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Öğe Acoustic effects of underwater drilling and piling noise on growth and physiological response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Wiley, 2020) Kusku, Halit; Yigit, Umut; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yigit, Murat; Ergün, SebahattinHuman-generated noises are considered as underwater sound pollution with potential short- or long-term impacts on behavioural responses and physiological reaction of aquatic living organisms. Few investigations are available so far on long-term influences of impulsive and continuous sound sources on physiological response of fish. In the present study, opercula beat rates and pectoral wing rates were monitored as a physiological stress response of ventilation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to long-term repeated and continued sounds generated from underwater construction work. Fish responded to underwater sound treatment with significantly increased opercula beat-and pectoral wing movements. Maximum ventilation rate was observed as a startle response of fish at initial exposure to underwater sound. The ventilation rates remained at high levels over the first 4 weeks and showed a declining trend thereafter. Fish growth was almost stable for the first 4 weeks, but shifted forward from day 45 onwards. We found strong evidence that fish could attune to repeated playbacks of underwater noise exposures since we found higher specific growth rates for the sound exposed fish from day 45 onwards until day 120, a so-called 'catch-up growth endeavour'.Öğe Adaptation, growth and bio-economic evaluation of wild-caught salema (Sarpa Salpa Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles in culture conditions(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2018) Sahinyilmaz, Merve; Yigit, MuratPresent study was conducted to provide information on the adaptation capability of salema to culture conditions and evaluate growth performance and bio-economic benefits as a potential candidate for marine aquaculture and alternative to fishing. Wild fish caught using casting nets were fed with trash fish initially until adapted to tank conditions. Thereafter fish were adapted to pellets by gradual replacement of trash feed. Dry feed adapted fish were then fed experimental diets containing four different protein levels (25, 30, 35, and 40%). Overall, salema fed lower protein diets showed better performance and bio-economic results. Broken-line analyses indicated that the optimum protein for best performance were 30.5% under the conditions applied in this study. Finally, salema might be acclimatized to culture conditions and artificial diets, however, further studies are encouraged under different water temperatures with long-term feeding and different stocking densities, artificial spawning and fry production before a conclusion on the feasibility of salema culture can be made.Öğe Bio-economic efficiency of copper alloy mesh technology in offshore cage systems for sustainable aquaculture(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2017) Yigit, Umut; Ergün, Sebahattin; Bulut, Musa; Celikkol, Barbaros; Yigit, MuratIn the present study, innovative and environment friendly copper alloy mesh material was used in an offshore cage system to compare with traditional nylon nets, in a one-year grow-out cycle of European seabass (Dicentrarchuslabrax). Based on combined indicators such as growth performance, feed utilization with bio-economic assessment of initial investment costs, it was observed that copper alloy mesh performed higher productivity indices and economic benefits compared to those in the antifouling coated traditional nylon net pens. Results showed that copper alloy mesh is a promising alternative material that could be used in offshore cage aquaculture with an improved economic return.Öğe Bioaccumulation of trace metals in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from a fish farm with copper-alloy mesh pens and potential risk assessment(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2018) Yigit, Murat; Celikkol, Barbaros; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Bulut, Musa; Ozalp, Baris; Dwyer, Robert L.; Maita, MasashiConcentrations of trace metals were determined in the muscle tissue, digestive gland and gills of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from different locations around an offshore copper alloy fish farm. Levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) as mg/kg wet weight in the edible part of the mussels collected from distant zone (upstream Zn7.33 > Fe2.8 > Cu0.13 > Mn0.07 and downstream Zn9.9 > Fe5.67 > Cu0.18 > Mn0.17) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those sampled from the cage zone (bottom panel Zn22.25 > Fe13.75 > Cu2.39 > Mn0.85 and cage frame Zn17.1 > Fe8.74 > Cu1.39 > Mn0.26). Trace metal concentrations in mussels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the samples from the frame and bottom panel of the copper alloy mesh pen, compared to those from distant areas, namely the farm affected downstream - and non-affected upstream locations. However, the rates of target hazard quotients (THQ) for all tested trace metals from all locations in the present study were smaller than one (THQ < 1), indicating that the consumption of mussels grown around a cage farm with copper alloy mesh pens were within safe limits and did not exceed maximum levels suggested by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Union (EU) regulations for seafood consumption.