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Öğe An in vitro assessment of the effectiveness of some bactericides on bacteria isolated from soaking float(Chemical Publishing Co., 2009) Yapici, Ali Nail; Yapici, Binnur Mericli; Karaboz, Ismail; Tozan, MuratIn this study, the effectiveness of 5 commercial bactericides commonly used in leather processing was examined in vitro. Bacteria were isolated from soak water by means of proteolytic bacteria culture medium, plate count agar (PCA) and halotolerant bacteria medium containing 10 % NaCl and identified as Gram positive Staphylococcus sp., Diplococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Corynobacterium sp., Bacillus sp. and Gram negative bacterium. The effectiveness of bactericides was determined in vitro on these bacteria through disc diffusion method. Results were evaluated in comparison with antimicrobial activities of some standard antibiotics on the same microorganisms. It was observed that Derbio DB 99® (bactericide I) was effective on all types of bacteria. Biocide B-7® (bactericide II) was effective on Staphylococcus sp., Diplococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. It was also observed that Aracit KL® (bactericides III) and Preventol Z-L® (bactericides IV) were effective only against Staphylococcus sp. and Diplococcus sp. On the other hand, Pluscide HP® (bactericides V) did not show enough effectiveness. As a result, it was found out that the most effective bactericide was Bactericide I.Öğe An in vitro Assessment of The Effectiveness of Some Bactericides on Bacteria Isolated from Soaking Float(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Yapici, Ali Nail; Yapici, Binnur Mericli; Karaboz, Ismail; Tozan, MuratIn this study, the effectiveness of 5 commercial bactericides commonly used in leather processing was examined in vitro. Bacteria were isolated from soak water by means of proteolytic bacteria culture medium, plate count agar (PCA) and halotolerant bacteria medium containing 10% NaCl and identified as Gram positive Staphylacoccus sp., Diplococcus sp.. Micrococcus sp., Corynobacterium sp., Bacillus sp. and Gram negative bacterium. The effectiveness of bactericides was determined in vitro on these bacteria through disc diffusion method. Results were evaluated in comparison with antimicrobial activities of some standard antibiotics on the same microorganisms. It was observed that Derbio DB 99 (R) (bactericide I) was effective on all types of bacteria. Biocide B-7 (R) (bactericide II) was effective on Staphylacoccus sp., Diplococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. It was also observed that Aracit KL (R) (bactericides III) and Preventol Z-L (R) (bactericides IV) were effective only against Staphylacoccus sp. and Diplococcus sp. On the other hand, Pluscide HP (R) (bactericides V) did not show enough effectiveness. As a result, it was found out that the most effective bactericide was Bactericide I.Öğe Assessment of antimicrobial activity of natural leathers treated with pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf extracts(2013) Türkan, Mehmet Fatih; Aslan, Ahmet; Yapici, Ali Nail; Meriçli Yapici, Binnur; Bilgi, Sadi TurgutIn the present study, antimicrobial activity of raw skin and chrome-tanned leather samples treated with acetone and chloroform extracts of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf were tested against Bacillus subtilis (ATTC 6633), Bacillus cereus (CCM 99), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538-P), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11228), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Klebsiella pneumoniae (CCM 2318), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium jensenii, Geotrichum candidum and Candida albicans by the disc diffusion method. The study showed that acetone and chloroform extracts of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf had antimicrobial activity on raw skin and chrome-tanned leather. The inhibition zones of both extracts for the bacteria and fungi tested were found to vary between 11.0 mm to 31.0 mm in raw skins, but between 11.2 mm and 29.0 mm in chrome-tanned leathers.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NATURAL LEATHERS TREATED WITH Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf EXTRACTS(Ege Univ, 2013) Turkan, Mehmet Fatih; Aslan, Ahmet; Yapici, Ali Nail; Yapici, Binnur Mericli; Bilgi, Sadi TurgutIn the present study, antimicrobial activity of raw skin and chrome-tanned leather samples treated with acetone and chloroform extracts of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf were tested against Bacillus subtilis (ATTC 6633), Bacillus cereus (CCM 99), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538-P), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11228), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Klebsiella pneumoniae (CCM 2318), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium jensenii, Geotrichum candidum and Candida albicans by the disc diffusion method. The study showed that acetone and chloroform extracts of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf had antimicrobial activity on raw skin and chrome-tanned leather. The inhibition zones of both extracts for the bacteria and fungi tested were found to vary between 11.0 mm to 31.0 mm in raw skins, but between 11.2 mm and 29.0 mm in chrome-tanned leathers.