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Öğe A brief report on intra-species aggressive biting in a goat herd(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study aimed at analysing the effects of age, horn and places on biting and butting as intraspecies aggressive activities. Seventy-two Turkish Saanen goats were used as animal material and 22,686 aggressive behaviours were recorded in different places from a total of 118 h direct observation. Of the observations of aggressive behaviours, 32.7% was biting behaviour and the rest was butting behaviour. The frequency of biting behaviour in 3 or more years old goats was significantly higher than that of biting behaviour in 1 and 2 years old animals (P < 0.01). The observations revealed that horned or hornless goats exhibited biting behaviour; however the frequency of biting behaviour in hornless goats was 2.38 times higher than in homed goats (P < 0.01). Biting and butting behaviours were found to be well correlated with the area of places (P < 0.01). As the area of places got narrowed, the frequency of biting increased. However, such a trend was not observed in butting behaviour. The frequency of butting behaviour again increased with the increase in social hierarchy (P < 0.01), whereas the frequency of biting behaviour was not affected by social hierarchy (P = 0.30). In conclusion, intra-species biting behaviour, which is thought to have developed as a result of hom absence, should be questioned whether this is unique to the herd or to the genotype. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe A Comparison of Natural Eimeria spp. and Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections of Goat Breeds(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThe number of Eimeria oocysts per gram faeces (OPG) and number of gastrointestinal nematod (GIN) eggs per gram faeces (EPG) depend on some factors such as gender, season and production systems. In order to determine the Eimeria infection and some gastrointestinal nematode burdens in Maltese, Gokceada and Turkish Saanen goats, OPG, EPG and packed cell volume (PCV) were investigated. Maltese breed tended to have lower parasite burden than other goat breeds (P <= 0.05). In the first observation, the prevalence of Eimeria and nematodes was 100% in Gokceada breed, while the prevalence of Eimeria and the prevalence of GIN infection were 98% and 78%, respectively, in Maltese. It was determined that OPG and EPG burdens were significantly affected by the age of goats and the sampling date (P <= 0.0193). It was seen that OPG burden decreased as the goats get older (P= 0.0157), while EPG value varied by the age of a goat in an unsteady manner (P<0.0001). The PCV values determined in the breeds ranged from 0.23 to 0.31. Statistically significant and positive correlation coefficients were determined between OPG and EPG r= 0.20 (P= 0.0036), and between the PCV value and OPG r= 0.41 and PCV and EPG r= 0.37 (P<0.0001).Öğe A study on usable plants for annual winter pastures for goats(WFL Publisher Ltd., 2013) Tölü, Cemil; Işil Akba?, Hande; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman; Baytekin, Harun; Savaş, TürkerSuitable plant species for annual winter pasture formation for dairy goats were investigated in the basis of genotype and animal behaviours. Two experiments were carried out with a total number of forty-five lactating goats from three breeds (G: Gökçeada; M: Maltese and TS: Turkish Saanen). In Experiment I, nine grazing plots containing triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack), oat (Avena sativa), common vetch (Vicia sativa) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica) as a sub-plot were formed, and five goats from each breed were grazed for three days on their grazing plots. Treatment was repeated three times with different goats. Behaviour of goats was recorded every day through direct observation for four hours. Biting rate of goat breed on the same plant species was examined in Experiment II. Grazing frequencies were determined as 55.2, 63.8 and 70.7% for the breeds of G, M and TS goats, respectively (P ? 0.01). Grasses, and triticale in particular, were preferred to legumes (P ? 0.01), and Hungarian vetch had the lowest grazing frequency. Biting rate varied among plant species (P ? 0.01), and observed values on triticale and Hungarian vetch were significantly lower than those of the other plant species (P ? 