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    An important tool against combat climate change: Land suitability assessment for canola (a case study: Çanakkale, NW Turkey)
    (Springer, 2022) Everest, Timuçin; Koparan, Hakan; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
    Authorities working to combat climate change should consider land suitability studies for crop-based energy crops rather than broad and categorical land assessments, particularly over macro-areas, to facilitate decisions and policy-making. The primary objective of the present study was to identify suitable productive lands in canakkale province, NW Turkey for canola, which may constitute an alternative energy crop to fossil fuels and aid in combating climate change. Literature findings, land observations, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to generate a land suitability model for canola farming in arable lands of canakkale province. Within the scope of the study, 12 physical, chemical and topographic parameters (soil texture, pH, EC, depth, organic matter, N, P, K, CaCO3 contents, aspect, slope and elevation) were assessed. Analyses revealed that 5798.28 ha were highly suitable (S1), 18,647.11 ha were moderately suitable (S2), 9342.71 ha were marginally suitable (S3) and 3070.92 ha were not suitable (N) for canola farming. The topographic parameters of slope and soil depth were identified as the primary effective factors and chemical parameters of soil pH and EC were identified as the secondary effective factors. Climate change, alternative searches for energy resources and increasing land demands make it necessary to use land resources more effectively. The combination of GIS and AHP techniques provided useful results in the canola example for the utilization of land resources in accordance with increasing demands. Widespread use of this approach for different energy crops will provide a significant tool to the authorities for carbon management.
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    Analysis of drought intensity, frequency and trends using the spei in Turkey
    (Springer, 2023) Serkendiz, Hıdır; Tatlı, Hasan; Kılıç, Ayşegül; Çetin, Mahmut; Sungur, Ali
    This study addresses into the critical issue of drought as a natural disaster, especially in regions characterized by arid and semi-arid climates like Turkey. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the historical occurrences of meteorological drought events in Turkey, focusing on their past frequency, intensity, and spatial distribution. The study employs the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) method and utilizes 50 years of monthly temperature and precipitation data collected from 222 meteorological stations across the country. Drought severity is assessed using the run theory method, and trends in drought patterns are analyzed through the Mann–Kendall trend test. Additionally, the text explores the connection between elevation and the geographical distribution of drought events. The study’s findings reveal a noticeable increase in the occurrence of drought periods over time. Among the selected periods, the most widespread drought event was observed in the year 2001. The Bozcaada meteorology station exhibited the highest frequency of drought with a value of 223, while the Ispir meteorology station recorded the lowest frequency with a value of 151. Over the course of the 50-year analysis, no significant correlation was found between drought and elevation, although a gradual increase was noted in the last 10 years. The results also indicate a gradual north-to-south increase in drought intensity in Turkey. The study identifies four distinct drought hotspots in the country: the Western Anatolia Region, Central and Southern Anatolia Region, Southeastern Anatolia Region, and Eastern Anatolia Region.
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    Applying the Best–Worst Method for land evaluation: a case study for paddy cultivation in northwest Turkey
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
    Several multi-criteria decision-making methods are used in land suitability analyses. The main objective of this study is to present the potential use of the Best–Worst Method to determine agricultural land suitability. Study was conducted in 6837.26 ha land in Canakkale northwest Turkey. Nine land characteristics (texture, electrical conductivity, drainage, pH, depth, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, soil fertility index (N, P, K and Zn content) and CaCO3%) were used. Data obtained from the Best–Worst Method were compared with the results of Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Storie Index method. According to the Best–Worst Method, 5.76% of the land was highly suitable, 58.37% were moderately suitable, 31.93% were marginally suitable, and 3.94% were not suitable for paddy cultivation. To Analytical Hierarchy Process, 5.76% of the land was highly suitable, 61.42% were moderately suitable, 29.01% were marginally suitable, and 3.94% were not suitable and with respect to Storie Index method, 5.76% were highly suitable, 0.20% were moderately suitable, 57.78% were marginally suitable, and 36.26% were not suitable for paddy cultivation. There was a statistically positive correlation between the Best–Worst Method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (r =.997) and negative correlation between Storie Index. So, results showed that the data generated with the use of Best–Worst Method were consistent, reliable and complied with the data of Analytical Hierarchy Process. The advantage of the Best–Worst Method to other methods is to conduct less pairwise comparisons and has more practical and fast algorithm. So, the Best–Worst Method can reliably use in crop-based land suitability analyses.
