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Öğe Being a physician: what messages have medical students received during the first month of medical school experience?(BMC, 2024) Korkmaz, Gunes; Toraman, Cetin; Tekin, Murat; Uysal, IbrahimBackgroundThis study aims to investigate the meanings that first-year medical students make about becoming a physician from the messages they receive from the faculty environment, faculty members and senior students after their one-month experience at the faculty of medicine.MethodsIn this phenomenological qualitative research, in-depth semi-structured interview was used to collect data from 21 first-year medical students, and data were analyzed through inductive content analysis method.ResultsAs a result of the analysis, one theme and four categories emerged about gaining professional competencies, having emotions specific to the profession, having sources of motivation, and challenges of becoming a physician in the future. The results reveal that first-year medical students think being a physician will help them gain professional competences, motivate them as the job is prestigious, a guaranteed profession, provides a multidisciplinary working environment, and gives opportunity to serve society and keep people alive. On the other hand, the first-year medical students are aware of the fact that their future profession will bring some challenges such as having to deal with a lot of stress, long working hours, mobbing, and having to study hard all the time during their education.ConclusionsWe believe that the current study presents significant results and some useful knowledge regarding the first-year medical students' perception of their future career as a physician.Öğe Clinical and prognostic value of pre-operative systemic inflammatory markers in clinical course and prognosis of ovarian cancer(Mre Press, 2020) Sahin, Haci Ozturk; Aydin, Zelal; Toktas, Ibrahim Ugras; Toraman, Cetin; Yuksel, Ilkbal Temel; Seyhan, Alper; Akbayir, OzgurObjectives: Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. The prognostic value of systemic inflammatory markers is gaining importance in cancer patients. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical and prognostic value of several inflammation markers to include neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), examined pre-operatively in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Design: Retrospective clinical study. Subjects: A total of 97 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent primary staging surgery or debulking surgery were analyzed retrospectively. The influence of NLR, PLR values on overall survey (OS) was tested with Kaplan-Meier method and clinical-pathological parameters were tested with chi-square test. Proportional influence of clinical-pathological data on overall survival was tested with hazard ratio uni-variate and multi-variate analyses. Results: Median values of NLR, PLR and CRP were accepted as cut-off value. While elevated NLR (> 2.94) was associated with elevated CA-125 values (p = 0.002), excess amount of ascites (p = 0.023) and presence of residual tumor (p = 0.036); elevated PLR was associated with elevated CA-125 values (p < 0.001), excess amount of ascites (p = 0.001), presence of residual tumor (p = 0.003) and advanced stage (p = 0.013). Elevated CRP values were associated with only elevated CA-125 values (p = 0.013) and excess amount of ascites (p = 0.046). In uni-variate analysis, presence of post-operative residual tumor, > 500 cc ascites, NLR and PLR values were associated with OS; in multi-variate analysis, only stage (p = 0.019) and presence of post-operative residual tumor (p = 0.016) were found to be independent risk factors for OS. Conclusion: Novel prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for better prediction of survival and definition of novel therapeutic targets.Öğe Comparison of Classical Test Theory vs. Multi-Facet Rasch Theory(Pegem Akad Yayincilik Egitim Danismanlik Hizmetleri Tic Ltd Sti, 2022) Polat, Murat; Turhan, Nihan S.; Toraman, CetinTesting English writing skills could be multi-dimensional; thus, the study aimed to compare students' writing scores calculated according to Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Multi-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM). The research was carried out in 2019 with 100 university students studying at a foreign language preparatory class and four experienced instructors who participated in the study as raters. Data of the study were collected by using a writing rubric consisting of four components (content, organization, grammar and vocabulary). Participants' writing scores were analysed thoroughly both by CTT and MFRM. At the first step, the participants' writing scores were calculated by taking the means of the writing points given by the graders in the CTT model. Then, the MFRM was applied to the data through a three-facet design considering the rater, student and rubric components as MFRM facets respectively. Finally, ability estimates obtained and reported in the logit scale via Rasch Analysis were converted into the analytic rubric's component scores used throughout the scoring procedure. Finally, two sets of writing scores were calculated and compared according to both measurement models. Considering the findings, it was summoned that there was a positive and high correlation between the ability estimates found according to the CTT and the MFRM. However, the mean score difference calculated according to both theories was still significant. Moreover, the analyses showed that criterion validity of the writing scores obtained via the MFRM was higher than the scores obtained via the CTT.