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    The prevalence and risk factors of low back pain in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey
    (Ios Press, 2015) Capkin, E.; Karkucak, M.; Cakirbay, H.; Topbas, M.; Karaca, A.; Kose, M. M.; Gokmen, F.
    BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a public health problem commonly seen in all societies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and specific risk factors of low back pain (LBP) in the central and outlying districts of the province of Trabzon, a Black Sea region of Turkey. METHOD: A random sample of 7897 (4006 men and 3789 women) adults was collected by using sampling techniques of stratification. In this study questionnaires were completed at face-to-face interviews with participants selected on the basis of place of residence, gender and age group. The used variables in this study were: use of cigarettes, status of marriage, level of education, and presence of chronic disease, the prevalence of lifetime LBP and of LBP in the preceding year. Chronic LBP was determined as being present for more than 6 weeks. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of LBP in the general population was determined at 62.1%. Prevalence in the preceding year was 46.1%, and that of LBP lasting more than six week was 18.1%. Lifetime prevalence of LBP, prevalence of LBP in the preceding year and prevalence of pain lasting more than six week were all statistically significantly higher in women (p < 0.001). Use of cigarettes, female gender, marriage, a low level of education and presence of chronic disease were identified as independent risk factors for LBP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lower back pain is a common public health problem. Recommendations were made for local health services to prevent LBP, including health education through combating chronic diseases, reducing cigarette consumption, improvement of working environments and life styles.
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    TURKISH VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT ATTITUDE SCALE
    (Asoc Didactica Andalucia, 2022) Karakullukcu, S.; Beyhun, N. E.; Can, G.; Topbas, M.
    According to the majority of researchers, attitudes are one of the main determinants in using doping substances. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), constituting one of the examples in this context, is a 17-item self-report scale. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of PEAS. The scale was conducted among 224 licensed athletes over the age of 18. A construct analysis was applied. Factor analysis was performed to assess the construct validity and to examine construct reliability. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) test was carried out to evaluate test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the factor structure of the scale. To assess the validity of the scale, The Attitude Scale Related to the Use of Doping (ASRUD) was used. In the exploratory factor analysis of 17 item one-dimensional scale, it was found that the factor loadings vary between 0.298 and 0.700, excluding items 1 and 7, which had low factor loadings. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, fit and fit indices of the scale were low in first and seventh items and acceptable in other items, as in exploratory factor analysis. RMSEA value was found as 0.086. As a result of the method used to test the validity, there was a negative correlation between PEAS and ASRUD scores (r=-0.302; p<0.001). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.822 and ICC was 0.897. This study suggests that PEAS is a valid and reliable scale to assess performance enhancement attitudes in Turkey.