0.05). It was concluded that triticale has an important potential as a plant for annual winter pasture for dairy goats in Mediterranean climatic zone.Öğe An Important Genotype for Sustainable Extensive Goat Production Systems of Turkey: The Gökçeada Goat(2021) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerIn this study, it was aimed to report some traits of Gökçeada goats, which raised under the naturalconditions of Gökçeada, with respect to their protection within the scope of genetic resources. In thisrespect the information obtained from the goats supplied from the Island and reared in a semiintensive system at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University and also the information obtained from theliterature were collected and the biological and zootechnical identifications of the Gökçeada goatwere performed. Gökçeada goats, which are predominantly black, have yellow or red blazes on bothsides of their heads including their eyes. It was seen that Gökçeada goats had similar bodymeasurements and lower live weights as compared to those of the same species on the mainland. Thebirth weight and the mature live weight of Gökçeada goats were found as 2.55 kg and 38 kg,respectively, whereas their mean kid yield per goat at birth was determined as 1.6 to 1.8 kids.Individuals with a milk yield of 591 kg were striking in the Gökçeada genotype, in which the meanlactation length and the mean lactation milk yield were determined as 251 to 259 days and 227 to 245kg, respectively. Its milk fat (4.92-5.75%) and milk protein (3.29%) resembled those of our othernative breeds. It is necessary to reveal, with more elaborate studies, the potential for Gökçeada goatcheese that is greatly demanded on the Island. It was determined that the Gökçeada kids, which wereconsidered as dairy kids, had some small but nonfat carcass and that their meat was soft and of a lightcolor and had a slight smell. One should be careful about the adaptation of the Gökçeada genotype,which successfully maintains itself under the island conditions and which is the source of income forproducers, to intensive and extensive goat production systems.Öğe Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tölü, Cemil; Alatürk, Fırat; Özaslan Parlak, Altıngül; Gökkuş, AhmetExtensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.Öğe Birth, and neonatal behaviour and their effects on growth of Turkish Saanen kids(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2006) Konyalı, A.; Tölü, Cemil; Das, Gürübüz; Savaş, TürkerIn order to decrease young animal losses, better observation as well as more knowledge about birth and neonatal mother-kid-behaviour are needed. In this study, the distribution of births during day time, duration of birth, duration of birth-to-standing, duration of birth-to-suckling and the effect of birth and several kids behavioural parameters on growth of kids were investigated. This study was carried out with 99 Turkish Saanen goats and their 147 kids. Average gestation period was 152.4 +/- 2.63 days. Only 8.5% of the observed births occurred at night. 62% of the observed goats were given birth on the lateral recumbence and 38% on standing recumbence, respectively. However, no effects of sex of kid and age of doe on duration of birth (GD) were observed (P > 0.05). The range of birth and birth weight affected the trait GD (P <= 0.05). The sex of kid had a significant effect on duration of birth-to-standing (GAS) (P=0.035). On the other hand, birth weight had no effect on GAS (P=0.029). Significant effect of birth weight and year were found on duration of birth-to-suckling (GS) (P < 0.05). No significant effect of the range of birth on neonatal behavioural traits was observed. Duration of second twin (3.8 min) was shorter than the birth of single kid (16.9min) or the birth of first twin kids (14.7min) (P=0.001). Significant and positive correlations were determined between duration of birth and birth weight (GW), weaning weight (AGW) and daily weight gain before weaning period (BTZ) (P=0.001). No significant correlation was found between GD and daily weight gain after weaning period (NTZ) (P=0.698). Significant negative correlations (r=-0.20, P=0.056) between GAS and AGW (r=-0.27 P=0.008), as well as between GAS and BTZ were observed. A clear positive relation between GAS and NTZ was found (r=0.39, P=0.001). However significant correlations were found between GS and AGW (P=0.002), BTZ (P=0.008), NTZ (P=0.049). The relationship between GS and daily weight gain before weaning period was positive, on the other hand, negative correlation coefficient was found between GS and daily weight gain after weaning (r=-0.20, P=0.049). The results of the present study suggest that early standing of kids after birth could be used as an indicator for kids' vigor.