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    Evolution of Can-Etili (Canakkale-NW Turkey) lignite basin: Sedimentology, petrology, palynology and lignite characterization
    (Irtces, 2015) Bozcu, Mustafa; Akgun, Funda; Gurdal, Gulbin; Bozcu, Ayse; Yesilyurt, Sevinc Kapan; Karaca, Oznur; Akkiraz, M. Serkan
    This study examines the development and sedimentology of Can-Etili lignite basin in Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) along with the palynologic and petrographic properties of the coals in this region. The Can-Etili lignite basin discordantly overlies Oligocene-aged Can volcanics. The basin consists of caldera type sedimentation developed by the combined effects of volcanism and tectonics. The volcanic rocks forming the basement of the basin consist of andesitic, dacitic and basaltic lava flows as well as agglomerates, tuff and silicified tuffs, and kaolin which is their alteration product. The basement volcanic rocks cooled from high potassium and calc-alkaline magma. The trace element geochemistry of different rocks within the volcanics reveals that they are from a volcanic arc. The Can Formation contains lignites and consists of 6 lithofacies representing alluvial, fluvial, marsh and lacustrine environments. These lithofacies are the lower volcanogenic conglomerate, the claystone, the lignite, the laminated organic claystone, the tuff intercalated sandstone-siltstone and the upper volcanogenic conglomerate. The lignite in the basin is limnic and is formed in a non-fluvial marsh and marsh-lake environment. An abundant percentage of vegetation (Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Cyrillaceae) is compatible with temperate and subtropical climatic conditions in the basin during sedimentation of lignite. The coals of Can-Etili basin are humic with high sulfur content (6-6.5% average) mostly containing huminite compounds belonging to the class of lignite-low bituminous (C-A) coal. Their coalification rank is between 0.38% and 0.56% Ro. The coals are formed in limnic-limnotelmatic marsh zones based on their microlithotype components. The inorganic components of the coal mostly consist of pyrite and clay. The trace elements, As, Th, U and V, are higher than international coal standards. The coal quality is adversely affected by high sulfur content and sulfur driven trace element enrichments. The lignite reserve (possible-proved) of Can-Etili basin is greater than a hundred million tons, and the average coal seam thickness is 17 m. The lignite production in the basin is 3 mt/year and 1.8 million tons of this are used in the local thermal power plant. (C) 2015 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation/the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Late Cenozoic Stress States along the Ganos Fault, NW Turkey
    (Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2013) Yildiz, Seray Cinar; Özden, Süha; Tutkun, Salih Zeki; Ates, Ozkan; Poyraz, Selda Altuncu; Yesilyurt, Sevinc Kapan; Karaca, Oznur
    The Ganos Fault, has a big earthquake (Ms:7.3 in 1912), as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, a segment of the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault is elongated a N70 degrees E trend in west of the Marmara Sea between Gazikoy (Tekirdag) and Saros Gulf This study reveals at late Cenozoic stress states by the limit kinematic analysis, inversion of the earthqukes focal mechanism and remote sensing studies' along the Ganos Fault. Result of the kinematics' analysis was carried out a main tectonic regime.. First mainly strike-slip faulting developed under NW-SE trending compressional direction showing by a (sigma(1)) 130 degrees +/- 16 degrees and a (sigma(3)) 53 degrees+13 degrees trends and Rm ration calculated as 0.49. Secondly and consistent with first faulting, a NE-SW trending concurrent extensional direvtion produce a local normal faulting presented by a (sigma(3)) 28 degrees +/- 18 degrees trend in horizontal plane. Furthermore, between 2003 and 2010 years, bigger than M=3.3,12 earthquakes on Ganos Fault and its vicinity, determined the focal mechanisms and inversion analysis results indicate that a strike-slip faulting is active along the fault. In the inversion of the earthquakes, a strike-sliplhulting presented a (sigma(1)) N 2760 degrees +/- 7 degrees and (sigma(3)) N 6 degrees +/- 6 degrees trends and Rm ration calculated as 0.44. This result is consistent with the results of fault kinematic analysis and offer as a transtensional character along the fault. According to rose diagram that was generated by remote sensing lineament analysis. Determined 223 lianements have mainly parallel to the Ganos Fault. The stress states,from remote sensing studies are consistent both fault kinematic analysis and inversion of the earthquakes filocal mechanism results. Ganos Fault is an active strike-slip fault by the transtensional character since Late Pliocene.
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    Oligocene vegetation and climate characteristics in north-west Turkey: data from the south-western part of the Thrace Basin
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2013) Akgun, Funda; Akkiraz, Mehmet Serkan; Ucbas, Sariye Duygu; Bozcu, Mustafa; Yesilyurt, Sevinc Kapan; Bozcu, Ayse
    In this paper we present the first palynomorph and mollusc assemblages from the sediments in three different sections. From east to west, these are the Sevketiye (northern Biga Peninsula), the Tayfur (Gelibolu Peninsula) and the Kuzu harbour (Gokceada) (parts of the Danismen Formation) sections in the south and south-western side of the Thrace Basin (north-west Turkey), with the aim of obtaining information about the composition and structure of vegetation and climate during the Oligocene. The stratigraphic interval extends from late Rupelian to Chattian. The Danismen Formation in the Sevketiye section yielded a palynomorph association with abundant coastal palms (Arecaceae; Lepidocaryoidae), and mangrove pollen (Pelliciera). A similar assemblage from the Kuzu harbour section was also obtained, with minor contributions of mangrove elements Nypa and Acrostichum aureum, Arecaceae type palm, undifferentiated dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminiferal linings. These palynomorph assemblages, combined with the mollusc data, indicate that low-lying coastal environments prevailed. In contrast, the palynomorphs from the Tayfur section represent a non-marine environment lacking mangrove elements, palm trees, dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminiferal linings. The diversity of angiosperm taxa in the Tayfur palynoflora, which form the bulk of the assemblage, indicates terrestrial vegetation. Quantitative palaeoclimate analyses are based on the Coexistence Approach method, and yield over 22 degrees C at the coast as indicated by mangrove elements and palms in the Sevketiye and Kuzu harbour palynofloras. For the Tayfur palynoflora, mean annual temperature ranged between 16.5 and 21.3 degrees C. This indicates a climate cooling, corresponding to the transition from Rupelian to Chattian, and resulted in the pollen changes from mangrove bearing coastal deposits to more inland vegetation.