Öğe Biofouling Control of Invasive Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Using Acoustic Energy(Hard, 2022) Kusku, Halit; Yigit, Murat; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yigit, Umut; Ergün, SebahattinEffects of increasing levels of audible sound energy (500, 1000, 5000 Hz frequency) on attachment strength and mortality rates of zebra mussels were investigated in a long-term study for the control and deterrence of zebra mussel infestation. All groups exposed to sound treatments presented weight loss by 1.09, 1.44 and 2.07% in the 500 Hz, 1.000 Hz, and 5.000 Hz frequency groups, respectively, while mussels receiving no sound showed an increasing trend in weight gain by 1.37%. The mortality rate increased with both increasing levels of sound frequency, and the time-length of exposure duration within the same frequency level. Attachment strength declined with induced mortality of zebra mussel after 20 days of sound exposure, and nearly 50% of zebra mussels died by sound treatment of 5000 Hz frequency after 100-days of exposure. The findings in this study demonstrate that sound energy is a potential tool and a practical option for preventive management and control of zebra mussel biofouling in freshwater ecosystems.Öğe Comparative study on haematological and biochemical parameters of two wild sparid fish species(Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 2019) Acar, Umit; Saoca, Concetta; Kesbic, Osman Sabri; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yigit, Murat; Inanan, Burak Evren; Fazio, FrancescoDifferent feeding habits may affect the blood parameters in fish species of the same family, even if they live in the same marine habitat. The aim of this study was to compare some haematological and biochemical parameters of two marine fish species of the same family, the saupe Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) and the common two-banded seabream Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817), and to establish the similarities and differences between these species. For this purpose red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TRIG), cholesterol (CHOL), serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulins (GLO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined for 30 fish from each species. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in some haematological and biochemical (RBC, Hb, Hct, TP, ALB, GLO, AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) parameters between the two species. Lower values of RBC, Hb and Hct were found in S. salpa in comparison with D. vulgaris. These differences could be attributed to the feeding behavior, life style and habitat adaptation of the different fish species of the same family and contribute to knowledge of reference values of blood parameters in Sarpa salpa and Diplodus vulgaris. No significant differences were found in MCV, MCH, MCHC and GLU, TRIG, CHOL.Öğe Dietary supplementation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup improves the growth performance, innate immune response, antioxidant status, gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yigit, Murat; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, EhsanThe present study investigated the effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup supplementation on growth performance, hematological, serum biochemical, innate immune parameters, immune and antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain black mulberry syrup at levels of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%. Fish were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Dietary black mulberry syrup increased activities of serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased the expression levels of immune-related genes (interleukin 1, beta, tumor necrosis factor, immunoglobulin M, interferon gamma and heat shock protein 70) in the spleen and antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of fish fed especially with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% black mulberry syrup supplemented diets. Furthermore, at 2.0% incorporation level, growth performance increased. The findings of the present study indicate that Nile tilapia fed with diet containing 2.0% black mulberry might be adequate to improve the growth performance, innate immune parameters, antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii.Öğe Dietary trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): II. Effect on antioxidant status, digestive enzyme, blood biochemistry and liver antioxidant gene expression responses(Wiley, 2019) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Yigit, Murat; Bayizit, CagatayThe present study investigated the effects of dietary trans-cinnamic acid (TrCin) on growth performance, biochemical composition, fatty acid composition, blood biochemistry, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme and liver antioxidant gene (EF1 alpha, SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GPX4, GR and GST) expression responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Five experimental groups of fish with mean weights of 17.49 +/- 0.08 g were used in the study; four of them were fed with TrCin-supplemented diets (0.25 g/kg TrCin25, 0.50 g/kg TrCin50, 0.75 g/kg TrCin75 and 1.50 g/kg TrCin150), whereas an additive-free basal diet served as the control (Cntr). At the end of the 60-day feeding trial, the growth performance, biochemical composition and fatty acid composition were similar for all experimental groups. A decrease was observed in intestinal and stomach pH, serum triglyceride and AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels in fish fed with especially 0.50 g/kg TrCin-supplemented diet. Moreover, dietary TrCin especially at 0.50 g/kg incorporation level significantly increased the serum SOD and liver SOD2, CAT, GST, GPX1, GPX4 and GR gene expression responses. As a conclusion, feeding rainbow trout for a period of 60 days with a diet containing 0.50 g/kg TrCin might be sufficiently enough to improve the levels of antioxidant enzymes and health status in fish.Öğe Effect of combination of dietary Bacillus subtilis and trans-cinnamic acid on innate immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri(Wiley, 2020) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yigit, Murat; Celik, Ekrem SanverThe present study investigated the effects of combination of dietary Bacillus subtilis and trans-cinnamic acid on serum biochemical parameters, innate immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri. Six experimental groups of fish with mean weights of 20.58 +/- 0.35 g were used in the study. Five experimental groups of fish were fed diets containing Bacillus subtilis (10(7) per gram) or a mix of the Bacillus subtilis (BS) and trans-cinnamic acid (25 mg/kg-25trcBS, 50 mg/kg-50trcBS, 75 mg/kg-75 trcBS, 150 mg/kg-150 trcBS), whereas an additive-free basal diet served as the control (Cont). In this study, an increase was observed in granulocyte percentage, respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, myeloperoxidase activity and total antiprotease activity especially in fish fed with mix of the BS and trans-cinnamic acid-supplemented diets (p < .05). Moreover, at the end of the 20-day challenge period the survival rates and antibody titre (p < .05), and relative per cent survival were higher in the BS group and all trcBS groups compared with control group. As a conclusion, the results in the present study show that feeding rainbow trout with diets containing a mix of B. subtilis and trans-cinnamic acid over a 60-day period might be sufficient for improving fish immune responses and disease resistance against Y. ruckeri.Öğe Effects of dietary FARMARIN® XP supplement on immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yigit, MuratThe study was performed to determine the effects of FARMARIN (R) XP and INFISH-AQUA (R) on growth performance, proximate composition, biometric indices, serum biochemical variables, hematological parameters, non-specific immune responses, digestive enzyme activities and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles against Yersinia ruckeri. Four experimental groups of fish were fed an additive free basal diet (control) and FARMARIN (R) XP incorporated test diets at increasing levels (0.1%-F1, 0.2%-F2, 0.4%-F4) for 60 days. Additionally, a fifth group of test diet was antibiotic medicated (0.1%), prepared with the commercial product INFISH-AQUA (R) (sulphadiazine 20% and trimethoprim 4%). When fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri after the 60-days feeding trial, and mortality was recorded over an additional 20-days period, no influence of FARMARIN (R) XP and antibiotic supplemented diets were observed on growth performance and hematological parameters of rainbow trout. However, the intestinal lipase activities in Fl, F2 and AMF groups were significantly higher than the other treatments. Serum glucose level was significantly lower in the F4 group, and triglyceride levels decreased significantly when fish were fed with FARMARIN (R) XP or antibiotic supplemented diets. The dietary FARMARIN (R) XP especially at 0.1% and 0.2% significantly increased the respiratory burst activity. A decreasing potential killing activity and phagocytic index were found in the F4 and AMF groups. At the end of the 20-day challenge period the survival rates were significantly higher in the F2 and AMF groups compared to all other treatment groups. Thus FARMARIN (R) XP can be used as a replacement for antibiotic in rainbow trout diets for the control of yersiniosis.