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    Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of some plant essential oils and synergistic effects of cinnamon essential oil with vancomycin against Clostridioides difficile: in vitro study
    (Oxford Univ Press, 2022) Tosun, M. N.; Taylan, G.; Zorba, N. N. Demirel
    The detection of resistant strains of Clostridioides difficile against existing antibiotics and the side effects led to the investigation of alternative agents. Inhibition zones of various essential oils to four strains of C.difficile and other Clostridium species ranged from 8 center dot 32 to 44 center dot 18 mm. The highest zone was observed in cinnamon and tea tree essential oils. and The MIC values varied between 0 center dot 39-25 (%, v/v). The main components were cinnamaldehyde (85 center dot 64%) in cinnamon essential oil, 4-terpineol (83 center dot 6%) was determined in tea tree essential oil. Additive effects were found between cinnamon essential oil and vancomycin and between cinnamon and tea tree essential oils, and the FICI values were 0 center dot 512 and 0 center dot 517, respectively. Both cinnamon and tea tree essential oils showed antibiofilm activities against all tested C. difficile strains at all tested concentrations. Essential oils may be used as a supplement in addition to treatment in the control of C. difficile-related diseases.
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    Antimicrobial activity of cold pressed citrus seeds oils, some citrus flavonoids and phenolic acids
    (Innovhub Ssi-Area Ssog, 2018) Guneser, B. Aydeniz; Zorba, N. N. Demirel; Yilmaz, E.
    This study aims at determining the antimicrobial activity of cold pressed lemon, orange, and grapefruit seed oils, and to compare their activities with some antibiotic disks, flavonoid and phenolic acid standards. These oils had inhibition zones ranging from 6.62 to 11.00 mm against fifteen tested pathogenic bacteria. Only lemon seed oils and orange seed oil showed some inhibition against Candida utilis yeast. None of the oils had measurable inhibition zone against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698. Although most oils showed no growth inhibition even at a 100% concentration, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella Enteriditis ATCC 13076 inhibited at 100% oil concentrations. Cold pressed and solvent extracted lemon seed oils inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus RSKK 1009 at 2% level, and cold pressed and microwave treated-cold pressed orange seed oil inhibited growth of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 at 16 and 50%, respectively. The antibiotic disks ampicillin, sulbactam, piperacillin, tobramycin, mezlocillin, amoxicillin and cycloheximide presented 3-4 fold larger inhibition zones (10.24 - 47.00 mm) than the oil samples. Similarly, flavonoid standards naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, catechin and kaempherol; and phenolic acids gallic, syringic, tr-ferulic, rosmarinic, tr-2-hydroxycinnamic and chlorogenic acids had inhibition zones like the seed oil samples. Hence citrus seed oils pose moderate levels of antimicrobial activity and could be used as antimicrobial aids.