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Öğe Annealing time effect on the optical properties of Zn(O,OH,S) films onto ZnO seed layer under un-vacuum ambient(2018) Özütok, Fatma; Yakar, EminIn this study, Zn (O,OH,S) films were synthesized onto ZnO seed layers by chemical bath deposition, which wereannealed at 500 °C. The differences of structural, morphological and detailed optical properties of the films wereinvestigated depending on the annealing time (between 30 min. and 90 min.). While samples of 30.min and 90 min.showed decomposed structures, sample of 60 min. showed different dimensions of nano-flower structures. Althoughall films had ZnO-hexzagonal crystal structure, the most obvious ZnS-related peaks were observed in the sample of90 min. Optical absorption edge was shifted at 362 nm from Uv-Vis spectroscopy. Although ZnO, Zn(OH)2 vibrationrelated peaks were so sharp, ZnS vibration peaks were so weak for all samples from FTIR. The PL intensities weredifferential depending on the annealing time but defect state-corresponding peaks were similar for each films.Öğe Average particle size and cluster size of metal (M: Cu, Ti)-doped Prussian blue nanoparticles for Li-ion battery anode material(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Yakar, Emin; Sarf, Fatma; Bayirli, MehmetAs an anode in Li-ion batteries, cubic or cage forms derived from Prussian blue (PB) analogues have been so attractive although studies are limited for the PB nanoparticle form. In addition, the nanoparticle size affects the electrode performance while such influence on the sono-chemical route mechanism remains largely unexplored in Li-ion batteries. Here, we report a facile co-precipitation method to produce PB nanoparticles, which compare with the addition of sono-chemical route by metal (Cu- and Ti-) doping. The average grain size and fractal dimension of the synthesized PB particles were measured in the range of 18-23 nm and 1.879 +/- 0.009-1.812 +/- 0.016, respectively. By using sono-chemical route assisted co-precipitation, pure and metal-doped PB electrodes reach more than the specific capacity of traditional graphite anodes for 100 cycles. The preferential orientation shifts from (200) to (400) with Ti-doping and improved electrochemical stability with increasing coating ratio. With the decreasing average crystallite size of Cu-doping (18 nm for Debye-Scherrer method), cycle stability also improves. This study presents a new approach by presenting reduced cluster size as well as average particle size of nanoparticles that contribute to the anode performance.Öğe Binder-Free Lignite-Derived Carbon/NiFe2O4 Fiber Structures as a Potential Anode Material for Na-ion Batteries(Soc Quimica Mexico, 2026) Sarf, Fatma; Yakar, EminRational structural design is crucial for achieving superior sodium storage performance in anode materials for Na-ion batteries. Although cost-effective coal-based carbon materials are highly attractive, their diverse structures often lead to poor performance during the Na/Na+ process. In this study, lignite-based activated carbon/NiFe2O4 nanofiber composites were synthesized using a simple low-temperature co-precipitation method at 100 degrees C. ZnCl2 and KOH were selected as activating agents for fabricating activated carbons from raw lignite sources. By employing different structural models, the estimated crystallite size of the lignite-based activated carbon ranges from 41 to 47 nm, while the range for NiFe2O4 nanofiber incorporation is between 95 and 143 nm. The Raman spectrum of the samples confirms sharp D, G, and shallow 2D bands of activated carbon located at similar to 1340, 1580, and 2700 cm(-1), respectively. The presence of sulfur and silicon residues in the activated carbon structure hinders sodium ion transport. The reduction of silicon content and the elimination of sulfur, combined with the incorporation of NiFe2O4 fibers and the creation of additional active zones, enhances the electrochemical performance by providing more Na-storage sites. The results indicate that the lignite-based activated carbon/NiFe2O4 nanofiber composites exhibit improved rate performance compared to individual lignite-derived activated carbons.