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Öğe An automated drip irrigation system based on soil electrical conductivity(2011) Yildirim, Murat; Demirel, MehmetWe assessed the irrigation performance of the automated irrigation controller. In the study, a drip irrigation system automatically governed irrigation in accordance with water consumption of the substrate-plant system. Data acquisition was performed by an electronic circuit, which processed data and then sent the data to the microcontroller (programmable integrated circuit-pic16f84). The pic16f84 functioned as a controller, which decided when and how much water to apply; hence, the pumps ran and stopped according to the irrigation strategy defined by the microcontroller. The required time to pump water according to the irrigation programs corresponded to the time to increase soil moisture up to field capacity in the full treatment whenever 30% of the available water in the substrate was depleted by the pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) in the experiment. Therefore, once defined, the microcontroller utilized the data and controlled the relays connected to the pumps. Soil moisture content was monitored by only one sensor installed in a representative pot throughout the experiment. The automated system applied four different water applications; one treatment was full and the other three were deficit treatments. These were compared with the control treatment. The automated system maintained the soil moisture level at the desired level for the full treatment and took over irrigation events, started and stopped the irrigations throughout the entire growing season. Even though yield value was high in treatment I 1.0, the best quality parameters were obtained from I 0.75. In the deficit treatments I 0.50 and I 0.25, yield and quality parameters decreased since plants in those treatments were under stress. The performance of the automated system can be increased as the time in the software is adjusted according to full irrigation application.Öğe An Automated Drip Irrigation. System Based on Soil Electrical Conductivity(Univ Philippines Los Banos, 2011) Yildirim, Murat; Demirel, MehmetWe assessed the irrigation performance of the automated irrigation controller. In the study, a drip irrigation system automatically governed irrigation in accordance with water consumption of the substrate-plant system. Data acquisition was performed by an electronic circuit, which processed data and then sent the data to the microcontroller (programmable integrated circuit-pic16f84). The pic16f84 functioned as a controller, which decided when and how much water to apply; hence, the pumps ran and stopped according to the irrigation strategy defined by the microcontroller. The required time to pump water according to the irrigation programs corresponded to the time to increase soil moisture up to field capacity in the full treatment whenever 30% of the available water in the substrate was depleted by the pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) in the experiment. Therefore, once defined, the microcontroller utilized the data and controlled the relays connected to the pumps. Soil moisture content was monitored by only one sensor installed in a representative pot throughout the experiment. The automated system applied four different water applications; one treatment was full and the other three were deficit treatments. These were compared with the control treatment. The automated system maintained the soil moisture level at the desired level for the full treatment and took over irrigation events, started and stopped the irrigations throughout the entire growing season. Even though yield value was high in treatment I(1.0), the best quality parameters were obtained from I(0.75). In the deficit treatments I(0.50) and I(0.25), yield and quality parameters decreased since plants in those treatments were under stress. The performance of the automated system can be increased as the time in the software is adjusted according to full irrigation application.Öğe AN AUTOMATED HYDROPONICS SYSTEM USED IN A GREENHOUSE(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Yildirim, Murat; Dardeniz, Alper; Kaya, Seckin; Ali, BabooIn Turkey, the demand of table grapevine rootstocks is increasing day by day since the value of table grapevine rootstocks increase. On the other hand, production of table grapevine does not meet the demands of market since grapevine rootstock production efficiency is low. So, its production efficiency must be increased. Nowadays, hydroponics system is becoming a quite common and alternative method as compared to traditional farming systems of cultivation of soil, because hydroponics systems offer a wide range of advantages such as high capacity of production, high quality of products and also reduce the use of pesticides as compared to the traditional methods of cultivation. Grapevine variety namely, Yalova Cekirdeksizi has been taken in summer growing season and used its green