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    Antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Arcobacter species
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2013) Unver, Ahmet; Atabay, Halil Ibrahim; Sahin, Mitat; Celebi, Ozgur
    Aim: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Arcobacter strains isolated from domestic geese, which have great potential for the transmission of arcobacters to humans and animals by contamination of water sources. Materials and methods: A total of 16 Arcobacter strains including A. cryaerophilus (7), A. skirrowii (7), and A. butzleri (2) were examined for their susceptibilities to 20 antibiotics using a disk-diffusion method. Results: All Arcobacter isolates tested were resistant to cloxacillin, cefazolin, optochin, vancomycin, and fusidic acid, and most were susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol (except for A. butzleri), nitrofurantoin, amikacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, ampicillin sulbactam, and amoxicillin (except for A. butzleri). All A. skirrowii and most A. cryaerophilus isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. All 3 A. butzleri strains tested were resistant to cephalothin, while most A. skirrowii strains and 3 strains of A. cryaerophilus were susceptible to this antibiotic. Both isolates of A. butzleri were susceptible to rifampicin. Variable results were obtained for the other antibiotics used in this study. Conclusion: The incidence of antibiotic susceptibility in arcobacters varied among species, which suggests that suitable antibiotic(s) should be selected for the treatment of infectious disease(s) and/or when developing selective media for the isolation of a wide range of Arcobacter species.
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    Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases in Nizip, Turkey After the Syrian Civil War
    (Ankara Microbiology Soc, 2014) Salman, Ismail Serkan; Vural, Ahmet; Unver, Ahmet; Sacar, Suzan
    Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), seen endemically in many countries, is a widespread protozoon disease all around the world. The neighboring countries of Turkey namely Iran, Iraq and Syria are highly endemic regions for CL, and more than 98% of the cases in Turkey are reported from South and Southeastern Anatolian regions. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of CL in Nizip, a district of Gaziantep province of southeastern Turkey, for three and half year period and to call attention to the dramatic increase of CL cases observed after the Syrian civil war. A total of 416 samples obtained from clinically suspected CL patients (of them 341 were Syrian refugees) who were admitted to Nizip State Hospital between January 1(st) 2010 and March 19(th) 2013 were included in the study. Lesion samples were collected according to the notice issued by Turkish Ministry of Health and Giemsa-stained smears were examined under the microscope (x1000). Samples from 77 patients (18.5%) yielded positive results with the observation of Leishmania amastigote forms. Fourty-seven (61%) of patients were female and 30 (39%) were male. Of the positive patients 52 (67.5%) belonged to 0-19 age group, 13 (16.9%) 20-39 and 12 (15.6%) 40-60 age groups. In the evaluation of the lesion characteristics, 33 (43%) patients had single and 44 (57%) had multiple lesions with a distribution mainly on face, arm and lower extremities, in a decreasing order. The period of time for the development of the lesions varied from 1.5 month to one year with the mean value of 3.4 months. There was no statistically significant relationship between the age and gender of patients, and the characteristics (quantity, distribution and time of occurence) of lesions (p> 0.05). The number of domestic and Syrian CL cases detected in Nizip in the years of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 (the first three months) were as follows; 1 and 0, 2 and 0, 7 and 0, 5 and 62, respectively. So a total of 62 (80.5%) and 15 (19.5%) of CL patients were found to be Syrian refugees and Turkish citizens, respectively. Since the number of the cases admitted to the hospital was significantly low in comparison to the total population of refugees living in the camps, it was assumed that the real incidence of CL was much higher than determined. The data obtained in this study revealed that Nizip and the surroundings which have already had favourable climate and vector potential for CL, exhibited a higher threat for the spread of the disease following the hosting of the refugees. Thus implementation of effective prevention and control measures should be taken into consideration implemented in that specific area.