Öğe Determination of Structural and Optical Properties of Zn1-xCuxO Nanoparticles by Chemical Bath Deposition Waste Recovery Technique(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 2023) Yakar, EminThe present study was conducted to obtain Cu:ZnO nanoparticles by precipitation technique from chemical bath deposition wastes and to characterize the samples by various techniques to determine their size, morphology, band gap and defect energy states. In this work, Zn1-xCuxO nanoparticles (x= 0.025, x=0.050, and x=0.075) were synthesized by co-precipitation technique using chemical bath deposition wastes of Cu:ZnO thin films. The XRD evaluation showed that the well-crystalline hexagonal wurtzite ZnO indexed peaks. Average crystallite sizes were found to be around 35.6-42.9 nm range by using the Debye-Scherrer equation. Surface mor- phology results showed that dense layer of nano-roses and less nanorods formations in low Cu-concentrated (x=0.025 and x=0.050) samples. The optical absorption edge shifted slightly to the higher wavelength from 350 nm to 375 nm with decreasing copper concentration, as mentioned the blue shift. Blue shift might be caused an increase in optical band gap from 3.14 eV to 3.28 eV due to the decrease in Cu concentration. In this study, the preferred co- precipitation technique was performed by using the wastes of chemical bath deposition. This work aims to produce high quality Cu:ZnO nanoparticles and investigate their optical properties by using “Chemical Bath Deposition” wastes of Cu:ZnO films. In this way, the recovery of chemical bath deposition waste and the production of thin films and nanoparticles from a single solution might be possible.Öğe Developing Novel Materials to Increase Opacity Performance of the CaOAl2O3-SiO2 System in Ceramic Coatings(2019) Çırpın, Arife; Yakar, EminThe era we live in is the age of rapid changes. Turkey is a developing country with increasingneeds. As in other countries, the main axis of development inevitably constitutes theconstruction sector. This motivation is a common for the ceramic industry; however it shouldbe focused on the whitening agents used on ceramic tiles with the view of their contributionon the cost including imported ingredients. In this study, a novel whitening agent isformulated by introducing native raw material compositions to reduce costs in ceramic tilesproduction. To characterize the whitening agent, chemical structures of the raw materialswere firstly carried out with particle size, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence(XRF) analyses. Zircon, aluminum and silicon oxide were obtained based on the regardingchemical analyzes in the content of introduced raw materials. In addition, the XRD analysisreveals that grain sizes of zircon, corundum, spinel (Li, Ti), baddeleyite and gibbsite are inbetween 1.50-2.00 µm.Öğe Development and characterisation of olive oil based spreads containing different seasonings(Innovhub Ssi-Area Ssog, 2023) Öğütçü, Mustafa; Dinçer Albayrak, Elif; Çokay, Hatice; Yakar, EminThe main objective of the present study was to produce olive oil-based table spreads enriched with different spices by using the organogel technique and to investigate the effect of spices on the oleogel network formed by the self-assembly of natural waxes. For that reason, the oleogels were prepared with sunflower wax, beeswax and shellac wax, and enriched with poppy seeds, thyme, lemon peel, mint, and their physico-chemical, thermal, textural and structural properties were determined. In order to determine the storage stability, peroxide, acid and colour values were monitored during 90 days of storage at +4 degrees C. The sunflower oleogels with and without additives had higher oil binding capacity, firmness and stickiness values than the beeswax and shellac wax oleogels. The sunflower and shellac wax oleogels had peaks around 3.70 and 4.10 A that indicated presence of beta prime polymorphic form. Both enriched and plain oleogels prepared with sunflower wax remained stable even at the end of the storage period at 5% wax addition level. Similar results were observed in the beeswax and shellac wax oleogels without spices. Particularly, the oil-binding capacity, stability, firmness and stickiness values of the oleogels were influenced by spice addition. In conclusion, sunflower wax was found to be more suitable than beeswax and shellac wax for the formation of oleogels with additives, such as spices, at 5% wax addition level.