Öğe Buğday Hasılı Ve Doğal Mera İle Farklı Otlatma Yoğunluklarının Sağmal Keçilerin Bazı Davranış Özelliklerine Etkisi(2013) Tölü, CemilMeraların sürdürülebilirliliğinin sağlanması ve süt keçiciliğinde ilkbahar dönemindeki artan besin maddegereksiniminin karşılanması adına, mera kullanımı ve yönetimi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı otlatmayoğunluklarındaki mera tiplerinde keçilerin bazı davranış ve performans özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla toplam24 baş Türk Saanen keçisi farklı büyüklükteki doğal mera ve buğday hasılından oluşan mera parselinde aysüreyle takip edilmiştir. Buğdaygil, baklagil ve diğer familyalardan türlerin oranlarının sırasıyla %67, %4 ve %29olduğu doğal merada ot verimi, nisan başına denk gelen dönemde buğday merasına yakın değerlerde iken, zamanilerledikçe azalmıştır. Ele alınan tüm davranış özelliklerinin mera tipi, parsel büyüklüğü, gözlem tarihi ve gözlemperiyoduna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir (PS0.039). Buğday merası grubundaki keçilerin doğal meraparsellerindeki keçilere göre %31 (llJ=0.69) daha az otlama davranışı, %50 daha az yürüme, %20 daha az yatmadavranışı sergilerken, %73 daha fazla geviş getirme ve %49 daha fazla ayakta durma davranışı göstermişlerdir(PS0.0001). Parsel büyüklüklerine göre davranış özellikleri önemli ölçüde değişiklik gösterirken, değişimin doğrusalbir eğilim göstermediği belirlenmiştir (P=0.0480). Canlı ağırlık ve süt verim seviyeleri deneme boyunca buğdaymerasındaki keçilerin üstünlüğü ile geçmiştir. Daha kısa süreli otlama ve yürüme ile gerekli besin maddesini sağlayanlaktasyon dönemindeki keçiler için buğday merasının, uygun bir mera olduğu; erken filizlenme döneminde olandoğal mera üzerindeki baskıyı azaltma anlamında yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Doğal mera alanının iselaktasyondaki keçiler için yeterli olmadığı ve detaylı çalışmalarla doğal mera otlatma yönetiminin oluşturulması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.Öğe Çanakkale Sakız ve Tahirova Koyun İşletmelerinde Verimli Ömür, Ayıklama Oranı ve Ayıklama Nedenleri(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2023) Bosdan, Korhan; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerKoyunculukta verimli ömür (VÖ) ve ayıklama oranı (AO) işletme ekonomisinde etkilidir. Bu çalışmada Sakız ve Tahirova işletmelerinde verimli ömür tahmin edilmiş ve sürüden ayıklama nedenleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada “Halk Elinde Küçükbaş Hayvan Islahı Ülkesel Projesi” kapsamında Çanakkale’de yürütülen projelerin beşer yıllık verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Sakız koyunları için sırasıyla ilk kuzulama yaşı 619.6 gün ve kuzulama aralığı 368.4 gün olurken, Tahirova koyunları için sırasıyla 490.2 gün ve 377 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Sakız işletmelerinde ortalama AO %17.6, VÖ 5.68 yıl, ömür boyu doğum sayısı (DS) 4.95 olarak bulunurken, Tahirova işletmeleri için aynı değerler %20.6, 4.85 yıl ve 4.40 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bir ve iki yaşında ilk doğumunu yapan Sakız genotipi karşılaştırıldığında, ikinci ve üçüncü doğumlarında sürüde kalma oranları sırasıyla %76 ile %68 ve ile %77 %59 olarak bulunmuştur (P=0.9670; P=0.1234). Aynı değerler Tahirova genotipinde %79 ile %71 ve %73 ile %59 olarak gerçekleşmiştir (P=0.1455; P=0.0125). Zorunlu ayıklama nedenleri yaşlılık (%27), diş sorunları (%25) ve meme sorunları (%19), isteğe bağlı ayıklama nedenleri ise düşük döl verimi (%15), düşük süt verimi (%11) ve davranış problemi (%3) şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Bir koyunun yabani hayvan saldırısı nedeniyle ölme olasılığı Sakız genotipinde Tahirova genotipine göre 3.54 kat daha yüksek iken (P=0.0493); süt verimi nedeniyle sürüden çıkarılma olasılığı %77 (P=0.0051) ve döl verim düşüklüğü nedeniyle %82 (P=0.0012), daha düşüktür. Sakız koyunu işletmelerindeki düşük AO ancak üretim maliyetlerinin düşük olduğu üretim sistemlerinde gerçekleşebilir. İlk doğumunu bir yaşında ve iki yaşında yapan koyunların üçüncü doğumda sürüde kalma oranları arasındaki farklılık Tahirova koyunu işletmelerinde ilk yaşında doğuranlar lehine olmak üzere daha belirgindir. Yabani hayvan saldırısı sonucu hayvan kaybı çalışmada dikkat çeken diğer bir noktayı oluşturmuştur.