cuttings as living material in this research work. The obtained cuttings were transplanted to different pots in three different time periods (15th of June, July and August in the year 2015). Grapevine rootstocks were placed to the pots having the dimension of 22 cm in width, 72 cm in length and 17 cm in depth. Each pot in the experiment possessed the same amount of fertilizer and the drip irrigation system has been applied. A microcontroller (PIC16F84) device has been used as an automated controller for supplying the water to the experimental trials. The irrigation system has been comprised with three main parts i.e., submersible pump, power suppliers (12 volt DC) and some other connected apparatus. In this experiment, a time based closed loop hydroponics system has been used aimed to test the performance of the automated hydroponics system for the growth of grapevine rootstocks. Consequently, the system took over the all irrigation procedures successfully throughout the entire growing season.Öğe Benchmarking and assessment of irrigation management transfer effects on irrigation performance in Turkey(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Yildirim, Murat; Cakmak, Belgin; Gokalp, ZekiThe objectives of this study are to identify irrigation management transfer effects on irrigation performance and to benchmark public irrigation schemes and transferred irrigation schemes. In this study, benchmarking performance indicators were applied both on state-managed and transferred irrigation schemes. Based on 1995-2002 data, following results were obtained for performance indicators of state-managed schemes: Water Delivery per Command Area (WDCA): 3547-6500 m3 ha-1 Water Delivery per Irrigated Area (WDIA): 10054-13603 m3 ha-1; Relative Water Supply (RWS): 2.33-3.49; Gross Value of Output for Command Area (GVPCA): 710-1775 $ ha-1; Gross Value of Output for Irrigated Area (GVPIA); 1937-3550 $ ha-1; Gross Value of Output for Irrigation Supply (GVPIS); 0.19-0.31 $ m-3; Gross Value of Output for Water Consumed (GVPWC); 0.55-0.78 $ m-3. For the same period following results were derived in transferred schemes: water delivery per command area: 6431-7933 m3 ha-1; water delivery per irrigated area: 9127-11320 m3 ha-1; relative water supply: 2.05-2.45; gross value of output for command area: 1166-2265 $ ha-1; gross value of output for irrigated area; 1635-3121 $ ha-1; gross value of output for irrigation supply; 0.18-0.31 $ m-3; gross value of output for water consumed; 0.41-0.70 $ m-3. Amount of water used was more than required amounts and performances were low in both schemes. However, irrigation performance was higher in the transferred schemes than state-managed ones. Since water savings were increased by developing a sense of ownership concept during the post-transfer in transferred schemes and more efficient water use was provided. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEL ON IRRIGATION PROGRAM FOR MAIZE CULTIVATED IN THE FIELD CONDITIONS(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Tekiner, Murat; Yildirim, Murat; Turkmen, Cafer; Oral, Ayhan; Izci, BahriThe experiment was carried out at the research center of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University in Turkey in summer of 2010 and 2011 to determine the effects of hydrogel (organic polymer) on the grain yield and plant development parameters. Maize DKC 5783, a commonly used variety by farmers in Turkey, was used as an indicator plant and the seeds were sowed to different lysimeters having a volume of 1 m(3). The chemical properties of hydrogel and its water holding capacity were determined under laboratory conditions. According to the treatments, certain amounts of hydrogel were mixed to the first 20 cm of the soil from the surface level. Irrigation water was applied in a controlled manner by a scaled container to the root area of maize. Plant development parameters were observed in each development stage. As a result of this study, it was seen that the amount of hydrogel mixed to the soil in different amounts had a significant effect on the plant development parameters, grain yield and also irrigation water use efficiency.Öğe Effect of wetted soil area on trunk growth, yield, and fruit quality of drip-irrigated sour cherry trees(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2012) Yildirim, Osman; Dumanoglu, Hatice; Gunes, Nurdan Tuna; Yildirim, Murat; Aygun, Ahmet; San, BekirThe effect of wetted soil area on trunk growth, yield, and fruit quality in drip-irrigated Kutahya sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees grafted on mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) seedlings was investigated over 3 seasons in a semiarid zone of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Percentages of wetted soil area ranging from 8.8% to 35.6% were obtained by applying 7 treatments consisting of 1 or 2 lateral drip lines per tree row and various dripper numbers per tree. Adequate irrigation was applied to all treatments based on daily evapotranspiration values estimated by the FAO-modified Penman-Monteith equation. The highest yield was generally obtained at percentages of wetted soil area higher than 30%; this was provided by placing 2 lateral lines (1 m apart) per tree row with continual drippers spaced between 0.50 in and 1.00 m. The percentage of wetted soil area did not significantly affect trunk growth and fruit weight in addition to fruit attributes such as redness index of fruit skin color, fruit juice content, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, or pH, in general.