Öğe Development and application of the Commitment to Profession of Medicine Scale using classical test theory and item response theory(Medicinska Naklada, 2020) Kosan, Aysen Melek Aytug; Toraman, CetinAim To determine the level of professional commitment of medical students by developing and applying a new scale. Methods The study enrolled 999 students of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Medicine. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, and item analysis were performed based on the classical test theory and item response theory. The data obtained through scale application were analyzed using factorial ANOVA. Results The Commitment to Profession of Medicine Scale was identified as a unidimensional scale consisting of nine items. The scale in its present form explained 51% of the variance in commitment to profession of medicine. The reliability was 0.88.The scale application revealed that female students had higher commitment than male students.The highest level of commitment was observed in third- and first-year students, students with the lowest level of family income, and students whose ideal profession was medicine. Conclusion There are many factors affecting professional commitment levels of university students. Therefore, it is of great importance to examine students'commitment at an early stage. In addition, the experiences of students during university years are important since they directly affect the commitment level. Considering these factors, teachers should support their students and strive to increase their commitment levels.Öğe DEVELOPMENT OF THE COVID-19 FEAR SCALE FOR MEDICAL FACULTY CLINICAL STUDENTS(Nobel Ilac, 2023) Yalcin, Sibel Oymak; Can, Gamze; Toraman, Cetin; Kartal, Hakan; Yildirim, Mustafa Sefik; Bakar, CoskunObjective: Healthcare professionals continue to work uninterruptedly and provide preventive and therapeutic services, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The risk of experiencing psychological health problems increases due to this heavy and continuous workload and various risk factors. Scales available in the international literature have been developed in adults to screen for fear of COVID-19. The purpose of this research was to develop a scale that will mediate the collection of valid and reliable data for medical faculty and to determine the COVID-19 fear levels of term 4, 5, 6 students. Material and Method: This methodological type study was conducted in the 2020-2021 education period and total of 371 students in classrooms of 4,5 and 6 terms were included. Necessary arrangements were made and the candidate fear scale was created. The items in the scale were structured in a 5-point Likert style. The suitability of the data set for factor analysis was done with the Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) test. The principal axis factoring (PAF) method was used as the factor determination method. The Direct Oblimin method was used as the rotation method. The validity and reliability proofs of the scale were examined according to the Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. In this study, unidimensionality was examined by EFA. The local independence assumption was tested with the Q3 statistic. IRT calibrations were provided with mirt v.1.30 program within the scope of R v.4.0.5 software. Results: 55.3% of three hundred and seventy-one participants were women (n=205). 41.8% of the students were in term 4 (n=155), 29.6% were in term 5 (n=110), 28.6% were in term 6 (n=106). The item-total correlation analysis of 35 items of the Candidate COVID-19 Fear Scale was carried out by explanatory factor analysis (EFA), and 18 items were excluded from the item pool because measurement and evaluation could not reach the desired values in the scale development literature. As a result of the analyzes made, it was determined that the COVID-19 fear scale, in a total of 17 items, with three sub-factors validly and reliably determined the COVID-19 fear level of the students (F1: Fear of Practicing Your Occupation Due to COVID-19; F2: Fear of Catching and Spreading COVID-19; F3: Fear of Illness Due to Negative Habits). In addition, the validity and reliability levels of the scale were proven according to both classical test theory and item response theory. The scale Total Cronbach Alpha Reliability Value was found to be 0.932, which is the reliability indicator of the COVID-19 fear scale according to the classical test theory. The marginal reliability coefficients were detected at the levels of 0.920, 0.870 and 0.811 respectively for the F1, F2 and F3 sub-factors according to the item response theory. Conclusion: It has been observed that the COVID-19 fear scale determined the COVID-19 fear level in medical students in a valid and reliable way with three sub factors in 17 items. If the scale is used in different regions and medical students, it will also make an important contribution to the literature and detailed comparisons can be made.