Öğe Carcass and meat quality of Gokceada Goat kids reared under extensive and semi-intensive production systems(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014) Ozcan, Mustafa; Yalcintan, Hulya; Tölü, Cemil; Ekiz, Bulent; Yilmaz, Alper; Savaş, TürkerThe aim was to compare the carcass and meat quality characteristics of male and female Gokceada Goat kids produced in extensive (n = 20) and semi-intensive (n = 20) systems. In extensive and semi-intensive produced kids pre-slaughter weights were 17.44 and 12.51 kg; cold carcass weights were 8.66 and 535 kg and cold dressing percentages were 54.9 and 49.28%, respectively. The effect of kid sex was not significant on hot and cold dressing percentages, back fat thickness, M. longissimus dorsi section area, carcass fatness and conformation scores, and carcass measurements, while female kids had higher omental and mesenteric fat and kidney knob and channel fat percentages than male kids. Extensive produced kids had lower meat lightness. Panellists evaluated extensive system kids with higher scores of kid odour intensity, flavour intensity and overall acceptability. It was concluded that it would be more appropriate to use an extensive system in Gokceada Goat breeding for kid meat production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Karacabey Merino lambs Reared under Triticale and Oat Pastures Compared with Stall-Fed Lambs(Mdpi, 2023) Hanoğlu Oral, Hülya; Kecici, Pembe Dilara; Alatürk, Fırat; Tölü, Cemil; Ekiz, Bülent; Gökkuş, AhmetSimple Summary An economical livestock production model in which all the needs of the lambs can be met and they reach the optimal slaughter weight in the shortest possible time is the primary goal of all production models. Since the production system is an important factor for carcass and meat quality, different production systems have been developed. In intensive systems with concentrates, carcasses tend to be fatter and reach optimal slaughter weight faster, whereas pasture-fed animals have a better fatty acid profile and redder colour due to higher physical activity. In our study, we investigated the effects of feeding system, birth type, gender, and birth year on the carcass and meat quality of Karacabey Merino lambs. The effects of gender and birth type on Karacabey Merino lambs showed the expected results: single-borns have more muscle tissue than multiples, males have more muscle tissue than females, and females have higher carcass fatness. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean and tender meat is preferred. However, it should not be ignored that lambs fed in stalls showed better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.Abstract Fifty-eight Karacabey Merino lambs were used to study the effects of feeding system (triticale pasture, oat pasture, or stall-fed), birth type (single or multiple), gender (male or female), and birth year (2016 or 2017) on various carcass and meat quality characteristics. Stall lambs had higher conformation (CS) and fatness (FS) scores, and higher meat L* and h* values than the two pasture groups, possibly due to higher fat content, while oat pasture lambs had the most tender meat. Single-born lambs had higher CS, FS, and Longissimus thoracis muscle section area, while females had higher subcutaneous and non-carcass fat deposits than their counterparts. Both single-born lambs and 2016-born lambs had higher meat a* and C* values than their counterparts. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean meat and/or meat products are preferred. However, it should not be ignored that stall-fed lambs showed a better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.