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    Ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle Ergene havzasından alınan toprak örneklerinde metal analizi
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2013) Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan; Yılmaz, Selehattin
    Bu çalışmada Ergene Havzasından alınan farklı fiziko-kimyasal özelliklere sahip topraklarda ve Ergene Nehrinden alınan sediment örneklerinde farklı fraksiyonlarda tutulan ağır metaller (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb ve Zn) Avrupa Birliği Referans Komisyonu (BCR- the European Community Bureau of Reference) tarafından geliştirilen BCR ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca ağır metallerin bitki tarafından alınabilir miktarları DTPA (dietilen triamin pentaasetik asit) ekstraksiyonu ve tüme yakın metal miktarları ise kral suyu kullanılarak mikro dalga tekniği ile belirlenmiştir. Toprak örneklerinde ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle çözelti fazına geçen ağır metallerin belirlenmesinde alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektroskopisi (FAAS) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca FAAS ve ICP-OES (indüktif eşlemeli plazma atomik emisyon spektroskopisi) tekniklerinin kıyaslanması için sediment örneklerindeki ağır metal içerikleri her iki teknikle ölçülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında toprak özellikleri ile metal miktarı arasındaki ilişkiler için verilere çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi ve t testi uygulanmıştır. BCR ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile tek basamaklı DTPA ekstraksiyon yöntemi arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla verilere Pearson korelasyonu ve BCR ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle belirlenen ağır metallerin davranış ve benzerliklerin belirlenmesi için hiyerarşik kümeleme analizleri yapılmıştır. ?statistiksel analizler SPSS 10 programı ile yapılmıştır. Toprak örneklerinde BCR yöntemiyle ilk üç fraksiyondaki metallerin hareketlilik sırası; Mn > Pb > Cd ? Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr > Fe şeklinde bulunmuştur. ?statistiksel değerlendirmeler sonucu özellikle Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb ve Zn fraksiyonlarındaki farklılaşma ile toprak özellikleri arasında önemli ilişkiler olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca viii toprak örneklerinde DTPA ile ekstrakte edilebilir metal miktarı ve BCR ardışık ekstraksiyon ile farklı fraksiyonlardan ekstrakte edilen metal miktarları arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel olarak bağlantılı bulunmuştur. Özellikle Ni ve Co dışında kalan ağır metallerin (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb ve Zn) DTPA ile ekstrakte edilebilir kısmı ve F1 fraksiyonu arasında istatistiksel ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Sediment örneklerinde BCR yöntemiyle tespit edilen ağır metal hareketlilik sırası; Zn > Mn ? Cr > Co > Cd > Pb > Ni ? Cu > Fe şeklindedir. Sedimentlerdeki ağır metallerin farklı form ve şekillerde bağlanması üzerinde pH ve organik madde içeriklerinin etkileri istatistiksel olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca farklı cihazlarla (FAAS ve ICP-OES) yapılan ağır metal analizlerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark oluşmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Toprak ve sedimentlerin fiziko-kimyasal özelliklerinin BCR ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle analizlerinde ağır metallerin farklı şekillerinde ve miktarlarda bağlandığı bulunmuştur. Özellikle toprakta farklı fraksiyonlara bağlanan elementlerin miktarı ile elementlerin toplam miktarları arasındaki ilişkilerin kirlilik kaynak ve düzeyi hakkında önemli ipuçları verdiği belirlenmiştir. Anahtar sözcükler: Ardışık Ekstraksiyon Yöntemi, DTPA, Ağır Metaller, Ergene Havzası, Toprak, Sediment
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    Bazı sofralık üzüm çeşitlerinin tuza toleranslarının belirlenmesi
