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    A study on seasonal changes of phosphorus fractions in marine sediments of the Akyaka Beach in Gokova Bay, Turkey
    (Springer, 2012) Yilmaz, Ebru; Koc, Cengiz
    The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of phosphorus fractions in marine water and sediments of the Akyaka Beach in Gokova Bay, Turkey. The values of the loosely bound phosphorus fraction, iron-bound phosphorus fraction (Fe-P), bound aluminium phosphorus fraction (Al-P), calcium-bound phosphorus fraction (Ca-P), and non-sequentially extracted phosphorus fractions (inorganic and organic phosphorus) were determined for the period of April 2007 to May 2008. Among the forms of phosphorus, phosphorus distribution ranges were 77% for inorganic phosphorus fraction, 21% for organic phosphorus fraction, 10% for loosely bound phosphorus fraction, 41% for Ca-bound P, 4% for Al-bound P, and 4% for Fe-bound P. The release values of inorganic phosphorus in the sediment samples ranged from 271 +/- A 0.03 to 1,156 +/- A 2.94 ppm. Inorganic phosphorus value was the highest in January and the lowest in November. Average value for the organic phosphorus in the beach was found to be 184.33 ppm, maximum value was observed in May as 315 +/- A 0.44 ppm, and minimum value was observed in March as 78 +/- A 0.01 ppm. Mean value for the loosely bound phosphorus fraction in the beach was found to be 115.5 ppm in the sediment samples. The mean values for the sequentially extracted phosphorus fractions in Akyaka Beach were standard error of the mean (SEM), 96 +/- A 0.04 ppm of iron-bound phosphorus fraction, SEM, 115 +/- A 0.01 ppm aluminium-bound phosphorus fraction, and 267 +/- A 0.02 to 869 +/- A 1.55 ppm calcium-bound phosphorus fraction. Consequently, the beach sediments are both phosphorus traps and phosphorus sources. Here, the important point is that external loading can be limited to maintain the present nutrition level of the beach. Even if the phosphorus from external resources is limited, phosphorus based on internal sources is observed to penetrate into liquid environment.
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    Control of yersiniosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: innovative non-antibiotic feed-based strategies
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Citarasu, Thavasimuthu; Turgay, Emre; Yilmaz, Ebru; Yousefi, Morteza; Shekarabi, Pezhman Hosseini; Ahmadifar, Ehsan
    Yersiniosis or enteric redmouth (ERM) is responsible for significant mortalities among rainbow trout and other salmonids. Hence, its prevention and/or control has become a research hotspot. Antibiotics are effective for control; however, accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use of antibiotics harms fish, human beings, and the environment. Thus, finding safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly substitutes is of great interest. Reports showed that dietary supplementation with functional additives with health-promoting and immunostimulatory functions could be a promising strategy. Herein, we provide an overview of the non-antibiotic feed-based strategies for combating EMR in rainbow trout without resorting to antibiotic usage. For this issue, the uses and application of some vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, quorum quenching probiotic strains, algae, or organic acids, are included in the article. The roles of phytobiotics (herbal supplements), their phytochemicals, and the essential oils extracted from them will also be elucidated. Some emerging nano-based feed supplements are also discussed. Considering their advantages, literature declared that the dietary supplementation of these supplements could enhance the overall health condition, haemato-immunity, and disease resistance and conferred high protection of trout experimentally infected with yersiniosis. Given this perspective, this article presents the current situation and the latest knowledge on these supplements, emphasizing not only their roles to support immunity and decrease the effects of EMR but also to minimize antibiotic usage in aquaculture. Limitations and future perspectives on their effectiveness and efficacy are also discussed. This review will help enhance aquaculture sustainability and improve the health and welfare of rainbow trout.
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    Dietary supplementation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup improves the growth performance, innate immune response, antioxidant status, gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yigit, Murat; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, Ehsan
    The present study investigated the effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup supplementation on growth performance, hematological, serum biochemical, innate immune parameters, immune and antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain black mulberry syrup at levels of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%. Fish were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Dietary black mulberry syrup increased activities of serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased the expression levels of immune-related genes (interleukin 1, beta, tumor necrosis factor, immunoglobulin M, interferon gamma and heat shock protein 70) in the spleen and antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of fish fed especially with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% black mulberry syrup supplemented diets. Furthermore, at 2.0% incorporation level, growth performance increased. The findings of the present study indicate that Nile tilapia fed with diet containing 2.0% black mulberry might be adequate to improve the growth performance, innate immune parameters, antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii.
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    Effects of a phytogenic diet on growth, haemato-immunological parameters, expression of immune- and stress-related genes, and resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss to Lactococcus garvieae infection
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yousefi, Morteza; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.