Öğe Carcass measurements and meat quality characteristics of dairy suckling kids compared to an indigenous genotype(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Ekiz, Bulent; Ozcan, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Alper; Tölü, Cemil; Savas, TuerkerEffects of genotype on carcass measurements and meat quality were investigated by using 24 suckling kids from Turkish Saanen, Gokceada and Maltese breeds. Carcass quality characteristics of indigenous kids (Gokceada) were lower than those of dairy type (Turkish Saanen and Maltese) kids. Breed effect on ultimate meat pH, cooking loss, drip loss and Warner Bratzler shear force values were not significant. Meat samples from Turkish Saanen kids had higher redness (at 0, 1 and 24 h) and yellowness (at 24 h) values than Gokceada kids (P < 0.05). Breed had no significant effect on sensory characteristics except flavour intensity. Flavour intensity scores given to meat samples of Maltese kids were higher than those of Turkish Saanen and Gokceada kids (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dairy type breeds should be considered for meat production as well, with meat from Maltese kids potentially offering better colour and flavour intensity than that of Turkish Saanen kids. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Characterizing volatile compounds and proteolysis in Gokceada artisanal goat cheese(Elsevier, 2013) Hayaloğlu, A. A.; Yaşar, K.; Tölü, Cemil; Şahingil, DidemThe objective of the study was to determine the gross composition, proteolysis and volatile compounds in Gokceada goat cheese and to provide initial information on its manufacturing and ripening processes. Gokceada goat cheese is traditionally manufactured from raw goat milk in Gokceada (Imbros) island, Canakkale, Turkey. In the present study, 23 commercial samples were characterized. Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the water-insoluble fractions showed that both alpha(s)- and beta-caseins were extensively decomposed, but beta-casein was less degraded compared to alpha(s)-casein. RP-HPLC of peptide profiles in the water-soluble fractions demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differences among the samples. Sixty volatile compounds were identified by SPME/GC-MS technique with alcohols and esters as the principal class of volatile components in the cheeses. In general, relatively large variability in gross composition and concentration of volatile aroma was found, which probably reflects lack of standardization in the production of the cheese. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Çiftlik hayvanlarında sosyal sıra ve agonistik davranışlar(2006) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürklerÇiftlik hayvanları sosyal türlerdir. Grup halinde yaşayan hayvanlar arasında sosyal hiyerarşinin tesisiyle, hayvanların sürekli olarak kavga etmesi, sosyal huzursuzluk önlenmektedir. Ancak sosyal hiyerarşinin hayvanlar arasında kaynakların kullanım sırasını da belirlediği unutulmamalıdır. Agonistik davranışlar hayvanlarda enerji kayıplarına, yaralanmalara ve sürüde genel bir huzursuzluğa yol açabilmektedir. Yetiştirme sistemi ve grup büyüklüğü sosyal davranışların sıklığını ve şeklini etkilemektedir. Hayvansal üretimde agonistik davranışların sıklığını en alt seviyede kalmasını sağlayacak, sürüde verim kayıplarını önleyecek yetiştirme uygulamalan yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışmada literatürden derlenen bilgilerle evcil hayvanlarda sosyal hiyerarşi ve agonistik davranışların irdelenmesi hedeflenmiştir.Öğe Comparison of Gokceada, Maltese and Turkish Saanen Goat Genotypes for Reproduction Traits(Univ Namik Kemal, 2010) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study aimed at comparative investigation of estrus, pregnancy, mating performance, behaviors, and kid yield at birth in different goat genotypes. The study was carried out at the Technological and Agricultural Research Centre of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for a period of two years. Although the courtship behavior index of females did not differ, the bucks of Gokceada had lower courtship behavior index and jumping frequency with ejaculation than did other genotypes (P <= 0.05). Maltese bucks displayed courtship behavior index and mounting frequency with ejaculation similar to Turkish Saanen bucks, but had lower mounting frequency without ejaculation (P <= 0.05). First estrus and birth rates (buck under) were 33% and 25% for Gokceada, 65% and 42% for Maltese and 96% and 64% for Turkish Saanen, respectively (P<0.0001). The period between buck introduction and first estrus or conception increased in all genotypes in the second year of the study. Gokceada had longer periods and lower return rates in both years (P <= 0.05). Kid yield per goat at birth in the second year increased significantly in Gokceada and Maltese genotypes and was found as Maltese (1.9; 2.4), Turkish Saanen (1.9; 1.8) and Gokceada (1.6; 1.8) in the descending order.