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    Association Between Thyroid Antibodies and Ultrasonic Imaging in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
    (Galenos Publ House, 2022) Unal, Mustafa; Duran, Iffet Dagdelen; Karakilic, Ersen; Basaran, Mehtap Navdar; Guler, Serdar
    Aim: The association between high levels of anti-thyroid antibodies and the extent of destruction of thyroid tissue is well documented. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between anti-thyroid antibodies, thyroid hormones, and sonographic parenchymal changes. Methods: The study was designed as a case-control study. Four hundred and seventy-five patients with HT and 98 healthy subjects were included in the study. Serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone, and anti-thyroid antibodies (anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies) were measured. The ultrasonographic results of the patients were also recorded. Results: Serum levels of anti-TPO and anti-Tg were significantly associated with hypoechogenicity, heterogeneity, and pseudonodulation (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of cyst and nodule formation, however, a significant difference was found in terms of thyroid volume (p<0.001). Thyroid volumes were higher in the HT group. As serum anti-TPO levels increased in the HT group, parenchymal hypoechogenicity increased (p<0.001). Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a non-invasive method that provides information about the inflammatory activity of the thyroid gland. Significantly reduced echogenicity, heterogeneity, and multifocal pseudonodular infiltration were indicators of inflammatory activity and were associated with higher anti-TPO levels. Anti-TPO and ultrasonographical changes may be useful in the follow-up of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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    General health perception, depression and quality of life in geriatric grandmothers providing care for grandchildren
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2018) Yalcin, Bektas Murat; Pirdal, Hasan; Karakoc, Esat Veli; Şahin, Erkan Melih; Ozturk, Onur; Unal, Mustafa
    Aim/background: To investigate levels of depression, quality of life, general health perception, and factors affecting these in grandmothers providing care for their grandchildren. Material/method: One hundred two family physicians from four cities (Samsun, Amasya, Canakkale, and Izmir) in Turkey investigated 2859 women older than 65 years on their patient lists. Of these, 282 (9.8%) had spent at least 50 h caring for their grandchildren in the previous three months, and these were selected as the study group, while the remaining 2563 (89.6%) were enrolled as the control group. After all participants' demographic variables had been investigated, they completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Function 12 (Mental and physical component score) (SF-12), and the Visual Analog Scale of EQ-5D (VAS). The participants in the study group also completed a questionnaire investigating features of their grandchild care. Results: The study group (with the exception of custodial grandmothers) scored better on the SF-12 (PSC = 50.60 +/- 6.96 vs 48.24 +/- 8.12), (MCS = 49.70 +/- 7.77 vs 45.48 +/- 7.61), VAS (60.44 +/- 23.5 vs 54.16 +/- 19.5), and BDI (13.97 +/- 0.3 vs 19.49 +/- 0.2) compared to the control group (p < 0.0001 for all). Age, monthly income, mean length of education, duration of care, mean hours spent caregiving per week, being a custodial grandmother, presence of more than one chronic disease, and caring for more than one grandchild at a time were identified as factors affecting SF-12, VAS and BID in the study group. Conclusion: Grandchild care positively affected the grandmothers' quality of life, depression levels, and general health perception, with the exception of custodial grandmothers.