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    Optimizations related to the use of Lactobacillus helveticus, Kluyveromyces marxianus in monoculture, and co-culture for production of Spirulina-based fermented products
    (Elsevier, 2025) Öztürk, Naciye; Yay, Cansu; Çınar, Zeynep Özlem; Atalay, Hazal Nazlıcan; Güneser, Onur; İşleten Hoşoğlu, Müge; Boyuneğmez Tümer, Tuğba
    Present study was carried out to optimize certain fermentation parameters when L. helveticus B-4526 and K. marxianus Y-329 were used in monoculture and co-culture in a medium supplemented with dried Spirulina platensis biomass (Spirulina medium). Maximum cell number increase for L. helveticus, K. marxianus in Spirulina medium was calculated as 2.40 and 3.80 log CFU mL-1, respectively. It was observed that proteins were rapidly hydrolyzed by L. helveticus. Consequently, the concentrations of some specific amino acids changed according to product type. The fermented Spirulina (FS) by K. marxianus resulted in higher trimethyl pyrazine content (2636.66 mu g kg- 1) than its unFS counterpart (2088.08 mu g kg- 1). All FS products resulted in increased inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase enzyme. FS product by co-culture of both organisms demonstrated a distinct suppressive effect on LPS-induced inflammatory NO secretion in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Besides, FS products did not show cytotoxicity in endothelial and macrophage cell lines, therefore presenting more biocompatible nature as compared to their unFS counterparts.
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    Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Yay, Cansu; Çınar, Zeynep Özlem; Dönmez, Serhat; Boyuneğmez Tümer, Tuğba; Güneşer, Onur; İşleten Hosoğlu, Müge
    This study focused on optimizing the production of fermented Spirulina (FS) products using a bioactivity-guided strategy with Lactobacillus helveticus B-4526 and Kluyveromyces marxianus Y-329 in a 3-L bioreactor. Various operating conditions, including aeration rates and pH modes, were tested. While both microorganisms thrived under all conditions, the cascade mode, controlling dissolved oxygen, enhanced protein hydrolysis and antioxidant activity, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and DPPH/TEAC assays, respectively. Screening revealed that cascade FS significantly decreased viability of colon cancer cells (HT-29) in a dose-dependent manner, with up to a 72 % reduction. Doses <= 500 mu g mL- 1 of cascade FS proved safe and effective in suppressing NO release without compromising cellular viability. Additionally, cascade FS exhibited diverse volatile organic compounds and reducing the characteristic seaweed aroma. These findings highlight cascade FS as a promising alternative food source with improved bioactive properties, urging further exploration of its bioactive compounds, particularly bioactive peptides.
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    Screening of various raw materials and their protein concentrates: focus on alkaline extraction yields and physicochemical characterizations
    (Springer, 2025) Ozsoy, Bilgen; Yay, Cansu; Yellice, Alper; Biyikli, Buse; Karaalioglu, Onur; Guneser, Onur; Yuceer, Yonca
    This study comprehensively evaluated protein concentrates (PCs) obtained from diverse raw materials, including pulses, industrial by-products, and microalgal biomass, using a standardized alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation method. The extraction yield was highest for cold-pressed hazelnut cake (25.6%), while pea flour showed the highest protein recovery yield (77%). All PCs exhibited purities above 62%, except for microalgal PCs (similar to 57%). Spirulina biomass and sunflower meal PCs demonstrated superior solubility (> 90%) across a wide pH range (7-11). The amino acid profiles of the PCs were generally well-balanced, with the exception of low lysine and methionine levels. Notably, the PC from Schizochytrium biomass showed great potential in this regard. Aldehydes were the predominant volatile organic compounds in all PCs, particularly in pulse-based PCs. These findings provide valuable insights into the yield, purity, and functional properties of PCs from various sources, highlighting the potential of microalgal biomass and industrial by-products as sustainable protein sources for food applications.