Öğe Comparison of Milk Yield, Milk Composition and Residual Milk of Machine and Hand-Milked in Turkish Saanen Goats(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Irmak, Serkan; Acikel, Sinasi; Akbag, Hande Isil; Savaş, TürkerDairy goats have quite long lactation periods like dairy cows, but there is significant lack of knowledge and information about machinery milking of goats. The present study was conducted to compare milk yields and milk components in manual and machinery milking of Turkish Saanen goats and to investigate the amount of residual milk and milk components of machinery milking. Experiments were carried out on 24 goats aged 3-4 years and on the 5th month of their lactation period. Of these goats, sixteen were separated in groups of eight goats. The first group was hand-milked and the other group was milked with a milking machine. The remaining eight were also milked with a milking machine and then the residual milk in udders was hand-milked. Milk components were analyzed with Milk-Lab Minor milk analysis device and fat analysis was carried out with Gerber fat analysis device. Milk yields of milking periods were similar in hand milking (1.105 L) and machinery milking (1.095 L) (P= 0.8807). While morning milking had 140 mL more milk than evening milking, evening milk had higher component values than morning milk (P<0.0001). Hand milk also had higher component values than machinery milk and significant differences were observed in fat values determined with Milk-Lab Minor (P= 0.0317). Residual milk after machinery milking was found to be 224-262 mL and 22.6%. Milk fat ratio of residual milk was 43-46% higher than evening machinery milk, 75% higher than morning machinery milk and residual milk had 3-4% higher non-fat dry matter (NFDM), protein and lactose contents. Thus, residual milk after machinery milking should manually be milked up and arrangements should be made on milking units to reduce such high amounts of residual milk. While milk fat ratio was 3.63% in Gerber analysis, the value was observed as 3.80% in Milk-Lab Minor device (P<0.0001). A positive correlation coefficient was observed between Gerber and Milk-Lab Minor fat values (r- 0.91; P<0.0001).Öğe Dairy goat usage of flooring types varied by material, slope and slat width(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerBarn flooring and bedding management are two critical issues in intensive dairy goat facilities. This study aimed at identifying the most appropriate seasonal floorings through observation of the behavioral characteristics of dairy goats. Four different trials were carried out in two different seasons (summer and winter). Wooden and rubber floorings were compared in the 1st trial; solid wood and slatted wooden floorings in the 2nd trial; 5% and 10% sloped floors in the 3rd trial, and 5-cm and 10-cm wide wooden slats were compared in the 4th trial. A total of 20 polled Turkish Saanen goats at 3-years of age were used in the experiments. During the temperature and relative humidity measurements taken in the morning hours, the floors were also scored for dirtiness. The floor dirtiness scores did not vary significantly by season or by season x type of flooring (P > 0.05). While there were no significant differences in the dirtiness scores of the flooring in the 1st and 3rd trials, the slatted floors of the 2nd and 4th trials had relatively lower dirtiness scores than the other floorings (P <= 0.05). Goats spent the majority of their time lying (74.88%) and were observed to favor reclining onto pen fences while lying. The lying behavior did not vary significantly regarding season in any trials (P > 0.05). However, the lying behavior of the goats significantly varied according to floor type in all trials (P <= 0.0396). Goats lay mostly over straw bedding in all trials, followed by rubber material, solid surface and 5% slope, which had rates close to that of straw bedding (P >= 0.05). In trial 4, goats demonstrated significantly lower lying behavior over both types of slats (5 cm and 10 cm) than straw bedding (P <= 0.05). Goats lay significantly more over the rubber floor compared to the wooden floor, more over the solid floor than the slatted floor, and more over the 10 cm slats than 5 cm slats. Goats demonstrated standing behavior more over the slatted floors (trials 2 and 4) (P <= 0.05). In this study, straw bedding was primarily chosen by dairy goats. Following straw bedding, goats largely opted for rubber flooring and solid wooden flooring and they showed no liking for slatted floors.