Öğe Determination of antimicrobial activity of tannic acid in pickling process(Ars Docendi, 2010) Colak, Selime Mentes; Yapici, Binnur Mericli; Yapici, Ali NailIn the present study, the antimicrobial efficacy of tannic acid used in the pickling stage was investigated against some microorganisms. Leather samples treated with various concentrations of tannic acid in the stage were assessed against sixteen test microorganisms by Disc Diffusion Method. The used microorganisms - bacteria, moulds and yeasts - were Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445, Proteus vulgaris (ATTC 6889), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Neisseria can's, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Penicillium granulatum P. granulosum, Geotricum candidum, Yarrowia lypolitica and Rhodotorula rubra (DSM 70403). The results showed that tannic acid exhibited antimicrobial activity against all bacteria, moulds and yeasts tested. It was also determined that the most effective concentration of tannic acid was 3 %.Öğe Effect of pre-tanning effluents on seed germination and growth traits in some cereals(2009) Yapici, Ali Nail; Tayyar, SemunThis investigation was carried out to study the effects of different dilutions of mixed pre-tanning effluents on seed germination and growth traits of wheat, triticale, barley, and oat. The seeds of the plant materials were planted in a completely randomized block design with three replications and irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents (1:10, 1:40 and 1:80), undiluted pre-tanning effluent (1:0) and tap water (control). The data were collected on the numbers of germinated seeds, germination percentage, root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight and root+ shoot weight at the end of 15th day after planting. The re- sults showed that the differences among the treatments were significant for all characteristics investigated (P<0.05). The undiluted pre-tanning effluent (1:0) had adverse effects on seed germination and growth traits for every genotype. In some crops, in oat for instance, 1:10 dilution resulted in the highest values of the studied traits.Öğe EFFECT OF PRE-TANNING EFFLUENTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH TRAITS IN SOME CEREALS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Yapici, Ali Nail; Tayyar, SemunThis investigation was carried out to study the effects of different dilutions of mixed pre-tanning effluents on seed germination and growth traits of wheat. triticale, barley, and oat. The seeds of the plant materials were planted in a completely randomized block design with three replications and irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents (1:10, 1:40 and 1:80), undiluted pre-tanning effluent (1:0) and tap water (control). The data were collected on the numbers of germinated seeds, germination percentage, root length, root weight, shoot length. shoot weight and root+ shoot weight at the end of 15(th) day after planting. The results showed that the differences among the treatments were significant for all characteristics investigated (P<0.05). The undiluted pre-tanning effluent (1:0) had adverse effects on seed germination and growth traits for every genotype. In some crops, in oat for instance, 1:10 dilution resulted in the highest values of the studied traits.Öğe EFFECTS OF PRETANNING EFFLUENT ORIGINATED FROM LEATHER INDUSTRY ON THE GERMINATION OF RICE SEEDS(Technical Univ Wroclaw, 2014) Yapici, Ali Nail; Tayyar, SemunThe effects of pretanning effluent obtained from leather processing on the germination and seedling growth of rice were investigated. Undiluted pretanning effluents, and its 1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions along with tap water were used for irrigation to germinate the seeds. Some morphological characteristics were investigated. No germination occurred in the seeds irrigated with the undiluted pretanning effluent. Elemental analyses of the shoots and roots of rice seedlings were conducted. The lowest contents of C (29.7%), S (0.41%), Cr (1.2 mg/kg) and Na (2933.8 mg/kg) in shoots were detected in control group. The lowest contents of Cu (38.81 mg/kg) and Mn (2225.0 mg/kg) in roots were determined in irrigations with 1:10 dilutions.Öğe Effects of pretanning effluent originated from leather industry on the germination of rice seeds(Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 2014) Yapici, Ali Nail; Tayyar, ŞemunThe effects of pretanning effluent obtained from leather processing on the germination and seedling growth of rice were investigated. Undiluted pretanning effluents, and its 1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions along with tap water were used for irrigation to germinate the seeds. Some morphological characteristics were investigated. No germination occurred in the seeds irrigated with the undiluted pretanning effluent. Elemental analyses of the shoots and roots of rice seedlings were conducted. The lowest contents of C (29.7%), S (0.41%), Cr (1.2 mg/kg) and Na (2933.8 mg/kg) in shoots were detected in control group. The lowest contents of Cu (38.81 mg/kg) and Mn (2225.0 mg/kg) in roots were determined in irrigations with 1:10 dilutions.