue) successfully in cherry orchards against T. hirta adults in the future.
A new record for the flora of Turkey: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae)
(2014) Uremis, I.; Uludağ, Ahmet; Arslan, Z.F.; Abacı, O.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is reported for the first time for the flora of Turkey. This invasive alien plant was observed in the Asi River (also called the Orontes River), which runs from Lebanon, through Syria to Turkey. The observation was made in the river near the border with Syria. This site is the in the district of Altinözü in the province of Hatay in the East Mediterranean region. Turkey is divided into grids for floral purposes by the book 'Flora of Turkey' and the plants described were collected in grid sector C6. The authors concluded that E. crassipes (water hyacinth) can establish and spread in Turkey. © 2014 OEPP/EPPO.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Turkish isolates of the rose viruses
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Karanfil, Ali
Roses are among the most important ornamental plants in the world. There are many biotic disease factors that cause damage to this important plant. The most important group among these is virus diseases. However, of the studies about rose viruses conducted worldwide, those in Turkey are limited. With the aim of determining the prevalence and genetic diversity of rose viruses, 332 rose plants showing virus and virus-like symptoms were collected in 14 provinces from four different geographic regions of Turkey. The samples were tested to determine the infection of nine different viruses infecting rose plants. As a result of the tests, prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV), rose cryptic virus-1 (RCV-1), rose spring dwarf-associated virus (RSDaV), rose yellow vein virus (RYVV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) infections were detected. It was determined that 94.27% of the samples were infected with at least one virus infection. While the virus causing the most infection was found to be PNRSV, the least one was determined as ApMV. With this result, PNRSV is determined as a significant virus disease for rose plants in Turkey. Based on their geographical origins, 25 PNRSV and RCV-1 isolates, 15 RSDaV and RYVV isolates, and 10 ApMV isolates were selected for further analysis and their partial genetic diversity was investigated. As a result of these analyzes, it was determined that PNRSV, RCV-1, and RSDaV isolates showed a high-sequence homology with each other and with world isolates. Rose ApMV isolates were found to form separate groups phylogenetically. RYVV, which is known to exist in a very limited number of countries, has been found to have up to 10% genetic differences and phylogenetically, three different groups were determined. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, these are the first reports of RCV-1 and RSDaV in Turkey. It was also found that Turkey is still free of rose rosette virus. Therefore, quarantine measurements should continue to be strictly enforced.
Annual Change of Marine Litter in a Rocky Area on the Coast of the Çanakkale Strait
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2022) Yenici, Elif; Aslan, Herdem; Tekeli, Zeynep; Uludağ, Ahmet
Çanakkale Boğazı işlek bir su yolu olmasının yanında bölge insanı ve turuistlerin ziyaret ettiği önemli bir rekreasyon alanıdır. Bu çalışma, 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında Çanakkale Boğazı’nın Çanakkale şehir merkezindeki denizden doldurularak kazanılmış kayalık bir kesiminde, çöp birikiminin boyutu, çöplerin tipleri, malzeme olarak çöpün türü ve kullanım amaçlarını belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. 2021 yılında 3528 adet, 2022 yılında ise 1777 adet çöp toplanmıştır. Çöp yoğunluğu, Türkiye kıyılarında gerçekleştirilen önceki çalışmaların çoğundan çok daha yüksek bulunmuştur. En yaygın deniz çöpünü 2021'de %80,24 ve 2022'de %59,65 ile plastikler oluşturmuştur. En fazla karışık ambalaj malzemelerinin toplanması, gıda ve içecek sektöründe plastik malzemelerin çok yaygın kullanıldığını göstermiştir. Uygun çöp imha yöntemleri, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen ambalaj malzemelerinin kullanımı, sahil temizliği ve atık yönetimi konusunda halkın bilinçlendirilmesi, özellikle kıyı bölgelerinde başarılı çöp yönetimi için kritik öneme sahiptir.