Öğe Different estrous induction protocols during the transition period in lactating Turkish Saanen does following Al(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2008) Doğan, İbrahim; Konyalı, A.; Tölü, Cemil; Yurdabak, S.The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of three progestagen treatments for estrous synchronization in lactating Turkish Saanen goats during the transitional period from anestrous. All does (n = 60) were divided into three equal groups and the estrous period of the does was synchronized using intravaginal sponges (20 mg FGA) for either 11 days (Group 1), 9 days (Group 2) or 6 days (Group 3). In addition, 24h before sponge removal (on the 10(th) day, 8(th) day and 5(th) day, respectively) each doe was injected with 0.075 mg cloprostenol (PGF(2 alpha)) and 500 IU eCG. Cervical artificial inseminations (Al) with frozen-thawed semen were performed at fixed intervals (36 and 48 h) following progestagen withdrawal. The total estrous response following the first withdrawal was 12 +/- 6 h within 66 h. Time to onset and duration of the induced estrous, and pregnancy rates were recorded to be 30.0%, 100%, 23.9 +/- 0.7 h, 29.4 +/- 1.3 h, and 28.3%, respectively. There were significant differences between Group 1 and the other groups, in terms of the onset of induced estrus (P<0.05) and estrous response for the first 12 +/- 6 h (P<0.05) and between Group 2 and Groups 1 and 3 in terms of the duration of induced estrous (P<0.05). Each of the three protocols was effective in inducting and synchronizing estrus in lactating Turkish Saanen goats.Öğe Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. on Broiler Growth Performance, Slaughter and Carcass Characteristics, Blood biochemistry, and Hematological Parameters: A Systematic Review(Sciendo, 2025) Esen, Selim; Prete, Andrea; Centoducati, Gerardo; Lackner, Maximilian; Palangi, Valiollah; Tölü, CemilIn this systematic review, 79 research articles focusing on the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) supplementation in broilers were meticulously examined, assessing growth performance, slaughter and carcass traits, and blood parameters. Out of these, 12 studies met the predefined criteria. Licorice supplementation, particularly in the absence of specific dietary constraints, signifi-cantly improved feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency in broilers. The addition of licorice influ-enced slaughter and carcass traits, increasing the dressing percentage, although results varied based on dosage and form of supplementation. Effects on abdominal fat and spleen weights were inconsistent, while liver, heart, and gizzard weights gen-erally increased. Licorice supplementation affected blood biochemistry, showing varied impacts on markers like glucose, cho-lesterol, and triglycerides. Notably, licorice exhibited potential antioxidant properties by reducing malondialdehyde levels, in-dicating decreased oxidative stress. The review highlighted diverse outcomes across growth performance, slaughter traits, car-cass parameters, and blood biochemistry due to licorice supplementation. Variability in dosage, form, and administration methods underscored the need for standardized protocols. Future research should concentrate on uncovering underlying mechanisms, expanding geographical diversity, and exploring interactions with other feed additives, especially in antibiotic-free diets. Despite its promise, further investigation is necessary to optimize licorice's role in poultry production. © 2025 Selim Esen et al., published by Sciendo.