Yazar "Tolu, C." seçeneğine göre listele
Listeleniyor 1 - 11 / 11
Sayfa Başına Sonuç
Sıralama seçenekleri
Öğe Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tolu, C.; Alaturk, F.; Parlak, A. Ozaslan; Gokkus, A.Extensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.Öğe Characterizing volatile compounds and proteolysis in Gokceada artisanal goat cheese(Elsevier, 2013) Hayaloglu, A. A.; Yasar, K.; Tolu, C.; Sahingil, D.The objective of the study was to determine the gross composition, proteolysis and volatile compounds in Gokceada goat cheese and to provide initial information on its manufacturing and ripening processes. Gokceada goat cheese is traditionally manufactured from raw goat milk in Gokceada (Imbros) island, Canakkale, Turkey. In the present study, 23 commercial samples were characterized. Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the water-insoluble fractions showed that both alpha(s)- and beta-caseins were extensively decomposed, but beta-casein was less degraded compared to alpha(s)-casein. RP-HPLC of peptide profiles in the water-soluble fractions demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differences among the samples. Sixty volatile compounds were identified by SPME/GC-MS technique with alcohols and esters as the principal class of volatile components in the cheeses. In general, relatively large variability in gross composition and concentration of volatile aroma was found, which probably reflects lack of standardization in the production of the cheese. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of Gokceada, Maltese and Turkish Saanen Goat Genotypes for Reproduction Traits(Univ Namik Kemal, 2010) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.This study aimed at comparative investigation of estrus, pregnancy, mating performance, behaviors, and kid yield at birth in different goat genotypes. The study was carried out at the Technological and Agricultural Research Centre of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for a period of two years. Although the courtship behavior index of females did not differ, the bucks of Gokceada had lower courtship behavior index and jumping frequency with ejaculation than did other genotypes (P <= 0.05). Maltese bucks displayed courtship behavior index and mounting frequency with ejaculation similar to Turkish Saanen bucks, but had lower mounting frequency without ejaculation (P <= 0.05). First estrus and birth rates (buck under) were 33% and 25% for Gokceada, 65% and 42% for Maltese and 96% and 64% for Turkish Saanen, respectively (P<0.0001). The period between buck introduction and first estrus or conception increased in all genotypes in the second year of the study. Gokceada had longer periods and lower return rates in both years (P <= 0.05). Kid yield per goat at birth in the second year increased significantly in Gokceada and Maltese genotypes and was found as Maltese (1.9; 2.4), Turkish Saanen (1.9; 1.8) and Gokceada (1.6; 1.8) in the descending order.Öğe Different estrous induction protocols during the transition period in lactating Turkish Saanen does following Al(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2008) Dogan, I; Konyali, A.; Tolu, C.; Yurdabak, S.The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of three progestagen treatments for estrous synchronization in lactating Turkish Saanen goats during the transitional period from anestrous. All does (n = 60) were divided into three equal groups and the estrous period of the does was synchronized using intravaginal sponges (20 mg FGA) for either 11 days (Group 1), 9 days (Group 2) or 6 days (Group 3). In addition, 24h before sponge removal (on the 10(th) day, 8(th) day and 5(th) day, respectively) each doe was injected with 0.075 mg cloprostenol (PGF(2 alpha)) and 500 IU eCG. Cervical artificial inseminations (Al) with frozen-thawed semen were performed at fixed intervals (36 and 48 h) following progestagen withdrawal. The total estrous response following the first withdrawal was 12 +/- 6 h within 66 h. Time to onset and duration of the induced estrous, and pregnancy rates were recorded to be 30.0%, 100%, 23.9 +/- 0.7 h, 29.4 +/- 1.3 h, and 28.3%, respectively. There were significant differences between Group 1 and the other groups, in terms of the onset of induced estrus (P<0.05) and estrous response for the first 12 +/- 6 h (P<0.05) and between Group 2 and Groups 1 and 3 in terms of the duration of induced estrous (P<0.05). Each of the three protocols was effective in inducting and synchronizing estrus in lactating Turkish Saanen goats.