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    Heavy Metals in Soil and Sand from Playgrounds of canakkale City (Turkey), and Related Health Risks for Children
    (Mdpi, 2022) Parlak, Mehmet; Tuncay, Tulay; Botsou, Fotini
    Children spend most of their time in playgrounds and, in parallel, constitute the social group most sensitive to contaminants. Here, we present the results of a comparative study of heavy-metal contents between soils and sand from sandboxes obtained from playgrounds of canakkale city. Average contents of soils followed the order of iron (Fe) (12,901 mg kg(-1)) > manganese (Mn) (475 mg kg(-1)) > zinc (Zn) (58 mg kg(-1)) > copper (Cu) (28 mg kg(-1)) > nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) (21 mg kg(-1)) > lead (Pb) (18 mg kg(-1)). Sand had lower contents, however, due to the reduction of particles size through prolonged use, and accumulation of Fe/Mn (oxyhydr)oxides on sand grains tended to diminish the differences between soils and sand. Through chemometric analysis, Cr and Ni were found to have a lithogenic origin, while the rest of metals were related to anthropogenic activities. Spatially, heavy-metal contents followed the pattern of the city's sprawl. Risk estimates on children's health showed that ingestion was the most important exposure route, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Exposure of children to sand was of similar importance to that of soils. These findings are significant, as the contamination of sand has not yet received much attention compared to the soil of playgrounds.
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    Heavy metals in tailings and soils in the Pb-Zn mining areas of North-west Türkiye and health risk evaluations
    (2024) Parlak, Mehmet; Tuncay, Tulay; Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan
    Improper mining waste and tailing management in Pb-Zn mining areas (Balya and Koru) in the north-west Türkiye have not been researched sufficiently. Accordingly, concentrations of heavy metal were determined in mine tailing and soils taken from Balya and Koru, and a health risk evaluation caused by heavy metals was performed. Average Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in mine tailings in Balya are 35.2, 17.8, 354.7, 1735, 10, 10089, 3730 mg kg-1 and these values were determined as 9.9, 8.9, 101.5, 1308, 4.5, 1871, 1375 mg kg-1 in the tailings in Koru, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples taken from both Balya and Koru were determined to be lower. The evaluation of heavy metals’ health risks was performed according to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. The primary route of heavy metals in adults and children has been determined by oral intake. For both children and adults, the order of the carcinogenic effects of heavy metals in mine tailings and soils in Balya and Koru was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. As the carcinogenic risk values of Cd and Pb for adults and children in mine tailing and soils in Balya were above the limit value, the children’s Cd carcinogenic risk values were found above the limit value in mine tailing and soils in Koru. The mining area in both Balya and Koru poses a risk to human health since it is close to settlements.
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    Soil losses due to leek and groundnut root crop harvesting: An unstudied regional problem in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2022) Parlak, Mehmet; Everest, Timucin; Tuncay, Tulay; Caballero-Calvo, Andres; Rodrigo-Comino, Jesus
    Soil loss from root crops is an increasingly significant problem studied for some species, such as potatoes, sugar beets, carrots, celery, and onions. It reduces soil fertility and, subsequently, soil productivity. For leek (Allium porrum) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), however, there is little information to date. More research on this topic could help farmers reduce the process of soil degradation. In some countries, such as Turkey, the production of these crops is perennial to supporting rural communities and ensuring food security. Therefore, it is important to quantify soil losses from leek and groundnut crops in Turkey. This study investigated the factors affecting soil losses and the cost of nutrients lost with the transported soil by analyzing randomly selected plants from 45 harvested leek and groundnut plots. Our results showed that soil losses reached 3.99 Mg ha(-1) per harvest for leek and 1.04 Mg ha(-1) for groundnut. Prevailing soil moisture explained 59% of the variability in the leek harvest and soil texture and bulk density for leek yield at harvest. In the groundnut harvest, 53% of the variability was explained by antecedent soil moisture and clay fraction for the groundnut yield at the time of harvest. The estimated annual cost of nutrients losses was $US 3.75 ha(-1) for leek and $US 0.76 ha(-1) for groundnut. It can be concluded that leek and groundnut harvesting causes soil and nutrient losses with considerable economic costs. Therefore, awareness should be raised among farmers and users. In addition, policymakers should consider the management of soil loss by crop harvesting (SLCH) processes.