Öğe Effect of Melatonin Treatment on Reproductive Hormones and Sexual Behaviors in Sheep(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2025) Öztürk, Nesrin; Tölü, CemilIn seasonal oestrus animals such as sheep, out-off-season lambing practices and synchronization of oestrus are important in terms of herd management and farm economics. The present study aimed to determine the effects of melatonin implants administered before the breeding season on melatonin, estrogen, progesterone hormone concentrations, and sexual behavior in Tahirova sheep. The study was conducted on 60 Tahirova dairy ewes, aged 1-4 years, and 6 head rams, aged 1-2 years. On June 26, melatonin implants were administered to half of the ewes (18 mg dose/ewe) and rams (54 mg dose/ram). Fifteen days after the implantation of melatonin, all the ewes (530 g/ewe) and rams (660 g/ram) were given supplemental feeding (flushing) with grain feed for a period of 60 days. On August 1, the ewes exhibiting signs of estrus following the introduction of a ram were relocated to individual paddocks, where mating was conducted using the hand-mating method. The frequency of sniffing, touching the ram's scrotum, turning the ram, head-turning, and tail wagging was recorded during the hand-mating procedure. Additionally, the sexual behaviors exhibited by the ram were documented. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to ascertain whether an interaction occurred within the first minute. The intervals, sexual interaction rate of the ewe, total frequency of sexual interaction, time per sexual interaction, and total sexual interaction time were observed. Blood samples were collected regularly on the initial day, the 21st day, the 42nd day, the 63rd day, the 94th day, and the 129th day for subsequent hormone analysis. Hormonal analyses were conducted using the ELISA method on blood serum samples. The melatonin hormone concentration was observed to be higher in the treatment (MT) group than in the control (C) group on the 63rd day (P=0.0476). The sexual interaction rate of the MT group was found to increase significantly in comparison to the C group (P=0.0045). Additionally, the gestation rate was shorter in the MT group than in the C group (P≤0.05). It can thus be concluded that the melatonin implant, when applied before the breeding season, significantly increases melatonin hormone concentrations on the 63rd day and significantly shortens the periods of gestation in Tahirova dairy sheep. © Bu çalışma Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi.Öğe Effect of production system on meat, bone and fat percentages of different carcass parts in gökçeada goat kids(Istanbul University, 2016) Özcan, Mustafa; Yalçintan, Hülya; Ekiz, Bülent; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study was performed to determine meat, bone and fat percentages in different parts of carcasses of Gökçeada Goat kids grown in different production systems. Totally, 27 male kids in three different groups were used as material. Group I-Suckling Kids (n:7): Grower concentrate and Alfalfa hay were given to the goat kids in addition to their mother's milk until 80-90 days of age; Group II-Intensive System Kids (n:10): Kids stayed with their mothers whole day during 7 days after birth and then mothers were separated from their kids in the mornings. After the evening milking the dams and kids were put together until morning. The kids were weaned when they reached the average age of 47 days. Starting from the second weeks of age, the kids were fed ad libitum with Alfalfa hay and pelleted concentrated feed. Group III- Extensive System Kids (n:10): Kids stayed with their mothers on Gökçeada Island until 4 months of age. In the suckling period the dams were not milked and the kids grazed freely in the pasture and suckled their mother. Group I kids were slaughtered at approximately 80-90 days of age, other kids from Group II and Group III slaughtered at approximately 4 months of age. Carcass compositions were determined by dissection. Each carcass part was dissected into muscle, bone, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and other tissues. Other tissues included blood vessels, tendons, nerves and lymph nodes. When goat kids carcasses compared in terms of muscle rate; the differences between groups were not found significant (P>0.05) for neck, shoulder, leg, flank and tail carcass parts. However, Group I (P<0.001) showed higher values for loin and rib. Bone rates were found significant for all carcass parts in all production systems. Bone rates showed lowest values in group III among other carcass parts. It was determined that Group III showed highest value in terms of total fat rate of carcass parts (P<0.01). In conclusion, when different carcass components evaluated, it was found that suckling goat kids and intensive reared goat kids produced less fatty carcass. On the other hand suckling goat kids showed higher values in terms of rib and loin meat percentage.