Öğe Development of Valid and Reliable Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy in Turkish Language(Duzce Univ, Fac Medicine, 2020) Kilincarslan, Mehmet Goktug; Sarigul, Banu; Toraman, Cetin; Şahin, Erkan MelihObjective: Anti-vaccine movement has been increasing in recent years, leading to poor health outcomes. There are some scales to measure the vaccine hesitancy but most of them have limitation and may not be proper for Turkey. The aim of this study is to develop a Turkish scale of vaccine hesitancy. Methods: Two cross sectional studies were conducted. Purposive sampling method was used to reach participants in hospital and its surroundings. Study1: Explanatory factor analysis involved 315 participants, whose 61.3% were female mean age was 33.3 +/- 11.6 years. The draft scale with 36 items were applied face to face. Study 2: Confirmatory factor analysis involved 214 participants for the long form and 200 for short form. Of the participants, 62.0% was female and the mean age was 33.9 +/- 11.3 for short form. Of the participants, 65.4% was female and the mean age was 34.5 +/- 11.4 for the long form. Goodness of fit indexes of both forms were compared with literature. Results: The long form with 21 items in 4 factors and the short form with 12 items in 3 factors were selected as they best explained the data. Explained variance by long form and short form were 57.4% and 65.3% respectively. Cronbach Alpha values for long form and short form were 0.905 and 0.855, respectively. Conclusions: It is important to understand vaccine hesitancy at local levels because differences in sociocultural structure have major effect. In this study, two forms reliable vaccine hesitancy scale were presented in Turkish as first in literature.Öğe Experiences of Turkish Teachers Working Abroad(Sage Publications Inc, 2020) Toraman, Cetin; Ozdemir, Hasan Fehmi; Orakci, SenolTurkish teachers seek to work abroad for a variety of reasons with a mixed degree of success. This study examined the common essence of the experiences of Turkish teachers, through 25 interviews with teachers commissioned to teach Turkish and Turkish culture to Turkish students in Germany and France. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview questions and audio recordings. The analyses used an appropriate content analysis process for a qualitative phenomenological approach. Krippendorff's alpha coefficient showed high interrater reliability with a value of .83, and to ensure the credibility the codings have been submitted to internal and external checks. The direct quotations of the participants' discourses were shared in the text. The results of the study showed that there was a particular driving force that directed teachers to teach abroad. This driving force embodied itself in a sense of curiosity and pride for being chosen to work abroad.Öğe How many grades of response categories does the commitment to the profession of medicine scale provide the most information?(Izzet Kara, 2024) Tekin, Murat; Toraman, Cetin; Kogan, Aygen Melek AytugIn the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of the data obtained from the Commitment to Profession of Medicine Scale (CPMS) with 4-point, 5-point, 6-point, and 7-point response sets based on Item Response Theory (IRT). A total of 2150 medical students from 16 different universities participated in the study. The participants were divided into four groups consisting of 560, 544, 502, and 544 medical students. The first group (n=560) was assigned four-point, the second group (n=544) five-point, the third group (n=502) six-point, and the fourth group (n=544) seven-point Likert forms. We used R statistical software to analyze the data. The results of item calibrations conducted with the Graded Response Model (GRM) were analyzed. The results show that the eigenvalue increased from 4-point to 7-point. Similarly, the explained variance percentage and the scale's reliability increased gradually from 4-point to 7-point. The explained variance, reliability level, and eigenvalue were very close in the 5-point and 6-point forms.