Öğe Effectiveness of different packaging films and trays on mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) subjected to simulated transportation conditions at different vibration frequencies(Wiley Periodicals LLC., 2021) Özturk, Mehmet; Yakar, Emin; Temizkan, Rıza; Aday, Mehmet SeçkinThis study aimed to determine the different vibration frequencies (4, 8, 12, and 16 Hz) and packaging trays and films (Polypropylene trays + microperforated films (MP) and Polystyrene foam trays + polyvinyl chloride stretch films (PVC)) effects on mushroom quality. The quality of the mushrooms in MP was reduced with the increment in the frequency, whereas the effect of the frequency was only detrimental in the mushrooms packaged with PVC at 16 Hz. Oxygen concentration reached the equilibrium state at the level of 15% in PVC and 9% in MP groups. The whiteness index of mushrooms in MP was between 25 and 40, whereas it was around 20-30 in PVC films. However, changes in electrolyte leakage, pH, and hardness were minimal in the mushrooms packaged with PVC. As a result, PVC stretch films reduced the effect of transport frequencies, however, the optimal gas concentrations for mushrooms were only achieved using MP films. Practical applications In this study, effects of different packaging films, and trays were studied on mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) which were subjected to simulated transportation conditions at different vibration frequencies. Foam trays with PVC films reduced the effect of transportation damage. Transportation damage in MP packages observed to be increased with the rise in the frequency. MP films helped to achieve the desired gas composition inside the packages.Öğe Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of Prussian Blue/MWCNT and PB/WO3 films(Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2021) Yakar, EminIn this study, Prussian Blue (PB)/MWCNTs and PB/WO3 nanocomposite films were deposited onto In-SnO2 (ITO) substrates by a simple chemical bath deposition method. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of PB/MWCNTs films were systematically investigated in detail. Removing influence of ITO, it was evident that both of the patterns could be indexed in the cubic PB phase, from X-ray diffraction analysis. While intense tubular carbon and agglomerative formations were detected in PB/MWCNTs films, cubic PB and spherical WO3 forms were depicted in PB/WO3 films. Average particle sizes (D) of MWCNTs (5.8 nm) were smaller than WO3 (10.5 nm) due to improved particle growth process as shown in this work. Raman analysis proved the production of PB structures. Typical Prussian Blue ν(CN) and stretching vibration of Fe-C at 2159 cm-1 and 507 cm-1 were observed, respectively. Improved electrochemical performance of PB/MWCNTs electrodes was indicated compared to PB/WO3 electrodes.Öğe Identification of intrinsic deep level defects responsible for electret behavior in T1GaSe2 layered semiconductor(Elsevier, 2016) Seyidov, MirHasan Yu; Mikailzade, Faik A.; Uzun, Talip; Odrinsky, Andrei P.; Yakar, Emin; Aliyeva, Vafa B.; Babayev, Sardar S.Unusual behavior of pyroelectric current signal polarity near the Curie point ( T-c) was observed for TIGaSe2 a ferroelectric-semiconductor. It has been revealed that the polarity of the spontaneous polarization near T-c depends on the sample poling prehistory. In particular, applying an external electric field only in the temperature range of the paraelectric state during cooling regime in darkness brought to the depolarization current at I with the sign opposite to the external field polarity. Otherwise, if the sample was poled in the temperature interval of the incommensurate phase, pyroelectric current exhibits a peak at T-c with the polarity that is the same as for the external poling electric field. These observations indicate that internal electric field is present in the bulk and near-surface layer regions of the electrically poled single crystal TIGaSe2. Possible mechanisms and origins responsible for the internal electric fields in TIGaSe2 are discussed. It is shown that the formation of internal electric fields in TIGaSe2 is due to charging of intrinsic native defects during the poling process. Characteristics of electrically active intrinsic defects in TIGaSe2 were investigated by using of Photo-Induced Current Transient Spectroscopy (PICTS) technique. Six deep defect levels in the band gap of TIGaSe2 were determined, which were localized both in the bulk and on the surface of the sample and could be electrically charged. The correlation between polarization effects and PICTS results has been established. It was shown that native deep defects (A3-A6) localized in the bulk of crystal are responsible for hetero-charge formation and negative sign of the pyroelectric current peak observed around the Curie temperature after poling the sample in the temperature intervals well above I. It was also shown that the positive sign pyrocurrent observed near the Curie point is attributed to the homo-charge formed by native A2-trapping centers which are localized near the surface region of TIGaSe2. Native deep level trap having an activation energy of 0.26 eV and the capture cross section of 2.8 x 10(-13) cm(2) were established for A2 from PICTS measurements. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Impact of Kernel Opacity on Protein Content, Some Essential Amino Acids, and Zein Film Properties in Maize(Springer, 2025) Gumus, Muhammet; Danisman, Merve; Kibar, Kubra; Yakar, Emin; Oral, Ayhan; Kahriman, FatihOpacity is one of the key indicators of protein quality in maize. Compared to normal maize genotypes, opaque maize contains higher amounts of essential amino acids, contributing to higher levels of lysine and tryptophan, which are limiting in maize diets. These essential amino acids are particularly critical for zeins, the dominant protein fraction in maize, as zeins serve as valuable raw materials with both industrial and nutritional applications. Although zein-based films have been widely studied, there is limited research comparing the properties of zein films derived from maize samples with different kernel opacity levels. In this study, a maize genotype known to possess the opaque trait was used to obtain samples with five different opacity levels. Protein, lysine, and tryptophan content variations were analyzed in flour, raw zein, and zein film samples. Additionally, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of zein films was performed according to opacity levels. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences between means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test (P < 0.05). The protein content was found to range between 7.6 and 10.14% in flour and 80.6-86.9% in raw zein. Lysine content varied between 1.00 and 1.81% in flour and 0.03-2.28% in raw zein, while tryptophan content ranged from 0.175 to 0.228% in flour to 0.38-2.17% in raw zein. An increase in opacity level led to a decrease in protein content; however, it significantly enhanced the essential amino acid content across all sample types. Furthermore, opacity levels had a substantial impact on the structural properties of zein films. Significant differences were observed among the film samples in terms of color intensity (e.g., L* values ranging from 83.64 in PVA-PEG control to 68.34 in PVA-PEG-Zein100), chroma (2.64 to 40.45), and hue angle (23.30 degrees to 92.43 degrees). Additionally, film thickness varied significantly between 0.028 mm and 0.195 mm across formulations. Mechanical differences were also evident, particularly in storage modulus and flexibility, as quantified through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Although variations in glass transition temperature were modest and appeared to correlate with differences in film opacity-attributable to the lysine-to-tryptophan ratio-a pronounced enhancement in storage modulus was observed. Notably, the formulation exhibiting the highest lysine-tryptophan content showed an increase of up to 1000 times in the storage modulus.The findings suggest that processing and utilizing maize samples separated by opacity level for raw material production could provide important nutritional advantages for food and other applications.Öğe Investigation of Ferromagnetism and Growth Correlation ofTransition Metal Doped ZnO(2021) Sarf, Fatma; Aşıkuzun, Elif; Yakar, EminIn this study, a series of 3d transition metal (TM) (Co, Ni and Fe) doped ZnO particles synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. Structural, morphological and magnetic properties were investigated to determine correlation between growth process and ferromagnetism of metal doped ZnO samples. All samples had ZnO hexzagonal würtzite structure and slightly shift of ZnO indexed peaks was observed by TM incorporation in ZnO. Although ZnO samples had granular forms, agglomerative forms had emerged in TM:ZnO samples due to the fast growth process. The pure ZnO sample transformed paramagnetic to ferromagnetic by TM incorporation due to carrier mediated exchange interaction between TM ions. The results demonstatedthat doping with Fe3+ ions in ZnO structure had enhanced ferromagnetism although fast growth and high particle agglomeration.