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    Analyses of Seismic Deformation at the Kibyra Roman Stadium, Southwest Turkey
    (Wiley, 2013) Karabacak, Volkan; Yonlu, Onder; Doku, Eray; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunec; Altunel, Erhan; Ozudogru, Sukru; Yalciner, Cahit Caglar
    The ancient city of Kibyra in southwest Turkey has the potential to reveal the location and date of historical earthquakes. The most compelling evidence for earthquake faulting is observed in the city's Roman stadium. Damage related to seismic shaking is characterized by systematically collapsed columns, dilated and collapsed walls, and by rotated and displaced blocks in the stadium. Detailed archaeoseismological observations suggest that Kibyra was affected by earthquakes that were also recorded in historical earthquake catalogs. Although there is no historical record of a large earthquake after the 5th century A.D., Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of deposits under the collapsed blocks suggests a later seismic event. OSL results indicate that another large event occurred in southwest Turkey, probably around the 10-11th century A.D., and caused extensive damage (I-o = VIII-IX) to the Kibyra stadium.
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    Offset archaeological relics in the western part of the Buyuk Menderes graben (western Turkey) and their tectonic implications
    (Geological Soc Amer Inc, 2010) Yonlu, Onder; Altunel, Erhan; Karabacak, Volkan; Akyuz, Serdar; Yalciner, Caglar
    The Buyuk Menderes graben is one of the most important active tectonic structures of western Anatolia. The graben extends for a distance of similar to 150 km between the Denizli Basin in the east and the Aegean Sea in the west, where its trend changes to NE-SW. The main active faults are located along the northern margin of the graben, some of which have been reactivated in surface-rupturing earthquakes during the twentieth century and the historical period. Detailed investigations along the NE-SW-trending part of the Buyuk Menderes graben showed that archaeological relics have been faulted by surface ruptures during the large historical earthquakes. The ancient city of Priene and an Ottoman bridge are located along the northwestern margin of the graben to the southwest of Soke and in Sazlikoy, respectively. Field observations and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) studies at both sites show that faulting has a normal component with considerable right-lateral movement. Offset archaeological features at both Priene and the Ottoman bridge are evidence for the reactivation of the graben boundary faults in the past 2000 yr. At Priene, a N-S-trending street wall is offset by 21 cm vertically and 10 cm dextrally, the eastern wall of the gymnasium is offset by 8 cm vertically, and the floor blocks of the agora are displaced by 26 cm vertically and 13 cm dextrally. The Ottoman bridge displays 76 cm vertical and 43 cm dextral offset to the southeast, which probably occurred during the 1846 earthquake.
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    Reply to Comment on Analyses of Seismic Deformation at the Kibyra Roman Stadium, Southwest Turkey
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Karabacak, Volkan; Yonlu, Onder; Doku, Eray; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunenc; Altunel, Erhan; Ozudogru, Sukru; Yalciner, Cahit Caglar
    In their comment, Elitez and Yaltirak (2013) criticize our paper (Karabacak et al. 2013) by arguing that it contains misinterpretations and unreliable data for a fault cutting the Roman Stadium in the ancient city of Kibyra. However their comments are not based on strong arguments to disprove our geological and archeological field observations or previous data. Here we present additional data supported by new figures which validate the faulting both in the bedrock and in the stadium floor. We reject their comments and uphold our original viewpoint on the faulting at the Stadium. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.