Öğe How many response categories are sufficient for Likert type scales? An empirical study based on the Item Response Theory(Izzet Kara, 2022) Aybek, Eren Can; Toraman, CetinThe current study investigates the optimum number of response categories for the Likert type of scales under the item response theory (IRT). The data was collected from university students attend to mainly the faculty of medicine and the faculty of education. A form of the Social Gender Equity Scale developed by Gozutok et al. (2017) was prepared, which had 3, 5 and 7-point response categories. The graded response model (GRM) was used for item calibrations. The results of the study have revealed that using a 5-point response option provides advantages over using a 3-point response category in terms of reliability and test information perspective in the scale development process. The-5 point scale also provides easier responding process for the respondents while it does not pose a major disadvantage compared to a 7-point response category in the terms of reliability. Therefore, based on the findings of the study, researchers are recommended to use a 5-point response category in their scale development process.Öğe Is Ischemic Stroke Declines During the COVID-19 Pandemic?(Galenos Publ House, 2024) Ocak, Ozgul; Şahin, Erkan Melih; Toraman, CetinObjective: A decrease in the number of ischemic strokes has been reported during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic period. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of COVID-19 and associated risk factors on the number of ischemic strokes in hospitalizations during the COVID-19 period. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using hospital records. Data of patients who underwent a COVID-19 real -time reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test between 2020 and 2021 were included. In addition to RT-PCR test results, the diagnosis of ischemic stroke and known risk factors for ischemic stroke (gender, age, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease) were evaluated. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 25,522 patient records were included in the analysis. There were 123 (0.6%) acute ischemic stroke patients among 19,051 COVID-19-negative patients and 23 (0.4%) among 6471 positive patients. Among the covariates, age and diabetes have a significant effect on acute ischemic stroke. In path analysis, the negative direct effect of RT-PCR positivity on acute ischemic stroke was reversed through the mediator variable effect of diabetes and age. Patients with diabetes and higher age have an increased risk of acute ischemic stroke if they have COVID-19. Conclusion: Evidence is not satisfactory to determine the effect of COVID-19 on ischemic stroke. Reports of a decrease in the number of hospitalizations due to ischemic stroke are accumulating. This result may be due to the direct effect of COVID-19, the lack of recognition of clinical symptoms, or the decrease in hospital admissions of patients without a severe clinical picture. In the presence of accompanying risk factors such as age and diabetes that will aggravate the stroke clinic, the reducing effect of COVID-19 on the number of ischemic strokes disappears.Öğe Objectives and learning outcomes(IGI Global, 2020) Toraman, CetinWhy do we educate students? Education is a set of planned, scheduled, and specific activities. An entrance is made at the beginning of the chapter in order to ensure that the readers perceive that the education is carried out for certain goals. How do the goals in education come to be expressed? They are formulated as aims, goals, objectives. When planning the education, it is seen that the objectives are expressed under different concepts. These can be expressed as aims, goals, and learning objectives. In order to prevent the reader from getting lost in these different goal expressions, these types of goals should be explained in a comparative way. How are objectives classified? Is it more functional to try to take and use them directly after the objectives have been expressed, or should we classify the objectives around certain criterion? Which option gives us more leads? In this chapter, classifications made by Bloom, Anderson, and Krathwohl, and other taxonomies will be mentioned. What should be considered when expressing objectives? © 2021, IGI Global.Öğe Reflective Thinking: A Bibliometric Analysis of Four Decades of Research and Insights for Future Studies(Necmettin Erbakan Univ, 2024) Korkmaz, Gunes; Toraman, CetinReflective thinking (RT) is one of the higher-order thinking skills which have been of great importance to the researchers from a variety of disciplines for years. Although the significance of RT has been discussed in many studies and many different forms, there are no bibliometric studies conducted on this topic. This study aims to examine the current state and development of research in RT based on the data available in the Web of Science (WoS). To do this, a bibliometric approach was adopted to map the research literature on RT using the metadata from the WoS between 1986 and 2023 in terms of the distribution of the articles by year of publication and average citation status, the most productive journals publishing on RT and number of RT-related citations, the most cited RT articles and authors, top countries in which the articles about RT were cited most, the authors who have produced the most articles on RT, their publications and corresponding author(s)' countries, and the trend of words associated with RT in the articles. Our main contribution is the quantitative methodological design for examining the evolution of reflective thinking research, which is highly multidisciplinary and covers a large volume of publications. We believe that this study provides a comprehensive review of the studies on RT and provides interesting insights about the development of the field for future research.