Öğe Investigation of H2S gas sensing performance of Ni:WO3 films at room temperature: nickel precursor effect(Springer, 2022) Er, Irmak Karaduman; Sarf, Fatma; Yakar, EminIn this work, pure and nickel-doped WO3 films were produced by chemical bath deposition on In-doped SnO2 (ITO) substrates without annealing process. To synthesize the Ni:WO3 films, two different types of nickel precursors were used as NiSO4 and NiCl2. The influence of Ni doping using different Ni precursors on the structural, morphological, optical, and gas sensing properties of WO3 films toward H2S gas was investigated in detail. All samples have monoclinic WO3 polycrystallization where a substitution of Ni2+ ions with W6+ mi olmali ions is detected from the slight shift in x-ray diffraction patterns with the Ni doping process. With nickel chloride source, the synthesized Ni:WO3 samples exhibit nano-ball shapes with different dimensions on the film surfaces. Optical band gap energy severely decreases with nickel doping due to increasing oxygen vacancies, especially when nickel chloride is used as a precursor source in Ni:WO3 samples. Ni2+ ions introduction in WO3 host lattice has improved H2S gas detection capability; however, the biggest positive effect came from the NiSO4 precursor with increasing solubility and improved growth process. The response to 50 ppb H2S gas at room temperature was calculated as 7%, 11%, and 23% for pure WO3, NiCl2-based Ni:WO3, and NiSO4-based Ni:WO3 sensors, respectively. When the gas selectivity property was studied for NiSO4-based Ni:WO3 sensors, they showed more selectivity against H2S gas compared to H-2, benzene, methanol, etc. It is found that precursor type has an incredible impact on the H2S, reducing gas sensing properties in doped metal oxide gas sensor applications.Öğe Kolay sentezlenen WO3 filminin mikroyapısal ve intrinsik kusur durumlarının incelenmesi(Kutbilge Akademisyenler Derneği, 2022) Sarf, Fatma; Yakar, Emin; Gülen, OrhanBu çalışmada, WO3 filmleri, pH=2 koşulu altında kimyasal banyo ile In:SnO2 (ITO) substratlarına basitçe biriktirildi. Sentezlenen WO3 filminin yapısal, morfolojik ve optik özellikleri x-ışını kırınımı (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (sem), atomik kuvvet mikroskobu (AFM), Uv-Vis, fotolüminesans (PL) ve Raman spektrofotometresi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. X-ışını desenlerinden, tungsten oksit kaplama monoklinik bir faz yapısı sergilemiştir. Yüzeyde nanorod/nano-diş formlarının nispi homojen parçacık dağılımı gözlenmiş ve ayrıca literatürdeki benzer çalışmalara kıyasla yüzey pürüzlülüğü daha azdır. Uv-Vis spektrumundan safsızlık zirvesi tespit edilmemiştir. WO3 filminin bant aralığı Tauc grafiğinden ölçülmüştür. Yüzey kusur emisyon zirveleri, özellikle oksijen boşlukları PL spektrumundan belirlenir. Yeşil emisyon, heterojen film büyüme sürecine atfedilir. W-O optik fonon modları Raman spektrumlarından belirlenir. Bu sonuçlardan, toplama-biriktirme mekanizması WO3 film büyüme sürecinden sorumludurÖğe Kompleks Etken Madde Oranına Bağlı Olarak ZnFe2O4 Filmlerin İncelenmesi(2018) Sarf, Fatma; Yakar, EminSon yıllarda spinel ferrit malzemeler (MFe2O4; M= Fe,Ni,Co,Mg vb.) oldukça farklıalanlarda, örneğin indüktörler, manyetik sensörler, magneto-optik depolama ve kayıt cihazlarıvb., kullanımı ile dikkat çekmektedir. Spinel ferrit malzeme grubu içerisinde yer alanZnFe2O4 (çinko-ferrit) yüksek direnci, mekanik stabilitesi ve düşük dielektrik kayıpları ileözellikle yüksek frekans uygulamalarında karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Basit sentezlenme sürecineve düşük üretim/güç maliyetine sahip ZnFe2O4 malzemelerine olan ihtiyaç bu yöndekiaraştırma ve geliştirme çalışmalarını arttırmaktadır.Bu çalışmada çinko-ferrit filmleri kimyasal banyo depolama ile ITO alttaşlar üstüne farklıoranlarda kompleks etken madde kullanılarak sentezlenmiştir. Kompleks etken madde olarakamonyak tercih edilmiştir. Filmlerin amonyak oranına ve dolayısıyla çözeltinin pH’ına bağlıolarak değişen yapısal, yüzeysel ve optik özellikleri sırasıyla XRD, SEM ve Uv-Vis/Ramanspektroskopisi ile incelenmiştir. XRD spektrumlarından elde edilen veriler ışığında, kristalleşmenin amonyak oranı artışı ile birlikte arttığı tespit edilmiştir. SEM-yüzey morfoloji görüntüleri ile amonyak oranı değişiminin farklı biçimlerde nanoparçacıklar oluşumuna sebepolduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca filmlerin optik özelliklerinin amonyak oranı artışı ile iyileştiğitespit edilmiştir.