Öğe Effects of goat social rank on kid gender(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2007) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Pala, A.; Thomsen, H.Mechanisms of gender ratio in progeny are complex and the fine details are still largely unknown, even in mammals. Though the 50116 ratio of males and females is expected, various factors have been shown to be effective in diverting the ratio from the expected. In this study, dominance index, effects of sire, age of dam, birth type and year of birth on the gender ratio of Turkish Saanen goat kids were investigated in a full model. The analysis indicated that dominance index (DI) of the dam had a significant influence on the gender ratio of kids (P = 0.036). Certain sires tended to father female descendants repeatedly and the dams with high dominance index gave birth to male kids. Effects of sire on kid gender approached significance (P = 0.094). Age of dam, year and birth type were insignificant.Öğe Effects of kefir as a probiotic source on the performance of goat kids(South African Journal Of Animal Sciences, 2010) Atasoglu, C.; Akbag, H. I.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.Kefir is a sour, viscous, slightly carbonated and alcoholic milk beverage, which is traditionally fermented using a culture of bacteria and yeasts. The influence of kefir on health has been well studied in mice and rats. However, research on kefir use in ruminants is rather limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kefir as a probiotic on the performance of goat kids during the pre- (45 days) and post-weaning (45 days) periods. Forty eight kids were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: Control, Kefir, Auto-Kefir (autoclaved) and Probiotic (a commercial probiotic). The kids were weaned at 45 days of age. The supplementation of different probiotics did not have any significant effect throughout the study on live weight and weight gain of the kids as compared to the Control group. Milk intake or milk-based nutrient intake of kids did not differ significantly among treatments in the pre-weaning period. Similarly, the intake of concentrate feed and nutrients from the concentrate was not affected by the treatments during post-weaning. No significant differences in faecal consistency of kids were found among the treatments. The results of the study indicated that supplementation of kefir as a natural probiotic or a commercial probiotic source does not improve performance of goat kids under the conditions in the present study and suggest that new approaches are required for studying the efficacy of this probiotic.Öğe Factors affecting placental traits and relationships of placental traits with neonatal behaviour in goat(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Konyali, A.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Savas, T.The relationships between placental characteristics and litter weight, factors affecting these characteristics, and the relationship between these characteristics and neonatal behaviour of goat kids were investigated in this study. The study was carried out over three consecutive years and animal material consisted of total 152 Turkish Saanen goats and their 230 kids. The results of the study demonstrated that there were positive correlations between litter weight (LW), cotyledon number (CN), placental weight (PW) (r=0.64 and 0.76, P < 0.01), but there was negative correlation between LW and cotyledon density (CD) (r=-0.42, P < 0.01). CD was negatively correlated with PW (r=-0.61, P < 0.01). CN and PW were influenced by the parity of doe, birth type-sex combination, buck within years and year of the study. On the other hand, parity and birth type-sex combination had no effect on PE (P > 0.05), but buck within year affected placental efficiency (P < 0.01). CD was only influenced by the parity of doe (P < 0.01). Duration of birth (D) was not significantly related with CD, but if CD declined, it prolonged (r=-0.23, P > 0.05). There were strong relationships between CD and birth-to-standing (B-St), and CD and birth-to-suckling (B-Su) (r=-0.42 and -0.51, P=0.01 and P < 0.01). The results of the present study have shown similarities to the findings of the studies in sheep. Further studies are required to investigate the basis of the relationship between CD and neonatal behaviour. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Influence of goat breeds and starter culture systems on gross composition and proteolysis in Gokceada goat cheese during ripening(Elsevier, 2013) Hayaloglu, A. A.; Tolu, C.; Yasar, K.Milk from two different breeds (Gokceada and Turkish Saanen) and three different starter culture systems (starter-free, mesophilic and thermophilic cultures) were used in the manufacture of Gokceada goat cheeses. Milk from the two breeds differed in dry matter, protein, fat and ash contents. These differences were reflected on the yield and chemical composition of the cheese. The pH values and soluble nitrogen fractions (in water, 12% trichloroacetic acid, and 5% phosphotungstic acid) were significantly influenced by the starter culture systems, but not the types of milk. The degradation of alpha(s)-caseins and its degradation products sharply increased after 60 days of ripening, especially in the cheese made using mesophilic starters. Greater changes were observed in RP-HPLC peptide profiles of the cheeses made using mesophilic starter cultures during ripening; however, the breed has minor effect on peptide profile. In conclusions, cheeses made using mesophilic starter culture exhibited different proteolysis patterns during ripening and the milk from Gokceada breed increased the gross composition parameters and cheese yield. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Relationships between head-beak morphology and feed intake behaviour as well as rearing of nestlings in a short beak pigeon breed(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2008) Savas, T.; Konyali, C.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Yurtman, I. Y.The results of previous studies indicated that selection for aesthetic breeding goals in the short beak pigeon breed Half-Baska resulted in disadvantages in feed intake. In addition, a high variation in feed intake time in the short beak breed as compared to the normal beak breed was reported. This led to the hypothesis that feed intake behaviour is not only affected by the length of the beak but also by head morphology as well as beak width and beak height. Moreover, the beak plays an important role in feeding of nestlings in pigeons. Therefore, the rearing performance of pigeon breeds with a short and a normal beak was compared. The breed Half-Baska (HB), originating from northwest Turkey, was used as a model bird for short beak pigeons. English Flyingtippler (EF) was used for the comparison. During rearing several clutches of HB and EF breeding pairs (with similar days of hatch) were randomly exchanged. Thus four groups were formed: I. HB birds feeding HB squabs (CB-CB), 2. HB birds feeding EF squabs (HB-EF), 3. EF birds feeding HB squabs (EF-HB), and 4. EF birds feeding EF squabs (EF-EF). The short beak Half Baska birds had a 37% shorter beak than the English Flyingtippler breed. In HB birds, the correlation coefficients between feed intake speed and head height (r = 0.36; P = 0.031) as well as head depth (r = 0.33; P = 0.050) were significant However, no relations were observed between feed intake speed and head width as well as beak traits (P > 0.050). The rearing groups had a significant effect on body weight and daily live weight gain of the nestlings (P < 0.001). Nestlings of HB-HB group had a substantial disadvantage in growth. Moreover, a high mortality rate was found (32%) for the same group (HB-HB), but the difference from EF-EF group was not significant (19%). The relationships between feed intake behavior and head form explain the observed high variation in feed intake speed in HB birds. The retarded growth of HB-HB squabs revealed that the species-specific reproductive pattern was disturbed in the short beak pigeon.Öğe The Effect Of Wheat And Natural Pastures And Of Different Grazing Intensities On Some Behavioral Traits Of Lactating Goats(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Gokkus, A.Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (I30.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P <= 0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.Öğe Volatiles and sensory evaluation of goat milk cheese Gokceada as affected by goat breeds (Gokceada and Turkish Saanen) and starter culture systems during ripening(Elsevier Science Inc, 2013) Hayaloglu, A. A.; Tolu, C.; Yasar, K.; Sahingil, D.The effect of goat breed and starter culture on volatile composition and sensory scores in goat milk cheese was studied during 90 d of ripening. Milk from 2 goat breeds (Gokceada and Turkish Saanen) and different starter culture systems (no starter, mesophilic and thermophilic starters) were used in the manufacture of goat milk cheeses (called Gokceada goat cheese). Volatile composition was determined by a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method. Sixty compounds including esters (13), carboxylic acids (7), aldehydes (6), ketones (8), alcohols (14), and miscellaneous compounds (12) were identified. Esters, alcohols, and carboxylic acids were the main classes of volatile components in the cheeses. Both qualitatively and quantitatively, the use of different starter cultures and goat breeds significantly influenced the volatile fraction of goat milk cheese. Decanoic, hexanoic, and octanoic (commonly named capric, caproic, and caprylic) acids were indicator compounds to distinguish the goat breeds. Principal component analysis grouped the cheeses based on the use of starter culture and goat breed. Starter-free cheeses were separately located on the plot and age-related changes were present in all samples. Sensory evaluation of 90-d-old cheeses showed that the cheeses from the Gokceada breed received higher odor, flavor, and quality scores than those from the Turkish Saanen breed, and cheeses made using mesophilic starters resulted in the most satisfactory scores for flavor and quality attributes. In conclusion, goat milk cheeses made using milk from Gokceada goats and mesophilic starter culture had the best quality in terms of volatile composition and sensory attributes.