Öğe Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Commercial Vegetable Extracts Used in Tanneries(Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2014) Ulas, Gulcin; Mericli Yapici, Binnur; Yapici, Ali NailThe aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of eight different commercial vegetable tanning extracts used in the leather industry against bacterial and fungal isolates from tannery processes such as bearnhouse, tanning, and post-tanning processes. Two different concentrations (1% and 5%) of these extracts were used in order to determine their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed by the disc diffusion method. Nutrient Agar and Malt Extract Agar were used for growing the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively, each containing 0%, 5%, and 10% NaCI. It was observed that all of the extracts were more effective against the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. It was also seen that extracts IV, VII, and II were more effective against bacterial isolates growing on 0%, 5%, and 10% NaC1 Nutrient Agar plates, respectively. Extracts I and II were found to be more effective against the fungal isolates growing on the Malt Extract Agar plates containing 10% NaC1, while no extracts had any antifungal effect on the NaCI-Irce and 5% NaC1 plates.Öğe Evaluation of the relationship between bacterial population and associated gas generation in soaking float of sheep skin using a sensor array system(INCDTP: Division Leather Footwear Research Institute, 2014) Kizil, Ünal; Yapici, Ali Nail; Yapici, Binnur Meriçli; Bilgi, Sadi Turgut; Inalpulat, MelisIn this study it was aimed to design a metal oxide gas sensor array to determine the bacterial load in soaking float of wet-salted domestic sheep skin for garment leather production. The results showed that an array of 4 metal oxide gas sensors employed with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can predict the 2 bacterial population in soaking float of leather manufacturing. The relationship between predicted and observed bacterial populations yielded a R value of 0.95 in model testing. Design procedures, gas sensors and other materials and techniques were explained in this paper.Öğe Influence of tannery wastewater on seed germination of some field crops(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Tayyar, Semun; Yapici, Ali Nail; Şahiner, MehtapTannery effluents contain not only valuable nutrients, but also salts, heavy metals, some pathogens, dying agents, etc. It is one of the ten most harmful concerns to the environment because of the lack of proper waste disposal applications. This present study was conducted to determine the effects of tannery wastewater on some germination properties of wheat, maize, rice, chickpea, bean, sunflower and soybean seeds, which are of great importance for crop production of Turkey. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with three replications. For these purposes, four concentrations of the effluent (1:0, 1:10, 1:40 and 1:80) including tap water as control were analyzed for some physical and chemical properties, and used in irrigations for germination of the seeds in Petri dishes. The numbers of germinated seeds at 48(th), 96(th), 144(th), 192(nd), 240(th) and 288(th) hours were counted. Root and hypocotyl lengths were measured at 96(th) hour for wheat, at 192(nd) hour for sunflower and soybean, at 240(th) hour for rice, chickpea and bean, and at 288(th) hour for maize. Chemical analysis of the effluent revealed that it is rich in some plant nutrients; however, different concentrations of the effluent had negative effects on seed germination and plant growth. As a result, undiluted tannery effluent (1:0) significantly decreased and inhibited seed germination compared to the other concentrations. All the characteristics investigated in the study were affected by effluent applications (P < 0.05).Öğe SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BROAD BEAN, LENTIL AND COMMON BEAN IRRIGATED WITH DIFFERENT DILUTIONS OF PRE-TANNING EFFLUENTS(Interciencia, 2009) Tayyar, Semun; Yapici, Ali NailLeather manufacturing is a worldwide industry that has been carried out for centuries and has achieved great importance in Turkey However the leather industry is associated with the generation of large amounts of waste water and solid wastes that are a threat to the environment. A germination experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents on the germination characteristics of broad bean, lentil and common bean. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with three replications. Seeds of each species were sown and irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents (1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 tap water: effluent), undiluted pretanning effluent, and tap water (control). Number of germinated seeds, germination percentage, root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight and root+shoot weight were measured at 15 days after planting. All germination properties varied considerably, and significant differences among them were determined (P<0.05). Undiluted pre-tanning effluent had adverse effects and no germination occurred for any of the tested plant materials. Except for the undiluted pre-tanning effluent, no significant differences were detected in the number of germinated seeds and germination percentage, whereas some differences among treatments were observed for the remaining characteristics.