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Öğe Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Rich Additives to Aquatic Animal Health: An Overview(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yousefi, Morteza; Karimi, Msoumeh; Fadaei Raieni, Raha; Dadar, Maryam; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.Polyphenols are plant-derived compounds with known biological activities and potential health benefits. Over the past decade, there are an increasing number of studies have investigated the application of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich additives in aquaculture as functional feed additives. There are several types of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and stilbenes of widely known beneficial influences on the overall performances and immunity of fish, and thereby improving the health status and production of fish farms. This review discusses the beneficial applications, optimum recommended dose, and potential side effects of these natural compounds on the growth performance, proximate body composition, immune responses, disease resistance, reproductive performance, and fillet quality of different fish species. Also, it points out that the biological functions and mechanisms associated with the polyphenolic compounds involved in the pathways of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities, as well as the modulation of gene expression and different immune parameters. The output of this review article provided overwhelming evidence to support the claim that natural polyphenols can be considered as relatively safe and viable alternatives to synthetic chemical compounds that not only to improve the fish health status but also to enhance the fish quality, productivity, and food safety while reducing the use of chemicals and antibiotics in the aquatic eco-systems.Öğe Control of yersiniosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: innovative non-antibiotic feed-based strategies(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Citarasu, Thavasimuthu; Turgay, Emre; Yilmaz, Ebru; Yousefi, Morteza; Shekarabi, Pezhman Hosseini; Ahmadifar, EhsanYersiniosis or enteric redmouth (ERM) is responsible for significant mortalities among rainbow trout and other salmonids. Hence, its prevention and/or control has become a research hotspot. Antibiotics are effective for control; however, accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use of antibiotics harms fish, human beings, and the environment. Thus, finding safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly substitutes is of great interest. Reports showed that dietary supplementation with functional additives with health-promoting and immunostimulatory functions could be a promising strategy. Herein, we provide an overview of the non-antibiotic feed-based strategies for combating EMR in rainbow trout without resorting to antibiotic usage. For this issue, the uses and application of some vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, quorum quenching probiotic strains, algae, or organic acids, are included in the article. The roles of phytobiotics (herbal supplements), their phytochemicals, and the essential oils extracted from them will also be elucidated. Some emerging nano-based feed supplements are also discussed. Considering their advantages, literature declared that the dietary supplementation of these supplements could enhance the overall health condition, haemato-immunity, and disease resistance and conferred high protection of trout experimentally infected with yersiniosis. Given this perspective, this article presents the current situation and the latest knowledge on these supplements, emphasizing not only their roles to support immunity and decrease the effects of EMR but also to minimize antibiotic usage in aquaculture. Limitations and future perspectives on their effectiveness and efficacy are also discussed. This review will help enhance aquaculture sustainability and improve the health and welfare of rainbow trout.Öğe Effects of a phytogenic diet on growth, haemato-immunological parameters, expression of immune- and stress-related genes, and resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss to Lactococcus garvieae infection(Elsevier, 2024) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yousefi, Morteza; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.Phytogenic additives have been implicated in aquafeed owing to their proven growth-stimulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing efficacies. Herein, a short-term feeding experiment (21 days) was designed to explore the effects of a phytogenic additive, PASSIF MOOD (R) (PM, a mixture of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata extracts), on growth, haemato-biochemical variables, immunity, and mRNA expression responses of rainbow trout fingerlings. After feeding, fish were experimentally infected with Lactococcus garvieae and monitored for an additional 20 days. Six groups were fed a commercial diet supplied with different PM levels as 0, 470, 940, 1410, 1880, and 2350 mg/kg and labeled as PM0 (control), PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups, respectively. Results revealed significant improvements in the growth of PM-supplied groups compared to the control. Dietary PM significantly increased RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values compared to those fed on a control diet. Stress indicators such as blood glucose and cortisol levels were significantly decreased in all PM groups than in controls. Moreover, there were significant increases in myeloperoxidase, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activities in PM groups than the control. The highest expression levels of the lysozyme II gene were found in the PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups. Moreover, the mRNA transcripts of il-10 and IgM heavy chain genes were significantly increased in all PM groups compared to the controls. Alternatively, the expression of tnf alpha and hsp70 genes were significantly decreased in all PM groups compared to the controls. After challenge, the survival rates in PM0, PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups were 37.34%, 84.0%, 85.34%, 68.0%, 64.0%, and 36.0%, respectively, suggesting enhancement of the fish resistance in PM1, PM2, PM3, and PM4 groups compared to control. The results suggest the growth-promoting, antistress, and immunomodulatory roles of the tested phytogenic additive.