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    In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial features of sugammadex
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2014) Hanci, Volkan; Vural, Ahmet; Hanci, Sevgi Yilmaz; Kiraz, Hasan Ali; Omur, Dilek; Unver, Ahmet
    Background: Drugs administered by intravenous routes may be contaminated during several stages of production or preparation. Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin. While research into the antibacterial effects of varieties of cyclodextrin is available, there are no studies focusing on the antibacterial effects of sugammadex. This study investigates the in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex. Materials and methods: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex was investigated using the broth microdilution method. The pH of the test solution was determined using a pH meter. The test microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. In the second phase of the study 100 mg/mL sugammadex (54 mu g) was contaminated with test microorganisms (50 mu g), including S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. fecalis ATCC 29212, E. cob ATCC 25922 and P aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Left to incubate for 24 h and then the bacterial production in sugammadex was evaluated. Results: The pH of the test solutions ranged between 7.25 and 6.97. Using the microdilution method, sugammadex had no antibacterial effect on S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P aeruginosa at any concentration. In the second phase of the study bacterial production was observed after 24h in 100 mg/mL sugammadex contaminated with the test microorganisms S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Sugammadex had no antimicrobial effect on the test microorganisms, S. aureus, E. fecal's, E. coli and P aeruginosa. Care should be taken that sterile conditions are maintained in the preparation of sugammadex; that the same sugammadex preparation not be used for more than one patient; and that storage conditions are adhered to after sugammadex is put into the injector. (C) 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights
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    Is hyperbaric oxygen or ozone effective in experimental endocarditis?
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2016) Ozkan, Muhammed Turgut Alper; Vural, Ahmet; Cicek, Omer Faruk; Yener, Ali Umit; Ozcan, Sedat; Toman, Huseyin; Unver, Ahmet
    Background: Infective endocarditis, a disease with high mortality and morbidity, is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus; mortality and morbidity further increase in the presence of methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Linezolid is the first of the oxazolidinones, a new antibiotic group that has been approved for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci. Linezolid reduces the quantity of microorganisms in vegetation to some extent; in addition, the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and ozone (O-3) therapies is likely to improve targeted antibacterial effect. Materials and methods: Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g were used. The subjects were divided into groups as follows: Group 1 (n = 8): control group that was not inoculated with microorganisms and was untreated; Group 2 (n = 8): control group that was inoculated with microorganisms but was untreated; Group 3 (n = 8): linezolid treatment group; Group 4 (n = 8): O-3 therapy group; Group 5 (n = 8): HBO therapy group; Group 6 (n = 8): linezolid + O-3 therapy group; Group 7 (n = 8): linezolid + HBO therapy group. Results: In terms of reducing the number of colonies in the aortic valve, linezolid + HBO therapy was found to be the most effective treatment. Then, respectively linezolid + O-3, linezolid, HBO, and O-3 were found to be effective. Conclusions: We found that linezolid significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the vegetation in the experimental endocarditis model, and HBO therapy increases the effectiveness of linezolid and makes this better than O-3. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter spp. by Multiplex PCR from Water Sources in Kars Region
    (Springer, 2015) Celik, Elif; Unver, Ahmet
    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in various water sources of stream, creek, pond, and drinking water in Kars and surrounding areas. A total of 113 water samples including 19 samples from creeks, 49 from streams, 10 from ponds, and 35 from drinking water samples collected from different regions were examined for presence of Arcobacter spp. by cultural methods. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 14 (12.38 %) samples including 5 (26.31 %) creek and 9 (18.36 %) stream water samples and all were identified as Arcobacter butzleri by multiplex PCR. No agent was isolated from pond and drinking water samples. The results of this study demonstrated that creek and stream waters are contaminated by this agent showing high potential risk of Arcobacter species to be transmitted to humans and animals and in the contamination of food. It is concluded that water sources should also be considered as a factor not only carrying agents but also as a primary source of the infection.