    (2006) Müftüoğlu, Nuray Mücella; Dardeniz, Alper; Sungur, Ali; Altay, Hamit
    Bu araştırma, sofralık çeşitlerden Amasya, Cardinal, Italia ve Yalova İncisi üzüm çeşitlerinin tuza toleranslarının tespit edilebilmesi amacıyla, 2003 ve 2005 yıllarında iki yıl süreyle yürütülmüştür. Sökülen tek gözlü kalemlerde kök yaş ağırlığı, kök kuru ağırlığı, kök nemi, sürgün yaş ağırlığı, sürgün kuru ağırlığı, sürgün nemi, bitki yaş ağırlığı, bitki kuru ağırlığı, bitki nemi, kalem nemi, sürgün uzunluğu, boğum sayısı ve yaprak sayısı parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, anaçların tuza toleranslarının daha net bir şekilde saptanabilmesi amacıyla bitki canlılığı ile sürgün ve bitki kuru ağırlıkları bazındaki tolerans oranı ve tolerans indeksi hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak bütün parametreler bir arada değerlendirildiğinde, en yük­sek konsantrasyonlarda (15000 mg/L ve 20000 mg/L) bile tuza en fazla tolerans gösteren çeşidin Amasya üzüm çeşidi oldu­ğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çeşidi Cardinal üzüm çeşidi izlemiş, Italia ve Yalova İncisi üzüm çeşitleri ise tuza daha az tolerans gösteren çeşitler olarak belirlenmiştir.
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    Characterization of Heavy Metal Fractions in Agricultural Soils by Sequential Extraction Procedure: The Relationship Between Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Fractions
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Erkan; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, Hasan
    The present research was conducted to determine heavy metals in agricultural soils from canakkale, Turkey, using a sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) as proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the European Commission. Soil samples were taken from 12 different cultivated sites and analyzed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The results revealed an order of Mn > Cd > Pb > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr for the heavy metals based on the sum of the first three fractions (acid soluble + reducible + oxidizable). The relationships between soil properties and each metal fraction were identified through Pearsons's correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the behaviors and similarities of metals in each fraction. While Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibited subjective behaviors in the acid-soluble fraction, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni exhibited similar behaviors with each other.
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    Characterization of olive pomace biochar produced at different temperatures and their temporal effects on soil aggregation and carbon content
    (Springer, 2023) Kavdır, Yasemin; İlay, Remzi; Güven, Orhun Berk; Sungur, Ali
    The properties of biochar may vary depending on feedstock type and producing temperature. The aim of this research was to understand the short-term effects of different pyrolysis temperatures and application rates of olive pomace biochar (OPB) on soil carbon (C), aggregate stability (AS), and aggregate size distribution for sandy loam soil. OPB was produced at low (350 °C) and high (700 °C) temperatures and incorporated into the soil at different rates and incubated for 6 months under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. OPB350 had low pH, high carbon, and nitrogen (N) values compared to OPB700. As the temperature increased the concentration of zinc, iron, manganese, copper, sodium, potassium, and magnesium in biochar increased. The BET surface area of OPB350 was 1.076 m2 g−1, and OPB 700 was 107.7 m2 g−1. Application of OPB improved soil aggregate stability and carbon content while the proportion of > 4 mm-aggregates and aggregate mean weight diameter decreased. OPB addition to soil increased microaggregate percentages and decreased macroaggregate percentages. OPB produced at high temperatures significantly increased soil AS value compared to OPB350.