Öğe Optical and Electrical Characterization of Crystallized M:WO3 (Cu, Fe, Ni) Films in Acidic Medium(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Yakar, Emin; Karaduman Er, Irmak; Sarf, FatmaPure and metal (M) doped [copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)] WO3 films have been produced on In:SnO2 (ITO) slides by using facile chemical bath deposition and then annealed at 500 oC for 2 h. Structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of the produced WO3-based films were examined. Monoclinic WO3 phase were observed in all the samples, and the peak intensities were decreased by metal inclusion with heterogeneous film growth on ITO substrate. Slight shifts from defect related emission peaks (blue and green) were observed in metal-substituted WO3 samples from PL study. An optical band gap was observed to decrease in M:WO3 samples. The surface resistance values were significantly reduced by metal additives compared to its pure counterpart, especially by the inclusion of nickel ions in WO3. The results indicated that nucleus growth and thereby impurity/defect-related surfaces had a serious effect on the optical and electrical properties of M:WO3 films.Öğe Optical and Electrochemical Properties of PB-ZnO and PB-ZnO/MWCNT Nanocomposite Films Deposited by Chemical Bath(Int Information & Engineering Technology Assoc, 2018) Ozutok, Fatma; Yakar, EminThe first aim of this study was to investigate the ZnO modification effect on the prussian blue (PB) films. A second aim of the study was to determine the decoration effect of multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the PB-ZnO nanocomposite films which could be deposited by chemical bath. The electrochemical behaviour of PB films was systematically studied using ZnO-orZnO/MWCNT modification. Additionally, detailed optical properties of nanocomposite films were determined by UV-VIS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Optical transparency was severely decreased by ZnO modification onto PB film but the decoration of MWCNTs did not change the optical transparency of film compared to PB film. PB, ZnO and MWCNT presence in the nanocomposite films were proven by FTIR spectrum. Stretching vibration peak of C=N shifted to short-wavelength for PB-ZnO nanocomposite films and same peak disappeared with MWCNT coating due to the structural distortion. ZnO modification and MWCNT coating affected the electrochemical properties due to the different factors such as OH-group effect in film growth process, Zn2+ substitution with Fe2+ site and interaction between ferricyanide ions and oxygen.Öğe Potasyum Katkılamanın Ag:ZnO Filmlerinin Yapısal Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi(2022) Sarf, Fatma; Yakar, EminBu çalışmada, Ag:ZnO ve Ag-K:ZnO filmleri basit ve efektif bir üretim tekniği olan kimyasal banyolama tekniği ile ZnO gövde tabakalar üzerine sentezlenmiştir.Filmlerin yapısal özelliklerinin detaylı şekilde incelenmesinin yanı sıra yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri hesaplanmış ve örneklerin Raman spektrumu incelenmiştir. Tüm filmler hekzagonal würtzite ZnO kristal yapısına sahiptir. Ag katkılaması ile tane büyüklüğü µm mertebesinden 36 nm’ye azalmış ve ZnO kristalleşmesi iyileşmiştir. Buna karşın, K+ iyonlarının yapıya girmesiyle tane büyüklüğü nispeten azalmasına karşın (32 nm) ZnO kristalleşmesi ciddi biçimde bozunmuştur. Yüzeyde nanoparçacıkların oluşumuna ve yüzey pürüzlülük değerlerinde azalmaya potasyum katkılamanın etkisi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Numunelerde gözlenen farklı şiddette tüm zirveler, ZnO würtzite yapısının Raman modlarından bazıları ile eşleşme göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, gerek tekil (Ag) gerek ise ikili (Ag-K) katkılamayla beraber, ZnO yapısındaki kusur yoğunluklarının artması ve değişmesi nedeniyle, kristal yapı ve yüzey dağılımında bozulma meydana geldiği düşünülmektedir. Ancak potasyum atomlarının Ag:ZnO yapısına girmesi ile fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler üzerinde iyileştirici etkisi saptanmıştır.