Öğe Effects of dietary humic acid on growth performance, haemato-immunological and physiological responses and resistance of Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri(Wiley, 2018) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Yigit, MuratThis study investigated the effects of dietary humic acid sodium salt on growth performance, haemato-immunological and physiological responses, and resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri. The experimental fish were divided into four groups; three of them were fed with humic acid incorporated diets (0.3% H3, 0.6% H6, 1.2% H12) and an additive free basal diet served as the control. Growth performance and haematological parameters of rainbow trout were not affected by humic acid supplemented diets (p > 0.05). However, dietary humic acid especially with 0.6% incorporation significantly increased stomach pepsin, intestinal trypsin and lipase activities p < 0.05. Following 60 days of feeding trial, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri for 20 days. At the end of the challenge period, significantly higher (p < 0.05) survival rates were found in the 6% humic acid group compared to all other experimental treatment. Thus humic acid might replace antibiotics in diets for rainbow trout to control yersiniosis.Öğe Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance and feed utilization in juvenile Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima) with reference to nitrogen excretion(Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2014) Harmantepe, Fatma Burcu; Yigit, Murat; Dogan, Gaye; Karsli, Zafer; Yigit, Umut; Uyan, OrhanIn the present study, iso-nitrogenous test diets were formulated to contain two different levels of lipid (9% and 12%) with dietary energy ranging from 19 kJ/g to 20 kJ/g diet. White fish meal was the main protein source of the diet and the protein level was 55% in all diets offered to triplicate groups of juvenile Black Sea turbot (mean initial weight of 24.5±0.3 g) for a period of 70 days. Specific growth rates were significantly better (P < 0.05) in high lipid diet group compared to the groups fed low lipid diets. Feed conversion rates (FCR) were influenced by the lipid levels and the best FCR was obtained in fish given the diet with high lipid content. Similarly, protein efficiency was also significantly better (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets with high lipid level. The better utilization of protein in the diet with high lipid content resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0.05) nitrogen retention as percent of intake when compared to the other group with lower lipid level. The amount of nitrogen loss into the water environment was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) to the same extent in the group fed diets with high lipid level. The lipid retention values calculated based on the intake rates were also better in the high lipid diets compared to the other group with low lipid level, however the difference was not significant (P > 0.05) among the experimental groups. The results in the present study indicate that the use of high lipid level with a protein to energy ratio of 27 mg/kJ (12% lipid, 55% protein, 20 kJ/g gross energy) performed best. Increasing the dietary lipid to 20 kJ/g diet has reduced the total nitrogen excretion from Black Sea turbot by 23%.Öğe Effects of dietary natural zeolite levels on ammonia excretion rates in young rainbow trouts (Oncorhychus mykiss)(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Erguen, Sebahattin; Tekesoglu, Haluk; Yigit, MuratThe possible effects of dietary zeolite levels on the ammonia excretion rate of young rainbow trouts (Oncorhychus mykiss) were investigated. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed diets incorporated with three different levels of zeolite (0.5%, 1% and 2.5%), and a control diet without zeolite at a constant water temperature of 17 degrees C. A decline in ammonia excretion level has been recorded with increasing dietary zeolite level. Cumulative ammonia excretion rates for a period of 6 hours, resulted in 6.09 mg N/100g fish for the control group (0% zeolite), while an excretion rate of 4.64 mg N/100 g fish has been recorded in fish fed the diet with the highest zeolite level of 2.5%. Based on the findings in the present study, the inclusion of 2.5% natural zeolite in the diet reduced the ammonia excretion rate of rainbow trouts by 24% compared to the control group. This finding could be useful for environmental impact assessment and trout culture management.