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    Chemical fractionation, mobility and environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Canakkale, Turkey
    (Springer, 2016) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, Hasan
    The primary objective of this study was to identify possible heavy metal pollution risks in greenhouse soils. Collected soil samples were subjected to heavy metal analysis to determine Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Binding forms of the metals were determined by following a sequential extraction procedure. The wet digestion method with aqua regia procedure was employed to find the pseudo total heavy metal concentrations of soil samples. BCR-701 and NIM-GBW07425 certified reference materials were used to validate the reliability of the methods. Contamination factor, potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code were used to assess the environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse and field samples. Results of extractable amounts of heavy metals from greenhouse samples revealed that mobile fractions of Cd, Pb and Ni were higher than immobile fractions and mobile fractions of Cr and Zn were closer to immobile fractions. Human-induced effects were considered the primary reason for this. Soil pH and organic matter content were found to be highly correlated with heavy metals of soil samples from greenhouses. With regard to environmental impacts of heavy metals, Cd was much more mobile in greenhouse samples than in field samples, retained less in ambient soil and had high environmental risks. It was observed that Cd was highly mobile, less retained and exerted higher environmental risks. With regard to environmental risks, Cd was followed respectively by Pb, Cr and Zn in greenhouse soils. Sequential extraction yielded significant information about mobility, behavior and environmental impacts of heavy metals.
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    Chemometric and geochemical study of the heavy metal accumulation in the soils of a salt marsh area (Kavak Delta, NW Turkey)
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Ozcan, Hasan
    A series of investigations were performed to provide heavy metal signatures of salt marsh soil and to evaluate potential sources in Kavak Delta, NW Turkey. The soil samples were collected from 77 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used for metal detection. In order to assess the existing pollution, geochemical approaches such as enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index were applied. The results indicated that the average values of the analyzed metals (except Ba and Sr) were more than the shale averages. Chemometric analysis was performed, and three main sources with corresponding cluster elements were identified: Pb and Se are mainly derived from anthropogenic sources; Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, and Zn have anthropogenic sources combined with lithospheric sources, while Sr comes mainly from lithospheric sources. The resultant pollution load index (1.62) for metals in the salt marsh soils indicated metal pollution in the research site. Geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and contamination factor also resulted in supporting outcomes and indicated prominently Cd, Li, Ni, Pb and Se metals in the existing pollution of the site. Combining chemometric and geochemical approaches can be successfully used for natural and anthropogenic sources and pollution assessment of salt marsh soils. It was observed that Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, and Se dominantly accumulated in the research site. These metals may have a negative impact on the existing species in the study area and create an environmental risk.
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    Determination of agricultural land suitability with a multiple-criteria decision-making method in Northwestern Turkey
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
    This study was carried out in the district of Lapseki in Çanakkale, Turkey. The suitability of land in Lapseki for agriculture was evaluated by using an analytic hierarchy process. In the study, the basic parameters were determined by using the soil map and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. Land use capability classes, soil depth, erosion risk and other soil properties (limiting factors) were obtained from the soil map, while slope, elevation and aspect were obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. To determine the weight of the parameters in the analytic hierarchy process, the opinions of the public institutions and experts were obtained. The obtained data were analyzed with the analytic hierarchy process and mapped with geographic information systems techniques, and a land suitability map was generated. The agricultural land suitability map demonstrated that 2.95% (2557 ha) of the lands in the study area were highly suitable; 10.37% (8989 ha) were moderately suitable; 53.47% (46,336 ha) were marginally suitable; and 33.21% (28,775 ha) were not suitable for agricultural use. The data from the agricultural land suitability map were compared with the Coordination of Information on the Environment 2012 data. As a result of comparison, 14.12% (361 ha) of highly suitable lands for agriculture and 2.25% (202 ha) of moderate suitable lands for agriculture are urbanized. It was seen that 45.71% (24,837 ha) of the lands that are marginally suitable for agriculture and 18.76% (5397 ha) of the not suitable lands had current land use for agriculture.