Öğe Production and Characterization of ZrO2-Al2O3-K2O Based Ceramic Whitening Agents(Springer, 2022) Cirpin, Arife; Yakar, EminZircon-containing whitening agents are indispensable components increasing the cost of ceramic tiles. In the ceramic industry, the developing of unique and low-cost whitening agents with comparable final product quality is an essential motivation. In this study, a unique ZrO2-Al2O3-K2O-based whitening agent was developed by mixing zircon silicate, Al2O3, K-feldspar, and marble with various weight concentrations to reduce costs and give a valid alternative to the commercially available R6-coded ZrO2-Al2O3-Na2O whitening agent. To test the innovative ZrO2-Al2O3-K2O-based whitening agent's efficiency, a systematic characterization procedure was utilized to reveal factors affecting the tile opacity, including size, shape, and distribution of opacifier particles and the incident light wavelength. First, x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence analyses examined the initial grain sizes and structural properties of the whitening agent constituents. Second, a wet milling process in industrial mills was utilized to produce a homogenized ZrO2-Al2O3-K2O-based composite whitening agent. Structural, mineralogical, and morphological properties of the final product were determined after the drying process. The efficiency of the wet milling process was proved according to scanning microscopy analysis revealing homogenous particle size distribution of constituents with mainly composed of ZrO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 phases. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis reveals that Si-Al-O-Zr and Ca were major elements whereas Na was obtained as minor element.Öğe Seramik Kaplama Malzemelerinde CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Sisteminde Kullanılacak Örtücülük Performansını Arttırıcı Yeni Malzemelerin Geliştirilmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2019) Çırpın, Arife; Yakar, Eminİçinde yaşadığımız çağ, hızlı değişimlerin çağıdır. Türkiye de artan ihtiyaçları olan gelişmekte olan bir ülkedir. Diğer gelişmekte olan ülkelerde olduğu gibi, ana gelişme eksenini kaçınılmaz olarak inşaat sektörü oluşturmaktadır. Bu motivasyon seramik endüstrisi için de ortak bir unsurdur, ancak ithal edilen malzemelerin maliyete katkısı göz önüne alınarak seramik karolarda kullanılan beyazlatıcılara odaklanılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada maliyet azaltma çalışmaları kapsamında seramik üretiminde fiyat ve miktar açısından önemli bir girdi olan Zirkonun yerine kullanılmaya başlanan ithal beyazlatıcının yerli kompozisyonları elde edilmesine katkı sağlayacak beyazlatıcı karakterizasyon çalışmaları tamamlanmıştır. İlk aşamada kullanılan hammaddelerin kimyasal analizleri, tane boyutları (mastersizer) , X-Işın difraksiyonu (XRD) ve X-Işını floresans (XRF) analiz çekimleri yardımı ile kimyasal, fiziksel ve minerolojik analizleri tamamlanmıştır. Kimyasal analizlerinde zirkon silikat, alüminyum oksit ve silisyum oksit saptanmıştır. Ayrıca tane boyutlarının d50=1,50 ile ɥm - 2,00 ɥm arasında olduğu X-Işın difraksiyonu (XRD) minerolojik analizlerinde ise zirkon, korundum, spinel (Li ,Ti ), baddeleyite, gibbsite varlığı da görülmüştürÖğe Seramik Kaplama Malzemelerinde CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Sisteminde Kullanılacak Örtücülük Performansını Arttırıcı Yeni Malzemelerin Geliştirilmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2019) Çırpın, Arife; Yakar, Eminİçinde yaşadığımız çağ, hızlı değişimlerin çağıdır. Türkiye de artan ihtiyaçları olan gelişmekte olan bir ülkedir. Diğer gelişmekte olan ülkelerde olduğu gibi, ana gelişme eksenini kaçınılmaz olarak inşaat sektörü oluşturmaktadır. Bu motivasyon seramik endüstrisi için de ortak bir unsurdur, ancak ithal edilen malzemelerin maliyete katkısı göz önüne alınarak seramik karolarda kullanılan beyazlatıcılara odaklanılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada maliyet azaltma çalışmaları kapsamında seramik üretiminde fiyat ve miktar açısından önemli bir girdi olan Zirkonun yerine kullanılmaya başlanan ithal beyazlatıcının yerli kompozisyonları elde edilmesine katkı sağlayacak beyazlatıcı karakterizasyon çalışmaları tamamlanmıştır. İlk aşamada kullanılan hammaddelerin kimyasal analizleri, tane boyutları (mastersizer) , X-Işın difraksiyonu (XRD) ve X-Işını floresans (XRF) analiz çekimleri yardımı ile kimyasal, fiziksel ve minerolojik analizleri tamamlanmıştır. Kimyasal analizlerinde zirkon silikat, alüminyum oksit ve silisyum oksit saptanmıştır. Ayrıca tane boyutlarının d50=1,50 ile ?m - 2,00 ?m arasında olduğu X-Işın difraksiyonu (XRD) minerolojik analizlerinde ise zirkon, korundum, spinel (Li ,Ti ), baddeleyite, gibbsite varlığı da görülmüştür.
