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    Convergence in ecological footprint across the member states of ECOWAS: evidence from a novel panel unit root test
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Yilanci, Veli; Ursavas, Ugur; Ursavas, Neslihan
    In this paper, we investigate the convergence in ecological footprint per capita across the ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) countries from 1968 to 2017. For this aim, we apply a panel Fourier threshold unit root test recently proposed by Yilanci et al. (2021). This methodology considers both multiple smooth structural changes and nonlinearity, which allows us to get more reliable results. The results of the study support the evidence of nonlinearity for the series, so we test the null of divergence in a nonlinear framework. Since test statistics are statistically significant, we conclude that there is global convergence for the sample. Besides, we find that the type of convergence is absolute, which supports the view that the ecological footprint of the ECOWAS countries will equalize in the long run, and the emission allocation policies should be given priority by policymakers.
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    Öğe
    The convergence in ecological footprint intensity across ECOWAS countries: evidence from a novel approach
    (Springer, 2024) Yilanci, Veli; Yasin, Iftikhar; Ursavas, Neslihan
    Ecological footprint intensity (EFI) reflects the amount of ecological footprint utilized to generate one dollar of GDP per capita. Analyzing EFI convergence among countries unveils the efficiency of ecological footprint usage while considering GDP per capita differences. This study investigates the convergence process of EFI across 12 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries from 1961 to 2018. Unlike previous studies focusing on convergence across the entire period, this research employs a novel approach using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the EFI series into different frequency scales (short, medium, and long-run). This methodology enables us to assess convergence patterns across various time frames, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the convergence process. We then apply the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test to examine convergence across each frequency. Our findings reveal that while short-term convergence is evident for all 12 countries, medium and long-term convergence patterns vary. These results highlight the importance of considering time periods when developing environmental policies.