Öğe Seed germination characteristics of broad bean, lentil and common bean irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents(2009) Tayyar, Semun; Yapici, Ali NailLeather manufacturing is a worldwide industry that has been carried out for centuries and has achieved great importance in Turkey. However, the leather industry is associated with the generation of large amounts of waste water and solid wastes that are a threat to the environment. A germination experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents on the germination characteristics of broad bean, lentil and common bean. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with three replications. Seeds of each species were sown and irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning effluents (1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 tap water:effluent), undiluted pre-tanning effluent, and tap water (control). Number of germinated seeds, germination percentage, root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight and root+shoot weight were measured at 15 days after planting. All germination properties varied considerably, and significant differences among them were determined (P<0.05). Undiluted pre-tanning effluent had adverse effects and no germination occurred for any of the tested plant materials. Except for the undiluted pre-tanning effluent, no significant differences were detected in the number of germinated seeds and germination percentage, whereas some differences among treatments were observed for the remaining characteristics. © 2009 Asociación Interciencia.Öğe The effect of reuse of unhairing-liming residual floats through regeneration on the microorganism number(Academic Journals, 2008) Yapici, Binnur Mericli; Yapici, Ali Nail; Kecici, EceEven though microorganism load was mostly ignored in the unhairing-liming process due to extremely high pH values, it is a question to answer when unhairing-liming residual floats are reused through regeneration. The objective of this paper was to determine the number of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and of proteolytic, lypolytic, aerobic spore-forming bacteria, and of total aerobic fungi (mould and yeast), proteolytic and lypolytic fungi in each unhairing-liming residual float reused ten times through regeneration. Enumeration of bacteria and fungi was done in three different concentrations of NaCl [0, 5, and 10% (w/v)]. The experiments were carried out with and without antimicrobial agents (experimental and control). In this study, generally, the values obtained from experimental samples were detected to be lower than control samples. For experimental samples, when all the NaCl concentrations were taken into account, the minimum and maximum numbers of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and of proteolytic, lypolytic, aerobic spore-forming bacteria were found as follows: 2.0x10(1) - 3.9x10(2) cfu.mL(-1), 1.0x10(1) - 4.1x10(2) cfu.mL(-1), 2.0x10(1) - 5.4x10(2) cfu.mL(-1) and 1.0x10(1) - 2.0x10(2) cfu.mL(-1), respectively. In these samples, it was found out that the minimum and maximum numbers of total aerobic fungi and of proteolytic and lypolytic fungi were 3.0x10(1) - 2.8x10(3) cfu.mL(-1), 1.0x10(1) 1.2x10(3) cfu.mL(-1), and 5.0x10(1) - 3.5x10(3) cfu.mL(-1), respectively. In the study, there is a significant finding that the numbers of fungi were higher than those of bacteria. In addition, when bactericide and fungicide were added into the soaking processes and when unhairing-liming residual floats were reused ten times via regeneration, it was revealed that the numbers of bacteria and fungi can be controlled.Öğe The effect of using a fungicide along with bactericide in the main soaking float on microbial load(Academic Journals, 2008) Yapici, Ali NailIn the studies recently carried out on leather microbiology, a great deal of attention is paid to the fact that a considerable amount of fungi exist along with bacteria on the raw materials and in the pretanning processes and that they both have proteolytic and lypolytic activities. Because defects caused by fungi that mostly appear in tanning and post-tanning processes lead to drastic economical losses, it is important that fungi should be controlled from the initial steps of the manufacturing stages. To this end, bactericides with two different compositions (potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate and quarternized compounds), and a fungicide (2-thiocyanomethylthio benzothiazole based) commonly used in Turkish leather industry were chosen. The bactericides were added into the main soaking float with and without different concentrations of fungicide. In each trial, liquor samples were taken at the end of the main soaking process and numbers of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the numbers of proteolytic and lypolytic bacteria, and numbers of total aerobic fungi, the numbers of proteolytic and lypolytic fungi were separately determined. When potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate based bactericide at a ratio of 0.5% was used together with 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole based fungicide at a ratio of 0.5% in the main soaking process, it was found out that it was more effective against bacteria and fungi than when used alone. With the use of two antimicrobial agents in the aforesaid concentration, a synergistic effect appeared and whereas the number of fungi detected in the main soaking liquor decreased at a considerable level, all of the bacteria were controlled and so no bacterial growth occurred on the media.
