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    Evaluation of smart packaging functions of black carrot extract with polysaccharide-based films
    (Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2025) Ipsalalı, Ozde; Ugur Nigiz, Filiz
    This work aims to assess the manufacture of polysaccharide-based films derived from carrot waste incorporating pectin (P) and a developed alginate (A) matrix with black carrot extract (BC). P was extracted from carrot waste with a hot acid extraction methodology. The extraction yield was determined to be 17.71%. Biopolymer films designated A/P and A/P/BC were produced via the casting technique. In the films, carrot P and A solution were utilized at varying concentrations (0–1% by weight) to attain a total biopolymer content of 2% by weight. Furthermore, BC was integrated into the film at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% (v/v). Analyses of opacity, swelling, moisture, dynamic mechanical strength, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted to characterize the films. Furthermore, pH values of 4, 8, and 12 were chosen to evaluate the films' sensitivity to pH. The findings indicated that P concentration significantly influenced the opacity, swelling, and moisture content of the film samples, while concurrently reducing their mechanical strength. Additionally, as the amount of BC incorporated into the films grew, both opacity and mechanical strength enhanced, while moisture content diminished. The results revealed that carrot P and BC could be utilized in the production of smart packaging films. The production of these composite films represents an innovative strategy to address food waste that would otherwise be discarded, hence mitigating environmental effect. This concept has the ability to generate sustainable biobased packaging while simultaneously minimizing waste production. © 2025 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.
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    Fabrication and filtration of gum arabic doped electrospun PLA membrane for rejection of gray water pollutants
    (Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2025) Kahraman, Seniyecan; Katırcı, Ayşenur; Ugur Nigiz, Filiz
    Water scarcity, which is increasing with global warming and climate change, is one of the environmental problems that require urgent solutions. Gray water treatment is one of the effective methods to address this problem. Gray water from washing machines can contain organic and inorganic pollutants. Electrospun nanofibers show promise in the removal of these pollutants owing to their high surface area and tunable properties. In this study, gum arabic (GA) doped polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber membrane was produced by an electrospinning method for gray water filtration. GA is a functional and economical additive that complements the deficiencies of PLA and improves the hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, flexibility, and separation performance of the membrane. GA was added to the PLA membranes at 1-5%. The characterization tests revealed that GA doped membranes were successfully produced. In methylene blue filtration, the pure PLA membrane provided over 93% rejection, while this rate increased to 99% with GA additive. Emulsified oil removal was measured as 87% in the membrane with 2% GA additive. Approximately 50% rejection was achieved in linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) filtration and 100% in microplastic filtration. With GA additive, the surface contact angle decreased from 127° to 118° and hydrophilicity increased. In mechanical tests, the tensile strength of the PLA membrane without additives increased from 7 MPa to 11.8 MPa with 4% AG additive and the mechanical strength and flexibility increased significantly. In conclusion, GA doped PLA membranes are considered as an effective and sustainable option for gray water treatment. © 2025 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.
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    Green tea-boron nitride incorporated pumpkin pectin-alginate food packaging film preparation and characterization
    (Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2025) Ipsalalı, Ozde; Ugur Nigiz, Filiz
    Petroleum-based packaging poses a major environmental threat to life on Earth. This type of packaging does not degrade in nature for many years and causes environmental pollution as it is difficult/costly to recycle. Packaging is used in food storage to preserve food quality, ensure food safety and extend shelf life. With the increasing need for food in the world, the demand for packaging materials is also increasing. It is therefore difficult to strike a balance between the use and recycling of packaging. Efforts should be made to design food packaging according to the type of food, to produce it in an environmentally friendly way and to be applicable in food packaging systems. Within the scope of this study, food packaging films were produced to utilize agricultural residues left by farmers after harvest and integrate them into the economy. In this study, pectin was obtained from pumpkins and mixed with alginate to make packaging films. Green tea extract (GTE) was incorporated as an enhance water permeability and strength, while boron nitride nanoparticles (nB) were selected to improve the physical attributes of the films. The use of green tea decreased the moisture content and swelling of the films while enhancing their mechanical strength. The incorporation of nB into the films enhanced their opacity and mechanical strength, while simultaneously decreasing their moisture content, swelling percentage, and water vapor permeability rate (WVPR). Future research suggests that these films may serve as food packaging materials. © 2025 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.