Öğe Effects of different probiotic bacteria on growth, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature(Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2015) Yazıcı, Irfan Selcuk; Hisar, Olcay; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yigit, MuratThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and their mix additives on growth performance, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature. Feeding trial was carried out for 60 days. The first group was fed with commercial feed plus fish oil. The second and third groups were given commercial feed plus Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 107 CFU g-1 fish oil, respectively. The fourth group was also fed with commercial feed plus 50% of both probiotic bacteria. After 60 days, there were no differences among the survival rates and body proximate composition of experimental groups. Results also showed that all additives (L. plantarum, B. subtilis and their mix) to diets had no significant effect on growth parameters of rainbow trout, although the fish fed the diet with L. plantarum had statistically better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other groups (p<0.05). However, the additives could improve the immunity and alter hematological parameters of the rainbow trout. In conclusion, it might be suggested that L. plantarum can be used as a beneficial dietary probiotic in rainbow trout reared under sublethal water temperature.Öğe Environmental Characteristics in a Fish Farm with Copper Alloy Cage System in the Dardanelles(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2020) Uzundumlu, Sinan; Buyukates, Yesim; Yigit, Murat; Bulut, Musa; Gurses, Ridvan Kaan; Celikkol, BarbarosThis study was conducted in a copper alloy cage fish farm to observe the environmental properties of the marine system. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll-a and inorganic nutrients such as NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO2 were observed between May 2014 and September 2014 in the study area. The observed results were compared with acceptable limits pronounced in international organizations such as EPA and FAO, and national organizations such as WPCR and RTMAF as well as the previous studies conducted in the region. According to the results, a decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH was observed at the farm while increases in inorganic nutrients except for ammonia were recorded. TSS values showed significant positive correlation with TP, indicating that TSS was supported by fecal pellets or unused fish feed in the cage system. MDS analysis results showed that TSS, chlorophyll-a and TP were similar throughout the sampling period. The study showed that copper alloy cage system did not have any negative impact on the marine system, compared with the limits provided by FAO, EPA, WPCR and RTMAF as well as with previously conducted studies in the region.Öğe Evaluation of dietary protein and lipid requirements of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system(Springer, 2014) Bulut, Musa; Yigit, Murat; Ergün, Sebahattin; Kesbic, Osman Sabri; Acar, Umit; Gultepe, Nejdet; Karga, MustafaThe objective of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth performance and bioeconomic benefits of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles, a candidate species for aquaculture sector. Eight experimental diets were formulated with four protein (50, 45, 40 and 35 %) levels for each of the two lipid levels (15 and 10 %). Triplicate groups of juvenile fish with an average initial body weight of similar to 3.64 g were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system and hand fed twice a day until satiation for a period of 60 days. In the experiment, no difference in survival rate was found between the different groups. Relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily feed intake were not significantly affected by increasing protein and/or lipid treatments in this present study. However, the RGR, SGR and FCR values showed slightly better efficiency in the experimental group (35/15) fed with lower protein content (35 %) and higher lipid level (15 %) compared with those fed other diets. According to bioeconomic analyses results, the diet with the 35 % protein and 15 % lipid generated the best profit. The results suggest that two-banded seabream can be accepted as a promising alternative species for the aquaculture industry and optimum growth of two-banded seabream fingerlings can be obtained when they are fed a diet containing 35 % crude protein and 15 % crude lipid.Öğe Evaluation of Dietary Protein Level in Practical Feed for Twoband Bream Diplodus vulgaris(Wiley, 2018) Yigit, Murat; Sahinyilmaz, Merve; Acar, Umit; Kesbic, Osman; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Bulut, Musa; Gurses, KaanThe effects of different dietary protein levels on growth performance and health status of TwobandBream Diplodus vulgaris juveniles were investigated. Three test diets that had increasing protein levels (30, 36, and 42%) and used fish meal as the protein source were formulated. Each of the test diets was fed in triplicate groups of 28 juvenile fish (initial weight, 23.65 +/- 0.34 [mean +/- SD]) to satiety for a period of 80d. Growth performance and feed utilization were best in the group fed the diet with a protein level of 36%. Ammonia nitrogen excretion showed an increasing trend as dietary protein levels increased, and retention rates of ammonia nitrogen per intake were highest in fish fed the 42% protein diet. Whole-body proximate composition and hematological variables were not significantly affected by protein level in the diets. However, serum glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values were significantly affected by dietary protein level and showed an increasing trend as the dietary protein level in the diets increased. As a result, an improved health status of Twoband Bream was observed in the fish fed a 36% protein level.