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    Nitric oxide levels and oxidant-antioxidant capacities in patients with brucellosis
    (A. CARBONE Editore, 2016) Pancarci, Berrin; Unver, Ahmet; Çetinkol, Yeliz; Atakisi, Onur
    Introduction: This study aimed to investigate relationships among serum nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, total oxidant-antioxidant capacities (TOC-TAC), serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanin Aminotransferase (ALT) and hematological parameters in Brucella seropositive (serum samples positive for Brucella) and seronegative (serum samples negative for Brucella) human serum samples. Materials and methods: Eighty positive and 20 negative human sera to Brucella Serum Tube Agglutination Test were used for determination of NO, TOC-TAC, CRP, AST, ALT. Results: Serum TOC concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in Brucella seropositive titers compared to Brucella seronegative serum samples regardless of titers. However, there was no difference among different seropositive titers for serum TOC concentrations. In contrast, no effect of Brucella antibody titers on serum NO, TAC, CRP, AST and ALT levels was proved. However, AST concentration tended to be (P < 0.07) higher at 1/640 titer. While Brucella antibody titers decreased leukocyte (P < 0.05) and increased erythrocyte (P < 0.05) counts at 1/640 titers with no change at 1/160 and 1/320 titers, no effect of Brucella antibody titers was detected on thrombocyte counts. There was a positive correlation between Brucella antibody titers and TOC (r=0,44; P < 0,01), AST (r=0,23; P=0,05) levels and erythrocyte counts (r=0,32; P < 0,01); whereas, there was a negative correlation between Brucella antibody titers and leukocyte counts (r= -0.32; P < 0,01). Conclusion: The increase in TOC levels and steady state levels of TAC could reveal that antioxidant system was efficient during the course of brucellosis. Furthermore, determination of TOC/TAC system along with hematological and inflammatory parameters may be helpful monitoring and better understanding the pathogenesis of brucellosis.
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    NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS AND OXIDANT-ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITIES IN PATIENTS WITH BRUCELLOSIS
    (Carbone Editore, 2016) Pancarci, Berrin; Unver, Ahmet; Cetinkol, Yeliz; Atakisi, Onur
    Introduction: This study aimed to investigate relationships among serum nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, total oxidant-antioxidant capacities (TOC-TAC), serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanin Aminotransferase (ALT) and hematological parameters in Brucella seropositive (serum samples positive for Brucella) and seronegative (serum samples negative for Brucella) human serum samples. Materials and methods: Eighty positive and 20 negative human sera to Brucella Serum Tube Agglutination Test were used for determination of NO, TOC-TAC, CRP, AST, ALT. Results: Serum TOC concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) higher in Brucella seropositive titers compared to Brucella seronegative serum samples regardless of titers. However, there was no difference among different seropositive titers for serum TOC concentrations. In contrast, no effect of Brucella antibody titers on serum NO, TAC, CRP, AST and ALT levels was proved. However, AST concentration tended to be (P<0.07) higher at 1/640 titer. While Brucella antibody titers decreased leukocyte (P<0.05) and increased erythrocyte (P<0.05) counts at 1/640 titers with no change at 11160 and 1/320 titers, no effect of Brucella antibody titers was detected on thrombocyte counts. There was a positive correlation between Brucella antibody titers and TOC (r=0,44; P<0,01), AST (r=0,23; P=0,05) levels and erythrocyte counts (r=0,32; P<0,01); whereas, there was a negative correlation between Brucella antibody titers and leukocyte counts (r=-0.32; P<0,01). Conclusion: The increase in TOC levels and steady state levels of TAC could reveal that antioxidant system was efficient during the course of brucellosis. Furthermore, determination of TOC/TAC system along with hematological and inflammatory parameters may be helpful monitoring and better understanding the pathogenesis of brucellosis.
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    Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Horses in Kars and Ardahan Provinces of Turkey Where Ruminant Brucellosis is Endemic and Prevalent
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2013) Celebi, Ozgur; Buyuk, Fatih; Gulmez, Aliye; Unver, Ahmet; Otlu, Salih
    The prevalence of brucellosis was investigated in horses in Kars and Ardahan Districts of Turkey between 2008-2010. In order to achieve this, a total of 361 horse serum samples from 23 different villages were examined for Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal Plate Test and Serum Agglutination Test. Of the 361 sera obtained from horses, 48 (13.29%) were determined positive by RBPT and 52 (14.40%) by SAT. The positive titers varied between 1/40 and 1/320 for brucellosis by SAT. Among the positive samples, the titers were 1/40 in 24, 1/80 in 6, 1/160 in 18 and 1/320 in 4 samples.