Determination of fungicide residues in soil using QuEChERS coupled with LC-MS/MS, and environmental risk assessment
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Polat, Burak; Tiryaki, Osman
Fungicide residues of soil samples taken from Batak Plain of canakkale province of Turkiye were assessed. Fungicide residue analyses were performed with the use of QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS device. Blank samples were spiked at two different limit of quantification (LOQ) levels for method verification. Overall recovery was identified as 85.69% with an RSD of 12.36% (n=360; SD=10.59). A total of 110 soil samples were taken in November 2020. Present analyses revealed that 59.09% of samples contained fungicide residues at different concentrations. Propiconazole had the highest concentration (1736.06 & mu;g/kg) in one sample, taken from the edge of the field where pesticide wastes were found and 26 fungicides were found at different concentrations in the same sample. Azoxystrobin was encountered in majority of the samples (29 samples). The most frequent fungicides were ordered as; boscalid and tebuconazole (22 samples) > metalaxyl (17 samples) > fluopyram (15 samples). Thirteen triazole fungicides were found in soil samples, mostly at moderately hazardous level (Class II). Risk assessments revealed that hazard levels of fungicides for adults and children were low with a hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of <1. Despite the safe nature of fungicides in soil samples, the greatest HQ values were identified for propiconazole (326.52E-08 for adults and 2449.00E-08 for children). The sum of hazard quotients for all fungicides was 86.31E-08 8 for adult and 647.35E-08 for children. In terms of soil pollution, it is important for farmers to apply fungicides with low HQ levels.
Determination of insecticide residues in "Bayramic Beyazi" nectarines and their risk analysis for consumers
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2023) Serbes, Elif Betül; Tiryaki, Osman
In this study, insecticide residues on “Bayramiç Beyazı” nectarines were investigated with the use of QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS analysis. Analytical method was verified through SANTE 11312/2021 Guidelines. The limit of quantification were below the MRLs for 12 insecticides. Method recovery was identified as 89.6%. Such a value was within the SANTE recovery (60-140%) limits. Nectarine samples were collected from Çanakkale open markets between 15 June-30 September, 2022 and analyzed at ÇOMÜ Agriculture Faculty-Pesticide Laboratory (Çanakkale-Türkiye). Abamectin, acetamiprid, deltamethrin, etoxazole, novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spirodiclofen, tetramethrin and thiacloprid residue levels were below the MRLs. On the other hand, dimethoate, imidacloprid and omethoate residues exceeded their MRLs only in one sample each. The maximum residues of acetamiprid, deltamethrin, etoxazole and novaluron were about 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, and 1/70 of the MRLs in one sample, respectively. Risk assessments revealed that exposure levels for adults were low (hazard quotient, HQ ≤ 1), with the exception of omehoate residues. Omethoate posed a chronic risk to human health through consumption of nectarines. For the remaining 11 insecticides, there was no risk for human health. However, the highest acute HQ were found for dimethoate even though its HQ was less than or equal to 1 The use of dimethoate is in the process of being banned in Türkiye, while omethoate (metabolite of dimethoate) is already banned. Presence of omethoate residue may be due to the degradation product of dimethoate.
Do primary and secondary host plants affect aphid- parasitoid interactions in fruit orchards?
(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Kök, Şahin; Tomanović, Željko; Karabacak, Ersin; Kasap, İsmail
The aim of this study was to investigate how the primary (PHP) and secondary host plants (SHP) in the fruit orchards affect the interactions of aphids and their parasitoids in northwest Turkey during spring and summer 2020 and 2021. In total, 67 tritrophic aphid-parasitoid-host plant interactions, including new association records for Europe and Turkey, were obtained from 16 parasitoid species from the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from 25 aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on 22 PHP and SHP in the fruit orchards. Also, we evaluated the effect of the PHP and SHP on the parasitoids, aphids and their interactions. We revealed that the species richness and the values of the biodiversity indices of the parasitoids and aphids were significantly higher on the SHP than the PHP. Similarly, the aphid-parasitoid interactions on the SHP showed greater diversity than the PHP. The results of this study clearly show that the interactions of parasitoids and aphids in the fruit orchards were more diverse on the SHP compared to the PHP.