Öğe Relationships between Cognitive Flexibility, Perceived Quality of Faculty Life, Learning Approaches, and Academic Achievement(Gate Assoc Teaching & Education-Gate, Switzerland, 2020) Toraman, Cetin; Ozdemir, Hasan Fehmi; Kosan, Aysen Melek Aytug; Orakci, SenolThis study aims to explore the relationships between cognitive flexibility (CF), perceived quality of faculty life (PQFL), learning approaches (LA) and academic achievement (AA). This correlational comparison study was conducted with 1573 undergraduates at Ankara University. The data collection tools were Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), Quality of Faculty Life Scale (QFLS) and Approaches to Learning Questionnaire (ALQ). Grade point average (GPA) was used as a measurement of AA. The three subscales of QFLS; satisfaction from faculty (SF), faculty members (SFM), and school climate and student relationships (SSCSR) were found positively correlated with deep approach to learning (DAL), CF and AA, and negatively correlated with surface approach to learning (SAL). DAL was also found positively correlated with CF and AA, but negatively correlated with SAL. CF and AA were positively correlated with all variables, except SAL. Although CF showed a positive correlation with AA, it assumed a negative explanatory role for AA when it was included in the model as a mediating variable. The regression estimates in the path analysis model revealed that DAL, SAL and SF were positive explanatory variables for AA, whereas SSCSR was a negative explanatory variable for AA and SAL was a negative explanatory variable for CF.Öğe Relationships between teachers' professional values, attitudes, and concerns about the profession in Turkey(Western Australian Inst Educational Research Inc, 2020) Aktan, Osman; Toraman, Cetin; Orakci, SenolThis study utilised a relational screening model to explore the relationships between teachers' professional values, attitudes, and concerns towards the teaching profession, and whether or not teachers' professional values predict their attitudes towards the teaching profession when the level of concern is taken as a mediator variable. As data collection tools, the Professional Values Scale for Teaching Profession, Anxiety Scale for Teaching Profession, and Attitude Scale for Teaching Profession were administered to 712 teachers from Duzce province in Turkey. From the results we derive a strong recommendation about enabling undergraduates considering teaching as a career to better develop and strengthen their commitment to this profession. More policies should also be developed to improve the status and society's valuing of the teaching profession, as well as increasing the quality of pre-service training of teachers, and the continuing professional development of current teachers, in order to decrease their professional concerns.Öğe The effect of repetition- and scenario-based repetition strategies on anatomy course achievement, classroom engagement and online learning attitude(BMC, 2022) Can, Mehmet Ali; Toraman, CetinAnatomy is known to be the oldest and most fundamental branch among medical sciences. That is the reason why it is given at the beginning of medical education to form the basis for other medical sciences. Students who newly begin medical education need to spare plenty of time outside the course hours to study Anatomy which involves different and a lot of terminology. In this study, online repetitions were done outside the class using the repetition (classical presentation) and scenario-based repetition methods and the knowledge levels, course engagement statuses and online learning attitudes of the students were compared quantitatively and qualitatively between the groups. The study was conducted with 162 medical school year 2 students. These 162 students were randomized to experimental and control groups. The data were obtained with Anatomy Achievement Test (AAT), Classroom Engagement Inventory (CEI) and Medical School Students' Attitudes Towards Online Learning Scale (MSSATOLS). After administering the experimental procedure to the students who were randomized to the experimental and control groups, focus group interviews were held with 16 students from the experimental group, 8 who received the highest scores and 8 who received the lowest scores from the data collecting instruments. The collected research data determined that the affective engagement (AE) and the anatomy achievement test (AAT) performed pre- and post-study were higher in the group in which the scenario-based repetition strategy was applied. AAT pre-test (mean = 27.16) and post-test (mean = 27.15) scores of the repetition group were very close to each other. However, the AAT post-test (mean = 32.33) average of the scenario-based repetition group was above