Öğe EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION OF BLACK SEA TURBOT (PSETTA MAEOTICA) JUVENILES(Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, 2010) Yigit, Murat; Ergün, Sebahattin; Turker, Ali; Harmantepe, Burcu; Erteken, AdnanThree experimental diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (550 g kg(-1) protein) and iso-caloric (20.5 kJ gross energy g(-1) diet) by substituting fish meal (FM) for defatted soybean meal (SBM) at levels of 0, 10 and 20% replacement in order to evaluate the effects of replacing FM with deflated SBM in diets for Black Sea turbot. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of young Black Sea turbot (mean initial weight of 30.2 +/- 0.2 g) for 60 days. Turbot fed all three diets had no significant difference (P > 0.05) in final weight, specific growth rate, nutrient utilization, Nitrogen loss or retention. Survival rate was 100% in all treatments. The results of this study indicate that fish meal can be replaced with soybean meal up to 20% level in diets for young Black Sea turbot without adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization or nitrogen balance. This may increase profitability by allowing the production of less expensive feeds, hence supporting, the sustainable growth of turbot culture industry with environment-friendly diets.Öğe Evaluation of soybean mealas a protein source and its effect on growth and nitrogen utilization of Black Sea turbot (psetta maeotica) juveniles(2010) Yigit, Murat; Ergün, Sebahattin; Türker, Ali; Harmantepe, Burcu; Erteken, AdnanThree experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (550 g kg-1 protein) and iso-caloric (20.5 kJ gross energy g-1 diet) by substituting fish meal (FM) for defatted soybean meal (SBM) at levels of 0, 10 and 20% replacement in order to evaluate the effects of replacing FM with defatted SBM in diets for Black Sea turbot. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of young Black Sea turbot (mean initial weight of 30.2 ± 0.2 g) for 60 days. Turbot fed all three diets had no significant difference (P > 0.05) in final weight, specific growth rate, nutrient utilization, Nitrogen loss or retention. Survival rate was 100% in all treatments. The results of this study indicate that fish meal can be replaced with soybean meal up to 20% level in diets for young Black Sea turbot without adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization or nitrogen balance. This may increase profitability by allowing the production of less expensive feeds, hence supporting the sustainable growth of turbot culture industry with environment-friendly diets.Öğe EVALUATION OF THE RECOVERY TIME OF SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX LINNAEUS, 1758) JUVENILES FROM TRANSPORT AND HANDLING STRESS: USING AMMONIA NITROGEN EXCRETION RATES AS A STRESS INDICATOR(Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, 2011) Kayali, Betul; Yigit, Murat; Bulut, MusaA time-course study was conducted in order to evaluate the recovery time of juvenile Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax from transport and handling stress. Among metabolite indices, ammonia nitrogen excretion rates were used as stress indicator. The measurements were carried out in water ambience of 13 1 degrees C under natural light conditions (16L/8D photoperiod). Juveniles were transported for about 2 hours in a fish transport tank with oxygen supply. Handling stress was due to netting at the outlet site during stocking fish into the transport tank and netting at the experimental facility while transferring fish from transport tank into experimental tanks. At the end of transportation, ammonia nitrogen excretion rates of sea bass juveniles in the transport tank became about 4 times higher than that in sea water at the outlet facility. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations in fish exposed to transport and handling stress peaked 10 hours after stocking in to the tanks, and then declined to initial values 24 h after stocking. In fish under normal condition and without stress, the postprandial trend of ammonia nitrogen excretion was similar, however, a peak was reached 6 hours after feeding, and then decreased to initial values 24 h after feeding. Based on the duration for recovery of ammonia nitrogen excretion in fish, it is suggested that sea bass juveniles may completely recover from stress caused by transportation and handling, and return to normal feeding conditions in 24 hours after a 2 hour truck transport.