Öğe Effects of dietary costmary (Tanacetum balsamita) essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzymes' activity, immune responses and subjected to ambient ammonia of common carp Cyprinus carpio(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yousefi, Morteza; Adineh, Hossein; Sedaghat, Zeynab; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Elgabry, Sahar EzeldienThe present study aimed at investigating the effects of dietary costmary, Tanacetum balsamita, essential oil (CEO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes' activity, and physiological responses to ammonia exposure in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Common carp (∼17 g) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks as five treatments receiving diets containing 0 (CTL), 100 (100E), 200 (200E), 300 (300E), and 400 (400E) mg/kg CEO for eight weeks and then exposed to 0.5 mg/l unionized ammonia nitrogen for 3 h. The results showed that dietary CEO significantly increased growth performance and feed efficiency and the best values were observed in 100E and 200E treatments. Intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities significantly increased in 100E, 200E, and 300E treatments, compared to CTL, and the highest amylase activity was related to 100E, and highest lipase and protease was related 100E and 200E treatments. Dietary CEO significantly decreased serum cortisol, glucose, catalase, malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, but increased serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, complement, total immunoglobulin, high density lipoprotein, total protein, and albumin before and/or after ammonia stress, depending on CEO concentrations. Based on the present results, dietary CEO supplementation can improve digestive enzymes and growth performance of common carp. Moreover, CEO exhibits anti-stress, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and immunostimulant effects in common carp under ammonia toxicity. Based on the results, 100–200 mg/kg CEO is recommended for common carp feed supplementation.Öğe Effects of dietary malic acid supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant and immunological parameters, and intestinal gene expressions in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss(Elsevier, 2023) Yousefi, Morteza; Ghafarifarsani, Hamed; Raissy, Mehdi; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Vatnikov, Yury Anatolyevich; Kulikov, Evgeny VladimirovichMalic acid (MA) is one of the organic acids that has been less studied for its effects on fish growth performance and gut health. The present study aimed to assess the effects of dietary MA supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant and immunological parameters, and intestinal gene expressions in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish with similar to 25 g body weight were randomly distributed into 12 tanks at a density of 15 fish per tank and were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, and 1% MA over 8 weeks. The results indicated that dietary MA persuaded no significant changes in growth performance, feed intake and survival rate. There were elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 0.5 and 1% MA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 0.5 and 1% MA), lysozyme (0.25, 0.5 and 1% MA), catalase (CAT; 0.5 and 1% MA), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 1% MA), glutathione pemxidase (GPx; 0.25 and 0.5% MA) activities, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) level (0.5% MA) in the fish MA-supplemented diets, compared to the control. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity showed a decrease in 0.5% MA treatment compared to the control. Skin mucus lysozyme (0.25% MA), alternative complement activity (ACH50; 0.5% MA), and total Ig (0.25 and 0.5% MA) showed significant elevations, whereas skin mucus ALP (0.5% MA) exhibited a significant decrease in MA-treated fish, compared to the control fish. Intestinal il-1 beta (0.5 and 1% MA), hsp70 (0.5% MA), tnf-alpha (0.5% MA), tgf-beta (1% MA), caspase 3 (1% MA), and caspase 9 (1% MA) expressions significantly increased in M-treated fish, compared to the control. In conclusion, this study showed that dietary inclusion of malic acid at the rate of 0.25% in O. mykiss diets improved the antioxidant status and immune responses of fish without any negative effect on growth performance.Öğe Effects of dietary Pennyroyal essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzymes' activity, and stress responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yousefi, Morteza; Adineh, Hossein; Ghadamkheir, Maryam; Hashemianfar, Seyed Amir Mahdi; Yılmaz, SevdanThis study aimed at assessing the effects of dietary Pennyroyal essential oil (PE) supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, and stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses to an acute stress. Four experimental diets containing 0 (C), 100 (100PE), 250 (250PE), and 500 (500PE) mg/kg PE were used in this experiment. The fish were fed with these diets for eight weeks, followed by a 3-h crowding stress (40 kg/m3) and 24-h recovery. Growth performance, intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities, plasma total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were determined before stress, whereas plasma cortisol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lysozyme, alternative complement (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (Ig), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after stress. Dietary PE supplementation significantly increased growth performance and digestive enzymes of the fish. The highest growth performance was observed in 250PE treatment. Highest amylase, lipase and protease activities were observed in 500PE, 250PE, and 250PE/500PE treatments, respectively. Dietary PE significantly increased plasma total protein, albumin, and globulin and decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Dietary PE supplementation significantly decreased cortisol, glucose, ALT, AST, and MDA before the crowding stress and mitigated the elevations in these parameters after stress. On the other hand, dietary PE significantly increased plasma lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, SOD, CAT, and GPx before stress and mitigated the alteration in these parameters after stress. In conclusion, dietary PE at 250 mg/kg is recommended for common carp feed, as it improve growth performance, digestive enzymes’ activities, and physiological and immunological responses to acute stress in fish.