the mean pre-test scores (mean = 26.79) (p < .05). Similarly, the mean AE pre-test (mean = 17.79) and post-test (mean = 17.91) scores of only the repetition group were very close to one another. However, the AE post-test (mean = 19.46) mean score of the scenario-based repetition group was above the mean pre-test score (mean = 17.82) (p < .05). In summary, pre-test and post-test scores changed the anatomy achievement and affective engagement scores, and this change was in favour of experimental group and increasing the post-test scores. The responses given to the questions in the scales and the impressions obtained from qualitative interviews indicated that the students did not find adequate the lectures given in the form of presentations alone and thought that various methods and primarily scenario-based education should be used as part of anatomy education to be able to establish a good connection with clinical sciences and Anatomy education should be provided not only at the beginning of the medical education but also in the following years.Öğe The relationship between ambulance team's professional commitment, occupational anxiety, and resilience levels(BMC, 2024) Uysal, Ibrahim; Korkmaz, Gunes; Toraman, CetinBackground Individuals who have the ability to bounce back from stressful events, to recover from their troubles and adverse environmental conditions by getting stronger each time are known as resilient people. Some professions may cause more occupational anxiety than others due to their characteristics and working conditions. In this research, we aimed to develop a professional commitment scale for the ambulance team. Another aim was to analyze the relationships between professional commitment, occupational anxiety, resilience, gender, job, seniority and working unit variables.Methods In the study, data were collected from a total of 1142 emergency ambulance workers working in Emergency Ambulance and Emergency Call Centers in 34 different cities in Turkey. Data were collected using the Professional Commitment of Ambulance Team Scale (PCATS), Occupational Anxiety Scale for Emergency Medical Service Professionals (OASEMSP), and Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). Scale development analyses were carried out using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between professional commitment, occupational anxiety, resilience, gender, job, seniority and working unit.Results As a result of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), it was determined that 8 items remaining in the professional commitment scale formed a single-factor structure, explaining 46% of the variance of professional commitment of the team. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability value was 0.867. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the results of exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient obtained through CTT was 0.868, and the marginal reliability coefficient within the scope of IRT was 0.877. The test-retest reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.832, which indicates that the scale is valid and reliable.Conclusions The study revealed that resilience has a positive effect for professional commitment while occupational anxiety has a negative effect for professional commitment. In addition, having a moderate seniority has a negative (reducing) effect for professional commitment. Other variables (gender, job, and working unit) was found to have no significant impact on professional commitment.Öğe The Relationship between Effective Teacher Characteristics and Reasons for Choosing Teaching Profession: Development of an Effective Teacher Inventory(Izzet Kara, 2020) Toraman, Cetin; Cakmak, MelekThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between the opinions of secondary school teachers about effective teacher characteristics and their reasons for choosing the teaching profession. In this context, the study first intends to develop a measurement tool to identify effective teacher characteristics. The study is of a correlational research type. Data were collected from three different groups of secondary school teachers. The effective teacher characteristics inventory and the choosing teaching profession as a career scale were used to collect data. The data were analysed using the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach Alpha internal consistency analysis and multiple linear regression. Given the limitations of the study, groups from which data were obtained, the results of the analyses have shown that the Effective Teacher Characteristics Inventory is able to make valid and reliable measurements for effective teacher characteristics under four independent scales (e.g., subject matter knowledge, teaching skills, personality characteristics and professional development). The multiple linear regression has demonstrated that the predictor variables in the model, subject matter knowledge, personality characteristics, and professional development are positive predictors for teaching skills. However, reasons for choosing the profession is not a significant predictor for teaching skills of teachers.