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    Gut Microbiota-Modulating Functions of Bovine Colostrum and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Binmowyna, Mona N.; Raposo, Antonio; Ahmad, Md Faruque; Al Khairat, Muzaynah
    The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem composed of trillions of microorganisms that play vital roles in digestion, immune regulation, and overall health. Disruptions in this microbial balance are linked to various metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. Among dietary components that influence the gut microbiome, oligosaccharides derived from bovine colostrum and milk have gained increasing attention due to their bioactive properties. Bovine colostrum, the nutrient-rich fluid produced in the first days after parturition, contains a high concentration of structurally diverse oligosaccharides and glycoproteins that may selectively promote beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium species. These compounds are considered crucial to early-life microbial development and may exert prebiotic effects that support intestinal health. While human milk contains a broader variety of oligosaccharides, bovine colostrum and milk share several structurally similar compounds with relevant functions. Oligosaccharides from mature bovine milk have been more extensively studied regarding microbial interactions, enzymatic degradation, and metabolic fate. These findings provide valuable comparative insights into the functional roles of colostrum-derived oligosaccharides. This review highlights the modulatory effects of bovine colostrum and milk oligosaccharides on the gut microbiome, with particular emphasis on the unique contributions of colostrum.
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    Prebiotics: types, selectivity and utilization by gut microbes
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Bolino, Matthew J.; Duman, Hatice; Saritas, Sumeyye; Pekdemir, Burcu; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen
    Prebiotics are dietary components selectively utilised by the host's gut microbiota and confer health benefits. They enhance cross-nutritional interactions by supporting beneficial bacteria (particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus), increase the production of short-chain fatty acids through fermentation, and consequently strengthen the intestinal barrier, balance the immune response, improve metabolic markers (lipid and glucose profiles), regulate key gastrointestinal outcomes such as stool frequency and consistency, and improve some mood/cognitive measures. In early life, human milk oligosaccharides are associated with a Bifidobacterium-dominated ecology and immune development; N-linked and O-linked glycans derived from dietary glycoproteins may exhibit selective utilisation based on binding and species differences; and dietary polyphenols, after limited intestinal absorption, may transform into phenolic metabolites in the colon, shaping the microbiota in a prebiotic-like manner. This review addresses this entire framework, including inulin-type fructans (inulin and fructooligosaccharides), galactooligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactulose, human milk oligosaccharides, N- and O-linked glycans, and dietary polyphenols as prebiotic-like modulators, with their mechanisms and practical implications.