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    Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Yay, Cansu; Cinar, Zeynep Ozlem; Donmez, Serhat; Tumer, Tugba Boyunegmez; Guneser, Onur; Hosoglu, Muge Isleten
    This study focused on optimizing the production of fermented Spirulina (FS) products using a bioactivity-guided strategy with Lactobacillus helveticus B-4526 and Kluyveromyces marxianus Y-329 in a 3-L bioreactor. Various operating conditions, including aeration rates and pH modes, were tested. While both microorganisms thrived under all conditions, the cascade mode, controlling dissolved oxygen, enhanced protein hydrolysis and antioxidant activity, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and DPPH/TEAC assays, respectively. Screening revealed that cascade FS significantly decreased viability of colon cancer cells (HT-29) in a dose-dependent manner, with up to a 72 % reduction. Doses <= 500 mu g mL- 1 of cascade FS proved safe and effective in suppressing NO release without compromising cellular viability. Additionally, cascade FS exhibited diverse volatile organic compounds and reducing the characteristic seaweed aroma. These findings highlight cascade FS as a promising alternative food source with improved bioactive properties, urging further exploration of its bioactive compounds, particularly bioactive peptides.