Monitoring and environmental risk assessment of agricultural fungicide and insecticides in water, sediment from Kumkale Plain, canakkale-Turkey
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Top, Zübeyde Nur; Tiryaki, Osman; Polat, Burak
This study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in 34 water and sediment samples taken from Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale-Turkey. Residue analyses were performed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. For method verification, blank sediment and water samples were spiked at two limits of quantification (LOQ) levels of the pesticides. Overall recovery was 81.66% for sediment and 91.50% for water samples. In sediment samples, chlorpyrifos-M had the highest concentration, pyridaben was encountered in the majority of the samples (15 samples) and the highest number of pesticides (35) was seen in sample no. s13. In water samples, methoxyfenozide had the greatest concentration, metalaxyl was encountered in the highest number of samples (three samples) and the highest number of pesticide (8) was seen in sample no.w13. Sample no. s13 and w13 were taken from around the fountain basin. Pyraclostrobin and chlorantraniliprole residues exceeded the national limits set for water. In terms of hazard quotient (HQ), pesticides in sediment and waters were found to be safe. Despite the safe nature of pesticide on samples, greater attention has been paid on toxicity of the residues. It was concluded that authorities should put strict regulations on agrochemicals to reduce health risks of these chemicals.
Population structure and genetic diversity of tobacco mild green mosaic virus variants in Western Anatolia of Turkey
(Academic Press, 2023) Karanfil, Ali; Randa-Zelyüt, Filiz; Korkmaz, Savaş
Tobamoviruses have been pioneers in understanding the population genetic structure, host-vector interactions, and evolutionary processes of viruses. To better understand the population genetic structure and molecular evolutionary relationships of tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), a significant species of tobamoviruses, extensive analyses were performed using bioinformatics tools in this study. 300 samples were collected from plants exhibiting viruses and virus-like symptoms from Turkey's largest tobacco cultivation areas during the plant vegetation period between 2019 and 2020. Samples were tested using conventional molecular techniques for tobamoviruses, including ToBRFV, TMV, TMGMV, ToMV, and ToMMV species. Single and double tobamovirus infections were determined in 258 of 300 samples. Single infections were 225 (75%), 10 (3.33%), and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV, TMV, and ToMV, respectively. Double infections were 21 (7.0%) and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV + TMV and TMV + ToMV, respectively. TMGMV-infected samples from each region were chosen, and their complete genomes were revealed. Detailed analyses were carried out from Turkey, with global variants available in GenBank. Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed three main lineages (Clades I, II, and III) at the p126, p183, MP, and complete genome levels and two main lineages at the CP gene (Clades I and II). Variants from Turkey were distributed in two different branches in other phylogenetic trees, except for the CP gene. High haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were determined in each gene region, indicating consistent genetic stability. In addition, purifying selection pressures were determined in specific gene regions. With AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance), it was determined that the source of genetic variation came from within the main lineages, including various hosts and geographies. The differences in lineages were confirmed by independent test statistics. While neutrality tests revealed population expansions in the CP and MP genes, other p183 and p126 genes revealed bottlenecks or balancing selection. The fact that TMGMV was more common than TMV in Turkey strongly supported the phenomenon called “mutational melting” or “Müller latch,” which presumably causes TMV to disappear from its niche.
Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of three types: S, L, and N
(Springer, 2023) Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Randa-Zelyut, Filiz; Karanfil, Ali; Korkmaz, Savaş; Hartono, Sedyo; Ertunç, Filiz
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses were performed on the P1 and CP genes of global isolates to clarify the phylogrouping of leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, genus Potyvirus), a pathogen affecting Allium spp. worldwide, into different types based on genetic variation and host species. The constructed phylogenetic trees divided the isolates into three major groups: S, L, and N. Low nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) percent identities among the three groups were observed on full ORF (75.4–99.0 and 79.1–99.0), P1 (59.1–98.3 and 36.8–98.3), and CP (76.6–100 and 75.7–100) coding regions. The dN/dS values of P1 and CP confirmed that both genes are under strong negative (purifying) selection pressure. Neutrality tests on Eastern Asian isolates suggested that the ancestors of current LYSV isolates evolved with garlic while they were in Asia before spreading to other world regions through garlic propagative materials. Genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis showed extremely frequent gene flow from S group to L and N groups, and these phylogroups differentiated from each other over time. Host differences, inconsistent serological test results, substantial nt and aa variation, and phylogenetic and diversity analyses in this study supported previous reports that LYSV can be separated into three major evolutionary lineages: S, L, and N types.
Seedling Growth Performance of Selected Rootstock Almond Genotypes and Their Nematode Resistance
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Yıldırım, Adnan Nurhan; Gözel, Uğur; Yıldırım, Fatma; Şan, Bekir; Çelik, Civan; Bayar, Berna; Özgönen Özkaya, Hülya; Karakurt, Yaşar
The aim of the study was to determine the germination and seedling growth performances of 25 rootstock candidates of almond genotypes and their tolerance to Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica nematode species. It was found that genotypes 29, 57, 58, 76, and 156 showed a germination output of over 90% in the years 2017 and 2018 and they stood out in terms of seed germination. We determined that genotypes 29, 68, 133, and 196 showed less than 5% variation in terms of the coefficients of variation in the seed diameter in both years. In terms of seedling size variation, genotypes 101, 161, and 183 came to the fore with a variation of less than 5% in both years. Although it was determined that all genotypes reached the thickness that can be grafted at a high rate in the same year, genotypes 29 and 161 stood out with the rate of seedlings with a diameter of over 7 mm in both years. Generally, the gall ratio of Meloidogyne incognita and the resulting population in the soil were higher than those of Meloidogyne javanica. According to the gall ratios in the roots, the gall ratio values in genotypes 29, 66, 80, 121, 127, 134, 143, 161, and 163 were 2.0 and below, and they stood out as promising genotypes for resistance. Genotype 29 was noteworthy in terms of both its seedling growth performance and nematode tolerance characteristics.
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki l.) and johnsongrass [sorghum halepense (l.) pers.] are new natural hosts of peach latent mosaic viroid
(Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021) Oksal, H. D.; Aydın, S.; Baran, M.; Emir, C.; Karanfil, A.; Bozdoğan, O.; Sipahioğlu, H. M.
Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) naturally infects stone fruits worldwide. Here, we report the first detection of PLMVd in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) and a weed Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.]. Samples corresponding to 12 persimmon specimens and weeds nearby the persimmon trees were collected from a germplasm collection plot in Malatya (Turkey). Total RNAs were isolated using a silica-based method and the complete viroid genome was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). From these samples, PLMVd was detected in 7 of the 12 persimmons and in Johnsongrass revealing 8 new sequence variants. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that identified persimmon and Johnsongrass isolates clustered only with PLMVd-walnut isolates previously identified from same locality. The nucleotide sequences of PLMVd persimmon and Johnsongrass isolates showed 96.71-99.11% similarity with the PLMVd isolates detected in different fruit crops in the world. A single specific mutation identified in two PLMVd persimmon variants (-TH2 and-TH10) effectively changed the predicted secondary structure of the agent. The identification and the genetic analyses of PLMVd variants in persimmon and Johnsongrass confirm that the agent is a ubiquitous and genetically variable viroid that infects many cultivated fruit crops and weeds worldwide.
First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on calendula in Turkey
(Exeley Inc., 2021) Ataş, Hürkan; Gözel, Çiğdem; Gözel, Uğur; Uysal, Gülsüm; Özalp, Tevfik; Devran, Zübeyir
Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) is a traditional medicinal plant called pot marigold or English marigold. In this study, galled roots of pot marigold were collected from Balıkesir province of Turkey and egg masses were picked up from the roots of each plant with fine forceps. DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Our results showed that Meloidogyne incognita was found as the only species in all the samples taken. The determination of M. incognita on calendula was done for the first time in Turkey.