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    Determination of Cu, Pb, and Zn Contents of Soils Formed on Different Parent Materials (Çanakkale, Türkiye)
    (2024) Temel, Erdem; Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
    This study was carried out to determine the heavy metal (Cu, Pb, and Zn) contents and their differences in soils formed on three different parent materials (basalt, clastic and carbonate rocks and granite) in the Ezine district of Çanakkale province. For this purpose, surface sampling was conducted in soils formed under natural conditions on different geological materials. Heavy metal contents of the soil samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry using the wet digestion Aqua regia method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the elemental differences in soil samples. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to reveal the relationship between heavy metals and the physicochemical properties of soils taken from different parent materials. As a result of the evaluation, the mean Cu concentrations in the samples ranged from soils formed on basalt (40.8 ± 3.8 ?g/g)> soils formed on clastic and carbonate rocks (24.8 ± 1.5 ?g/g)> soils formed on granite (22.5 ± 2. 8 ?g/g); mean Pb concentrations followed the order of soils formed on granite (37.50 ± 3.30 ?g/g)> soils formed on clastic and carbonate rocks (35.67 ± 2.74 ?g/g)> soils formed on basalt (21.6 ± 6.7 ?g/g). The mean Zn concentrations of the soil samples were as follows: soils formed on basalt (80.9 ± 8.7 ?g/g)> soils formed on clastic and carbonate rocks (44.1 ± 3.7 ?g/g)> soils formed on granite (37.0 ± 9.4 ?g/g). Pb concentrations of all soil samples were found to be higher than the average of the earth's crust.
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    Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method
    (Springer, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, Hasan
    Utilizing the sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) proposed by The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), the trace metals present in the sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey, were determined. The sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. The flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for metal determination. The validation of the results was checked by the analysis of the BCR-701 standard reference material. The relationship existing between the sediment characteristics and metal fractions was identified using the correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to find out the grouping of the sampling sites based on the similarities of the heavy metals in the bioavailable fraction. When the extractable amounts of heavy metals are considered, the quantity of the mobile fractions (viz., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of the heavy metals is observed to be higher when compared with that of the immobile fraction (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Besides, it was statistically discovered that the organic matter, pH and clay contents could influence the bonding of the analyte metals in various forms. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of the sampling stations, with group I (S5-8) and group II (S3, S4 and S9) showing higher environmental risks. The risk assessment code indicated that the highly mobile soluble fractions of Mn, Zn, Cd and Co created a high environmental risk which could result in negative impacts on the aquatic biota.
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    Ecological risk assessment for protected areas: Case of Troia Historical National Park, Canakkale - Turkey
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2017) Everest, Timucin; Tasli, Tulay Cengiz; Akbulak, Cengiz; Sungur, Ali
    An ecological risk assessment of the Troia Historical National Park (THNP), which is under protected status and has an important and fragile ecosystem, was carried out in this research study. The effects of available practices in THNP on soil potential, water potential, and biotope potential, which were determined as ecological potentials, were investigated in the study. The usability of potentials, the intensity of the negative effects on these potentials, and their susceptibility to these negative effects were determined, and ecologically at-risk areas were analyzed by correlating these variables. The findings showed that most adversely affected and at the highest risk were the soil potential, biotope potential, and water potential, respectively. The area at the highest risk of all the researched potentials was revealed to be the salt marshes, located in the north of the research area and considered as an ecologically vulnerable area. © by PSP.
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    ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PROTECTED AREAS: CASE OF TROIA HISTORICAL NATIONAL PARK, CANAKKALE - TURKEY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Everest, Timucin; Tasli, Tulay Cengiz; Akbulak, Cengiz; Sungur, Ali
    An ecological risk assessment of the Troia Historical National Park (THNP), which is under protected status and has an important and fragile ecosystem, was carried out in this research study. The effects of available practices in THNP on soil potential, water potential, and biotope potential, which were determined as ecological potentials, were investigated in the study. The usability of potentials, the intensity of the negative effects on these potentials, and their susceptibility to these negative effects were determined, and ecologically at-risk areas were analyzed by correlating these variables. The findings showed that most adversely affected and at the highest risk were the soil potential, biotope potential, and water potential, respectively. The area at the highest risk of all the researched potentials was revealed to be the salt marshes, located in the north of the research area and considered as an ecologically vulnerable area.