Öğe The performance of irrigation automation system based on soil moisture level for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth(WFL Publisher Ltd., 2010) Yildirim, MuratAutomated control systems in irrigation have in recent years made considerable progress, offering a wide range of new options. In this experiment, a closed loop control system based on the relationship of electrical resistance and soil moisture was used to test the performence of the automated drip irrigation system for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth. A main strategy for irrigation was determined before irrigation events and the pot (100k?) in the circuit was adjusted to the strategy determined before, thereafter a signal was produced by the electrodes embedded in the substrate whenever soil moisture reached to the threshold level. Therefore, the system took over irrigation events, started and stopped the irrigations throughout the entire growing season. The irrigation times and amounts of irrigation water applied by the system was not suitable for uniform crop production, because irrigation throuhout the whole growing season was commenced as almost 55% of the available soil moisture was depleted from field capacity (FC).Öğe The response of Cyclamen hederifolium to water stress induced by different irrigation levels(2009) Yildirim, Murat; Akcal, Arda; Kaynas, KenanThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different irrigation levels on morphological and physiological parameters of Cyclamen hederifolium. Irrigation applications was scheduled as 40% of the available water was depleted in the root zone in the full irrigation and intended to refill the root zone up to field capacity. In the deficit treatments, water was applied in the range of 75% (I.75), 50% (I.50) and 25% (I.25) of the full irrigation. Deficit irrigation regimes reduced the applied water at the average rates of 17, 37 and 50%, respectively. Although the highest amount of applied water was in the Ir0 treatment, deficit irrigation application of I.50 (114 mm water applied) exibited good development on some morphological and physiological characters of C. hederifolium; leaf area index (LAI), water use effi ciency, and also tuber development were the highest in the treatment of I.50. Our results clearly indicate that more than 114 mm irrigation water is an excessive water application, adversely less than that amount has negative effects on the morphological and physiological parameters of the bulbs of C. hederifolium. © 2009 Academic Journals.Öğe Water Management in Coastal Areas with Low Quality Irrigation Water for Pepper Growth(Coastal Education & Research Foundation, 2010) Yildirim, MuratThis study assessed the effect of deficit irrigation and ion deposition in the substrate for pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The results indicated that development of plants in the control treatment can substitute for those plants exposed to severe water deficit (I-0.25). Five irrigation regimes were applied: I-1.0, I-0.75 (well-watered and leaching fraction [LF] = 0.42, LF = 0.29, in turn), I-0.50 (moderate stress and LF = 0.07), and I-0.25 (severe stress and not including leaching water). In the control treatment, only the full evapotranspiration demand of the plants was provided throughout the whole growing season, but percolation did not exist, causing soluble ions to increase. The values of the crop water stress index (CWSI) were determined for all treatments. The degree of water deficit and ion deposition in the substrate had significant effects on the growth and yield of peppers. Salt deposition restricted plant development, and plants remained small, similar to the plants growing under severe water deficit in the I-0.25 treatment. Proper irrigation water management is essential for areas where a shortage of good quality water exists. Therefore, leaching water within the irrigation water plays a critical role in minimizing negative irrigation-caused impacts on plant development and the environment. In dealing with a major salinity problem for peppers, the leaching fraction should be at least 0.29 to maintain an acceptable yield. For CWSI to be less than 0.22, seasonal irrigation water should be at least 664 mm. The results presented have important implications for maintaining plant quality and yield, and show the need to adjust the irrigation schedule to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone.