Biodiversity and distribution of soil nematodes in Mount Ararat, Turkey
(Russian Society of Nematologists, 2021) Çakmak, Taylan; Gözel, Çiğdem; Gözel, Uğur; Achiri, Denis Tange; Kaydan, Mehmet Bora
The diversity and distribution of soil nematodes were studied in Mount Ararat from the altitude of 1523 to 5000 m a.s.l., in habitats with different ecological characteristics. A total of 2,561 individuals were identified belonging to 31 families, 62 genera and 70 species. The nematode diversity (species richness) and the nematode abundance display recognisable patterns of altitudinal distribution as the number of species reaches a maximum at intermediate elevations, whereas the nematode abundance was significantly higher at the elevated altitudes. The nematode community associated with the marshland habitat was significantly different from those associated to the other four types of habitat.
Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in tomatoes
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2021) Gözel, Çiğdem
In this study conducted in 2020, three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 µM) of 24-epibrassinolide were applied to seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanales: Solanaceae) cv. H2274, which is susceptible to root-knot nematodes, by immersion, spray and irrigation, and its effects against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) were investigated. One-thousand second stage juveniles of M. incognita, collected from cucumber roots in a greenhouse located in Çardak, Çanakkale were inoculated on the roots of the plants per pot. After eight weeks, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, root diameter and longest root length values, in addition to the stem length and stem diameter measured at the beginning and end of the experiment, were recorded. 24-Epibrassinolide, applied by an immersion method, gave similar or better results than the control even in the presence of nematodes. Distilled water plus nematode application showed the highest gall index whereas 5 µM 24-epibrassinolide plus nematode application gave the lowest gall index. The lowest number of egg mass was also obtained from the same concentration of 24-epibrassinolide applied by immersion. As a result, 24-epibrassinolide showed a beneficial effect in terms of reducing the damage caused by the nematodes in tomato plants, depending on the concentration and application method.
Reduction of some insecticide residues from grapes with washing treatments
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2021) Polat, Burak
Insecticide application is the most common method of insect control in agriculture. Efficiency of washing treatments in reduction of insecticide (chlorpyrifos-methyl and lambda-cyhalothrin) residues from grapes were investigated in this study. The trial was established in a Sultana seedless vineyard in Sarigöl District, Manisa Province, Turkey in 2020. Method verification was performed with the recovery, limit of quantification and precision. Pesticide free grapes were spiked with 0.5, 1 and 5 times of MRL for pesticides. The recovery of chlorpyrifos-methyl and lambda cyhalothrin were 102 and 101% respectively. QuEChERS method yielded an overall-recovery of 101%. These figures were within the SANTE recovery limits (60-140%) and the detection limits of the insecticides were below the MRLs. Grapes in a vineyard were sprayed with insecticides four times and harvested 0, 2, 4 and 7 d after the last spray. Washing (tap water, citric and acetic acid) and ultrasonic cleaning treatments were applied to harvested grapes. Washing treatments decreased residue levels and reductions increased with prolonged washing durations. Reductions also decreased with prolonged harvest durations from the last spray. The citric and acetic acid washing, and ultrasonic cleaning methods provided more efficient reduction than washing with tap water.
Implementing local entomopathogenic nematodes to control Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2021) Gözel, Çiğdem; Genç, Hanife
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests. Ceratitis capitata pupates in the soil, making it a target of many soilborne pathogens like entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Entomopathogenic nematodes are highly lethal to many important pests, safe to non-target organisms and they might be good alternatives for control of C. capitata. In this study, the efficacy of four local EPN species; Steinernema affine Bovien, 1937, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against the third instar larvae and pupae of C. capitata were evaluated. The study was conducted in 2019-2020 both in the laboratory (in plastic cups) and in a climate room (in wooden cages with plastic pots) at doses of 100 and 200 IJs/larva-pupa and 7,650 and 15,300 IJs/pot, respectively. Larvae of C. capitata were found more susceptible to EPNs than pupae in the study. Steinernema feltiae isolate 113 and H. bacteriophora isolate 12 showed the highest efficacy while S. affine isolate 47 showed the least efficacy against the pest larvae and pupae. Suppression of C. capitata population by EPNs indicates that these EPNs can be considered as a biological control agent potentially useful for the control of this pest. After further support by field studies, these two local EPN isolates could be used as promising ecofriendly biological agents against C. capitata.