Öğe The anti-vibrio potential of medicinal plants and their roles in enhancing resistance against vibrio infections in fish -a mini review(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Shohreh, Poulin; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Chandran, Deepak; Yousefi, Morteza; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yilmaz, Ebru; Sheikhzadeh, NajmehVibriosis is a commonly known bacterial disease that harms a range of finfish species, causing significant mortality and high economic loss. Chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and synthetic chemicals are broadly evaluated as effective treatment approaches; however, global concerns have arisen with the aim of decreasing or limiting the use of these compounds for the prevention and/or control of bacterial diseases in aquaculture systems. Consequently, extensive research studies have been accomplished to assess natural products such as plant parts (s), extracts, essential oils (EOSs), phytochemicals, or aromatic compounds as potential substitutes for antibiotics. These additives are rich in phytochemicals (carotenoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids), vitamins, minerals, and others, which make them excellent feed supplements. This paper focuses chiefly on reviewing medicinal plants (herbal extracts and EOS) that possess anti-Vibrio potential (in vitro efficacy) and evaluating their ability to increase the immunity and resistance of fish against experimental challenges with Vibrio species (in vivo experiments). Furthermore, the role of herbal additives as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of fish vaccines against vibriosis was also summarized. In brief, this review illustrates an ample number of medicinal herbs with effective effects on fish vibriosis. Identifying safe alternatives to ensure antibiotic-free and disease-free environments could be an initial step toward enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture and farming activities.Öğe The Gene Regulatory Roles of Herbal Extracts on the Growth, Immune System, and Reproduction of Fish(MDPI, 2021) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Pourmohammadi Fallah, Hamideh; Yousefi, Morteza; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein; Adineh, Hossein; Yılmaz, SevdanThe crucial need for safe and healthy aquatic animals obligates researchers in aquaculture to investigate alternative and beneficial additives. Medicinal herbals and their extracts are compromised with diverse effects on the performances of aquatic animals. These compounds can affect growth performance and stimulate the immune system when used in fish diet. In addition, the use of medicinal herbs and their extracts can reduce oxidative stress induced by several stressors during fish culture. Correspondingly, aquatic animals could gain increased resistance against infectious pathogens and environmental stressors. Nevertheless, the exact mode of action where these additives can affect aquatic animals’ performances is still not well documented. Understanding the mechanistic role of herbal supplements and their derivatives is a vital tool to develop further the strategies and application of these additives for feasible and sustainable aquaculture. Gene-related studies have clarified the detailed information on the herbal supplements’ mode of action when administered orally in aquafeed. Several review articles have presented the potential roles of medicinal herbs on the performances of aquatic animals. However, this review article discusses the outputs of studies conducted on aquatic animals fed dietary, medicinal herbs, focusing on the gene expression related to growth and immune performances. Furthermore, a particular focus is directed to the expected influence of herbal supplements on the reproduction of aquatic animals.Öğe The Use of Perovskia abrotanoides Extract in Ameliorating Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage and Improving Growth Efficiency in Carp Juveniles (Cyprinus carpio)(Wiley, 2024) Adineh, Hossein; Zahedi, Saeed; Yousefi, Morteza; Sedaghat, Zeynab; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Alamdari, Ebrahim Gholamalipour; Farhangi, MohammadHerbal extracts have been successfully used as feed additives in fish culture with attractive growth-promoting, immunostimulant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties for several fish and shellfish species. Therefore, we have designed a feeding trial to assess the impacts of dietary incorporation of Perovskia abrotanoides extract (PAE) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, five isonitrogenous (35% protein) and isocaloric (similar to 4,000 kcal/kg) diets have been supplied by supplementing PAE at the varying inclusion levels as 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% diets, and growth performance and feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, serum biochemical variables, antioxidant responses, and immunological factors were studied. The experiment continued for 60 days. At the termination of the experiment, the mean final weight, weight gain percentage (WG%), feed conversion rate (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR) have been improved significantly in all fish groups fed PAE-based diets with regard to those fed the reference diets. A second-order polynomial regression equations indicate that the optimum dietary supplementation level of PAE in fish diets was similar to 1%. Serum cortisol, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels as well as catalase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly decreased generally in all PAE-supplemented groups compared to the control groups before and/or after high-temperature stress (32 degrees C). Moreover, serum total protein, albumin, and total immunoglobulin levels as well as ACH50, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased before and/or after high-temperature stress (32 degrees C). In conclusion, the results showed, for the first time, that dietary supplementation with similar to 1% PAE can improve growth performance, stimulated the digestive enzymes, and enchanced antioxidant status as well as immune parameters and prevented high-temperature stress of common carp.