Öğe The relationship between Technostress levels and job satisfaction of Teachers within the COVID-19 period(Springer, 2022) Aktan, Osman; Toraman, CetinThis research aims to determine the technostress levels experienced by teachers in distance education during the COVID-19 period and examine the relationship between this technostress level and job satisfaction. The research was structured in relational comparison type. The attendees comprised 525 teachers working at different echelons of education, determined in accordance with the purposive sampling method. Technostress Scale, job satisfaction scale, and open-ended questions form were used as data collection tools during the research. The data were collected online through Google Forms due to COVID-19 conditions. Descriptive statistics, backward hierarchical multiple regression (BHMR), MANOVA analysis, and inductive content analysis were used for the data analysis. According to the research findings, it was figured out that teachers were exposed to intensive use of technology in distance education, this negatively affected their life and performance, their workload increased, and they had to put much more effort to adapt to modern technologies in the Covid-19 pandemic period. It was found that the teachers' job satisfaction levels were high in general, and the female teachers' job satisfaction levels were higher than those of male teachers. The job satisfaction levels of private school teachers were lower than those of public-school teachers. In the research, the gender of teachers and the institution type they work under, both being among the main factors affecting teachers' technostress level, were determined to make a significant difference. However, the distance education process, conducted during the COVID-19 period, was also noted to involve educational, psychological, and administrative challenges. Based on research results, it is recommended to improve teachers' online learning and technology literacy skills, and review present undergraduate programs in terms of preparation for distance education.Öğe The Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ-20-Tr)(Turkish Green Crescent Soc, 2022) Yalcin, Bektas Murat; Toraman, Cetin; Karahan, Tevfik FikretWe aimed to adapt The Partner Interaction Questionnaire developed by Cohen and Lichtenstein (1990) to Turkish in this study. The inventory is originally in English, and it consists of 24 items in the original form. The Partner Interaction Questionnaire has two subscales (Negative Behaviors and Positive Behaviors). A team of two academics (a family physician and a clinical psychologist) translated the original to the Turkish language, and 11 qualified experts who have a good command of English and are studying in the field of smoking cessation created an expert opinion form (Krippendorff's alpha = .93). A total of 611 smokers who had admitted to the Ondokuz Mayis University Family Medicine Smoking Cessation Clinic filled the Partner Interaction Questionnare-20 in Turkish (PIQ-20-TR) at their first visit. One month later, the PIQ-20-TR was re-administered to these participants (re-test, n = 598). Cronbach's alpha for the total PIQ-20-TR was .92; for the negative subscale it was .85; and for the positive subscale it was .87. There was a statistically significant relation between the re-test and test scores of both the positive and negative subscales ( p <.001). The confirmatory factor analyses and fit indexes revealed a high validity of the PIQ-20-TR (X-2/sd = 2.131; root mean square error of approximation = 0.054; goodness of fit index = 0.902; adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.933; normed fit index = 0.963, incremental fit index = 0.971; and the comparative fit index = 0.97).Öğe The use of polychoric and Pearson correlation matrices in the determination of construct validity of Likert type scales(Mehmet Tekerek, 2019) Ozdemir, Hasan Fehmi; Toraman, Cetin; Kutlu, OmerNo matter how strong the theoretical infrastructure of a study is, if the measurement instruments do not have the necessary psychometric qualities, there will be a question of trust in interpreting the findings, and it will be inevitable to make wrong decisions with the results. One of the important steps in scale development/adaptation studies is to provide evidence of the experimental validity. In order to reveal evidence of construct validity of Likert type scales, to identify factor structures, to confirm previously predicted structures, factor analysis is used. The primary issue to be examined is the level of measurement of the variable and one of the leading decisions that must be taken is which relation matrix will be used. This descriptive research is based on the effects of using Pearson or polychoric correlation matrix in the factor analysis. It is determined that items showed different item-total correlations, loading values and correlation coefficients, different factor numbers emerged, different items were removed out of the scale, confirmation status of the structure has changed.