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    Effect of antimonite mineralization area on heavy metal contents and geochemical fractions of agricultural soils in Gumushane Province, Turkey
    (Elsevier, 2020) Sungur, Ali; Vural, Alaaddin; Gundogdu, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa
    In this study, the possible impacts of an antimonite mineralization area on agricultural lands with regard to heavy metal concentrations were examined. In this scope, surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from a total of 27 locations including eleven from the Avliyana antimonite mineralization area (Torul, Gumushane-NW Turkey) and its surroundings, eleven from agricultural areas and five from the control area. We digestion method was used with aqua regia procedure for determining the total heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations of the soil samples. The geochemical fractions of heavy metals in soil samples were determined by way of a sequential extraction procedure. The total heavy metal contents of the soils were determined as: Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for control soils, Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for agricultural soils and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd for mining area soils. It was determined that especially the values of Zn (57.6 +/- 6.2 mu g/g) and Cu (52.4 +/- 5.8 mu g/g) were high at the mineralization area due to hydrothermal alterations that are effective in the formation of mineralization. It was put forth as a result of sequential extraction that the heavy metals examined excluding Pb were observed dominantly in the residual fraction for all data set. On the other hand, it was determined that the non-residual mobile fractions reached from 11% Cr to 78% Pb in control soils, from 20% Cd to 88% Pb in agricultural soils and from 24% Cd to 87% Pb in mineralization area soils. Contamination signals due to mineralization area were monitored by way of the metal content in mobile fractions. Even though the metal concentrations determined in short term are not alarming for agricultural production, signals were observed especially for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn elements to be more mobile in mineralization area soils in the long term due to the impact of environmental factors thereby being carried over to and accumulating in agricultural soils. In conclusion, while it is expected that the metal inputs due to mineralization areas may increase in the future, it is suggested to include plant analyses in future studies for determining the impact of the amount of bioavailable metal.
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    Effects of different N, P, and K applications on the mineral contents of tuber and leaves of Cyclamen hederifolium plants
    (2009) Müftüoğlu, Nuray Mücella; Altay, Hamit; Sungur, Ali; Erken, Kamil; Türkmen, Cafer
    Deneme, Cyclamen hederifolium üretimi üzerine bazı bitki besin elementlerinin farklı dozlarının etkilerini saptamak, yumruda ihracat boyutu olan 10 cm ve üzeri çevre genişliğine en kısa sürede nasıl ulaşılabileceğini tespit etmek, C. hederifolium bitkisinin üretici koşullarında üretilebileceğini göstermek ve doğadaki tahribatının önüne geçilmesini sağlamak amacı ile kurulmuştur. Ayrıca yumru ve yapraklardaki bazı elementlerin belirlenmesi ile bu konudaki kaynak açığının giderilmesine çalışılmıştır. Yetiştirme ortamı olarak torf, bitki besin elementlerinden azot ($N _0=0; N _1$=10,5 kg N/da), fosfor ($P _0=0; P _1$=21,5; $P _2=43,0; P _3=64,5; P _4=86,0 kg P _2O _5$/da) ve potasyum ($K _0=0; K _1=25; K _2$=50 kg $K _2O$/da) kullanılmıstır. Ekim, 10 Ekim 2002 tarihinde yapılmıs, 3 yıl sonra 17 Mayıs 2005 tarihinde yumrular sökülmüs, yumru ve yaprak örneklemesi Subat 2005 tarihinde yapılmıştır. Yumru örneklerinde çevre genişliği, yumru ağırlığı, kök ağırlığı, yumru yüksekliği, yumru sayısı ve ihraçlık yumru sayısı özelliklerine bakılmıştır. Ayrıca alınan yumru ve yaprak örneklerinde bazı makro ve mikro bitki besin maddeleri (Al, Ca, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, S, Zn, C, N) incelenmiştir. Deneme ile en uzun çevre genişliği (cm), en çok yumru sayısı ve ihraçlık yumru sayısı $N _0P _1K _0 (P _1=21,5$ kg $P_2O -5$/da) uygulamasından elde edilmiştir, ancak alınan yumru ve yaprak örneklerinde, incelenen elementler bakımından farklı değerler saptanırken yumrularda alüminyum tespit edilememiştir.