    Phytogenic additives have been implicated in aquafeed owing to their proven growth-stimulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing efficacies. Herein, a short-term feeding experiment (21 days) was designed to explore the effects of a phytogenic additive, PASSIF MOOD (R) (PM, a mixture of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata extracts), on growth, haemato-biochemical variables, immunity, and mRNA expression responses of rainbow trout fingerlings. After feeding, fish were experimentally infected with Lactococcus garvieae and monitored for an additional 20 days. Six groups were fed a commercial diet supplied with different PM levels as 0, 470, 940, 1410, 1880, and 2350 mg/kg and labeled as PM0 (control), PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups, respectively. Results revealed significant improvements in the growth of PM-supplied groups compared to the control. Dietary PM significantly increased RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values compared to those fed on a control diet. Stress indicators such as blood glucose and cortisol levels were significantly decreased in all PM groups than in controls. Moreover, there were significant increases in myeloperoxidase, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activities in PM groups than the control. The highest expression levels of the lysozyme II gene were found in the PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups. Moreover, the mRNA transcripts of il-10 and IgM heavy chain genes were significantly increased in all PM groups compared to the controls. Alternatively, the expression of tnf alpha and hsp70 genes were significantly decreased in all PM groups compared to the controls. After challenge, the survival rates in PM0, PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups were 37.34%, 84.0%, 85.34%, 68.0%, 64.0%, and 36.0%, respectively, suggesting enhancement of the fish resistance in PM1, PM2, PM3, and PM4 groups compared to control. The results suggest the growth-promoting, antistress, and immunomodulatory roles of the tested phytogenic additive.
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    RESEARCH ON WATER QUALITY OF LAKE BAFA IN TURKEY
    (Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2014) Yilmaz, Ebru; Koc, Cengiz
    The Lake Bafa is an alluvial bar lake located in the Aegean Region in the Big Meander river basin in Aydin and Mugla provinces. However, the lake is currently threatened by severe pollution, being under the risk of serious degradation because of (i) uncontrolled urbanization; (ii) point and non-point source pollution; (iii) algae bloom; (iv) sediment transportation and pollution via influent creeks to the lake; and (v) severe degradation of the natural wetlands within its drainage basin. In this study, the water samples taken from 8 different stations which were inside and the shores of the Lake Bafa in February 2009, 2010 and August 2009, 2010. The stations that were spotted in the lake were analyzed for the physical and chemical changes taking place in water quality. Temperature, pH, EC, CO3, HCO3, Cl-, NO2, NO3, DO, o-PO4, Na, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ parameters were measured. In the analyses, August and February months were chosen and their pollution loads were compared. Because of the fact that tourism activities generally increase in Lake Bafa, especially in August, domestic water discharges go up. Therefore, these rises cause pollution load in lake in August. On the other hand, Lake Bafa just serves for fishing boats in February, so pollution rate in February is not as much as in August within Lake. In other words, water pollution in August is higher than pollution in February.
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    Shrimp vibriosis and possible control measures using probiotics, postbiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: A review
    (Elsevier, 2022) Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Yilmaz, Ebru; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Ringo, Einar; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    The shrimp industry has been greatly expanded in the past two decades in several countries throughout the globe to provide human beings with nutritious seafood and healthy protein. In this concern, shrimp farmers have tried to increase their production rates by intensifying shrimp in culture facilities. However, intensive farming may increase the possibilities of the entrance of emergent pathogens, which will dramatically cause severe economic loss and reduce the profitability of shrimp culture. Shrimp vibriosis is one of the devasting bacterial diseases that commonly affect a wide range of shrimp species. There are many diseases associated with Vibrio infections in shrimp, such as red disease, seagull syndrome, Bright red syndrome, luminous vibriosis, shell disease, zoea II syndrome, septic hepatopancreatic necrosis, early mortality syndrome or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Owing to the above, preventive strategies are considered critical and even necessary to be applied to prevent the negative impacts of shrimp vibriosis. On the other hand, the FDA has banned antibiotic usage for food animals because of their negative consequences on the host, human beings, and environment. Researchers have paid great interest in finding possible, effective, economical, and environmentally safe alternatives to antibiotics. Currently, vaccination, water quality control, bacteriophages phage therapy, biosecurity protocols, herbal immunomodulators, and several others are extensively utilized to reduce the impacts of shrimp vibriosis. The trend of using probiotics, postbiotics, parabiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in controlling shrimp diseases has been comprehensively evaluated in several publications and their efficacy to limit the usage of antibiotics in aquaculture has been proven. The possible efficacy of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics as possible control methods of shrimp vibriosis has been assessed in many reseach studies. Of interest, the present review article draws the most current knowledge on the applications and beneficial roles of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics to fortify shrimp immunity and decrease the mortalities caused by vibriosis in several shrimp species. It will also spotlight the proposed modes of action of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics and discuss the research gaps that merit additional explanations. Overall, the literature will be valuable to enhance the sustainability of shrimp culture, and increase the welfare and resistance of cultured shrimp against vibriosis.