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Öğe Combined effects of high voltage gradient and electrolyte conditioning on electrokinetic remediation for chromium (VI)-contaminated soils(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Öznur; Haritash, A. K.Disposal of chromium-containing industrial waste has led to soil contamination at dispersed locations around the globe. Considering the carcinogenic, non-biodegradable, and bioaccumulating nature of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI), it is per-tinent to treat the contaminated soils. Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) is a promising technology to remediate metal-contaminated soils under the influence of an electric field. This study investigated the removal of Cr (VI) by EKR, enhanced with a combination of high voltage (50 V), electrolyte conditioning using EDTA (0.1 M), and type of electrode material. Under controlled conditions using distilled water, low voltage (20 V at 1 V/cm) resulted in 22% removal, while high volt-age (50 V at 2.5 V/cm) resulted in 55% removal of Cr (VI) in 10 h of treatment period. The removal was further enhanced to 77% by amending with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA 0.1 M) as an electrolyte at a high voltage gradient of 2.5 V/cm. Classifying the role of electrode (graphite and stainless steel), based on the removal efficiency and corrosion of electrodes, graphite resulted in higher removal compared to stainless steel but with a significantly higher corrosion effect. Characterization of soil after EKR experiments exhibited improved liquid and plastic limits, and insignificant difference in Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and other parameters related to soil health. Energy consumption and cost-estimation revealed that application of high voltage, along with conditioning of electrolyte with EDTA can significantly increase removal of Cr (VI) in short period of time in a cost-effective (0.8 US$/g) way, thereby can be applied for rapid treatment of large volumes of soil without affecting the properties of soil.Öğe Electrokinetic remediation: Past experiences and future roadmap for sustainable remediation of metal-contaminated soils(Elsevier, 2024) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Oznur; Haritash, Anil KumarSoil pollution due to heavy metals has become a serious environmental concern in the past decade, adversely affecting soil conditions and global food security. Due to this, considerable attention has been given to developing suitable remediation technologies, particularly for heavy metals. Among them, Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) is a promising developing technique due to its great efficiency for fine-grained soils. The use of an electric field to remove contaminants from soil is effective on a wide range of matrices irrespective of the heterogeneity. In this context, the present study provides a detailed discussion on the design and operational considerations of EKR, mainly, power, electrode, and electrolyte characteristics. The major limitations of EKR, innovative modifications of EKR operations to overcome the limitations, and EKR-integrated technologies have been addressed. The optimization of regulating parameters ensures maximum efficiency towards removal of contaminants at minimum cost of treatment, thus, highlighting the engineering aspect of electrokinetics at field scale. The sustainability concerns arising from EKR and its possible alternative solutions have been discussed, to provide useful information and prospects to researchers in the field.Öğe Soil Contamination in the Aftermath of Industrial Disasters: Risk Assessment and Crisis Management(Ios Press, 2024) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Oznur; Haritash, A. K.Industrialisation has brought numerous benefits to society, but it has also led to environmental challenges, including the risk of industrial disasters. Industrial disasters pose significant risks to environmental health, with soil contamination emerging as a prevalent consequence. The resultant contamination renders affected sites barren and unsuitable for reuse, necessitating the treatment of such sites post-disaster to restore soil functionality and ecosystem. In this context, the review proposes an appropriate approach to carry out risk assessment studies of contaminated sites and to discuss strategies for the post-disaster management of contaminated soil. The review delves into the policy and legislative landscape governing industrial disaster management in India to facilitate progress in the remedial direction.Öğe Soil–Water Interactions and Arsenic Enrichment in Groundwater(wiley, 2022) Taneja, Sonam; Yadav, Shivani; Pipil, Harsh; Karaca, Oznur; Haritash, A.K.Over the past decades, population boom, urbanization, and industrialization have overburdened the surface water sources rendering them non-potable for consumption. A switch to relatively safer groundwater resource, to meet the demand for drinking and other activities, has led to a significant effect on its quality and quantity. Overextraction of groundwater has led to decline in the water table, thus, exposing it to contaminants that seep in from the soil surface, particularly during seepage of surface water. Considering the toxicity of pollutants in groundwater, particularly the inorganic pollutants like heavy metals, arsenic (As) in groundwater possess a serious threat to the exposed population. The source of arsenic in groundwater has been reported to be geogenic in nature; however, organic matter inflow by anthropogenic sources facilitated by microbial degradation of minerals (Fe and Mn) releases the soil-absorbed arsenic into the groundwater. In India, As has been reported in the belt of Ganga-Brahmaputra plains including West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and the North-Eastern states. Scientific investigations in these regions have identified As concentration greater than the acceptable limit of 10 ?g/L, leaving 360 million people vulnerable to groundwater As contamination. Arsenic can cause a wide range of chronic and acute illness when consumed in concentration above 10 ?g/L in inorganic form, which usually occurs as trivalent arsenite (arsenous acid, As(III), H 3 AsO 3) or pentavalent arsenate (arsenic acid, As(V), H 3 AsO 4). The inorganic As is absorbed by the kidney, liver, and lungs and gets deposited in tissues of nails, hair, and skin. Long-term exposure of As can cause pigmentation changes, skin lesions, or hyperkeratosis. Alternatively, As-free groundwater sources and removal of As from the existing water source are the only viable options to prevent arsenic toxicity. Using alternative sources, like, harvested rainwater or reclaimed wastewater for irrigation can help to prevent As exposure to soil and crops. The crisis of arsenic poisoning can be curbed with techniques like cost-effective watershed treatment along with creating proper awareness. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Treatment of Pb-contaminated soil by electrokinetics: Enhancements by varying voltage, chelant, and electrode material(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Öznur; Haritash, Anil KumarThis work examines the removal of lead (Pb) from artificially contaminated soils (1000 mg/kg Pb) using the Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) technique. Operating parameters, including periodic voltage gradient, electrolyte amendments with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), and type of electrode material were investigated. Results indicated that a high voltage gradient (2.5 V/cm), in conjunction with EDTA as electrolyte, and stainless-steel electrodes favored the overall removal process. Pb removal by selected electrolytes was in order EDTA (65 %) > Distilled water (64.1 %) > Tween 80 (6.2 %). Visual Minteq v.3.1 software was employed to predict the chemical equilibrium of different chemical species of Pb against pH. Results confirmed that when EDTA was used as an electrolyte, the [Pb-EDTA]2− complex predominated over the Pb(OH)2 complex at an alkaline pH, resulting in more removal. Findings suggested that stainless steel was a better alternative to graphite with respect to removal efficiency and corrosion effect at the anode. Considering the maximum Pb removal with EDTA at higher voltage, the energy consumption was also maximum (78.3KWh/m3). Nevertheless, the economic evaluation suggested that the cost per gram removal of Pb was lowest in this experiment (8 US$/g Pb) and, thus, can be considered for practical applications to treat the Pb-contaminated soils.