Effects of graft and aphid transmission on the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish citrus tristeza virus isolates
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Korkmaz, Savaş; Karanfil, Ali
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) causes the most destructive viral disease of citrus and is transmitted by grafting and multiple aphid vectors. The mode of transmission is important for the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and evolution of viruses. Therefore, the effects of graft and aphid transmission on the population structure of Turkish CTV isolates were evaluated in this study. First, molecular, and biological characteristics of original field isolates (OR) collected from five different citrus growing regions were determined. Then, they were all grafted onto Madam Vinous sweet orange and the 24 graft-transmitted (GT) isolates were obtained and maintained. When 24 GT isolates were transmitted to Mexican lime seedlings by Aphis gossypii, 30 sub-isolates (AT) were obtained from 15 aphid-transmissible isolates. The CP genes of all OR isolates their GT and AT sub-isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, and sequenced and compared with each other and well-characterized type strains. The changes in population structure of isolates and sub-isolates were analyzed. While genetic diversity was increased by graft transmission, it was reduced to the level of the original isolates after aphid transmission. Comparisons of the phylogenetic grouping and the genotype profiles of the OR isolates and their GT and AT sub-isolates showed a partial or complete genotype shift in some isolates. The results suggested that mode of transmission may play a role in changes in the genetic diversity of CTV isolates.
Population growth performance of Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on different fruit trees
(Systematic and Applied Acarology Society, 2021) Kasap, Ismail; Atlihan, Remzi
The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest species on deciduous plants in Turkey, especially on apple. In this study, development, survival, and reproduction of European red mite, P. ulmi were studied on different host plants under laboratory conditions (25 +/- 2 degrees C,% 60 +/- 10 RH and16:8 L:D photoperiod). Population performance of P. ulmi was obtained on its different host plants including apple (Malus communis L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), cherry (Prunus avium L.), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L). The life history raw data of P. ulmi were analyzed by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Results indicated that the highest net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase as well as the longest mean generation time, were obtained on apple cv. Starking delicious. The population projection simulated by using life tables based on the 0.025th and 0.975th bootstrap results of the finite rate of increase displayed the same trend with population growth parameters. Results suggested that apple cv. Starking Delicious was the favorable host for P. ulmi, however, there is potential for the pest to become a serious pest on other host plants tested under favorable conditions.
Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) interactions in different habitats from Turkey with new mutualistic associations
(The Royal Entomological Society, 2022) Kök, Şahin; Aktaç, Nihat; Kasap, İsmail
This study aimed to investigate the interactions between ants and aphids on host plants in different habitats located in the northwestern part of Turkey. A total of 26 ant species belonging to 13 genera and 3 subfamilies from the family Formicidae (Hymenoptera) were found associated with 52 aphid species belonging to 22 genera from the family Aphididae (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) on 66 host plant species from 24 plant families. In total, 132 tritrophic ants–aphids–host plants interactions including new associations were revealed. Also, we present results on the interactions of ants–aphids–host plants in different habitats such as cultivated, uncultivated and urban areas. About 85 tritrophic interactions of ants–aphids–host plants were revealed in cultivated, 27 tritrophic interactions in uncultivated and 20 tritrophic interactions in urban areas. Tritrophic interactions were more diverse in cultivated areas than uncultivated and urban areas. Our results reveal that the interactions between ants and aphids are highly diverse and that they vary on host plants in different habitats. It may be thought that this is due to the specialization resulting from the high diversity of host plants of aphids in cultivated areas and increased the presence of ants.

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