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    Effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in the soil of apple orchards (canakkale, NW Turkey)
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Sungur, Ali; Temel, Erdem; Everest, Timuçin; Soylak, Mustafa; Özcan, Hasan
    The effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in an apple orchard soils were investigated. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from the apple orchards with two different soil textures located on the same geomorphological unit in Çanakkale, Turkey. A wet digestion was used to determine total trace metal concentrations, and a sequential extraction method was used to determine geochemical fractions of the metals. According to average total concentrations of all metals, except Pb, were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in clay soils. Sequential extraction analysis showed that potential mobile fractions were ordered as Cd (68.8%) > Pb (52.4%) > Cu (42.0%) > Zn (34.8%) > Ni (32.3%) > Cr (22.9%) in clay soils and as Cd (61.6%) > Pb (51.6%) > Cu (40.2%) > Zn (30.7%) > Ni (30.8%) > Cr (24.9%) in loamy soils. The results revealed that all metals, except Pb, in exchangeable/acid soluble, oxidizable and, potential mobile fractions were found to be significantly higher in clay soils (p < 0.05). It was figured out that clay contents played an effective role in total concentrations of metals and their distribution in geochemical fractions.
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    Estimating remobilization of potentially toxic elements in soil and road dust of an industrialized urban environment
    (Springer, 2022) Botsou, Fotini; Sungur, Ali; Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Kypritidou, Zacharenia; Daferera, Ourania; Massas, Ioannis; Argyraki, Ariadne
    The mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is of paramount concern in urban settings, particularly those affected by industrial activities. Here, contaminated soils and road dusts of the medium-size, industrialized city of Volos, Central Greece, were subjected to single-step extractions (0.43 M HNO3 and 0.5 M HCl) and the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. This approach will allow for a better understanding of the geochemical phase partitioning of PTEs and associated risks in urban environmental matrices. Based on single extraction procedures, Pb and Zn exhibited the highest remobilization potential. Of the non-residual phases, the reducible was the most important for Pb, and the oxidizable for Cu and Zn in both media. On the other hand, mobility of Ni, Cr, and Fe was low, as inferred by their dominance into the residual fraction. Interestingly, we found a significant increase of the residual fraction in the road dust samples compared to soils. Carbonate content and organic matter controlled the extractabilities of PTEs in the soil samples. By contrast, for the road dust, magnetic susceptibility exerted the main control on the geochemical partitioning of PTEs. We suggest that anthropogenic particles emitted by heavy industries reside in the residual fraction of the SEP, raising concerns about the assessment of this fraction in terms of origin of PTEs and potential environmental risks. Conclusively, the application of sequential extraction procedures should be complemented with source identification of PTEs with the aim to better estimate the remobilization of PHEs in soil and road dust influenced by industrial emissions.
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    ESTIMATION OF HEAVY METAL FRACTIONS, SOURCES AND UPTAKE BY PLANTS IN CHERRY ORCHARDS (CANAKKALE-LAPSEKI, NORTHWESTERN TURKEY)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Gur, Engin; Sungur, Ali
    The contamination of agricultural land with heavy metals due to human activities raises environmental and health concerns. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geochemical fractions of heavy metals in cherry orchard soils, their potential sources, and the correlation between heavy metals in different fractions and the amount of heavy metal uptake by cherry trees. To that end, soil and leaf samples were taken from a total of ten cherry orchards located in the district of Lapseki (Canakkale, Turkey) with great potential for cherry production. The elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the samples were extracted into solvent by means of sequential extraction, using a different solvent system at each step, and the concentrations of the metals were determined via inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The analysis of the total content of heavy metals in the soils indicated that the metals were above the average agricultural land values, except for Cr and Zn. The results of the sequential extraction method showed that the percentage in the mobile phase was high for the elements Pb (73%), Cu (66%) and Zn (57%) and this originated from anthropogenic sources. These findings were further supported by the statistical analyses performed in the study. Principal component analysis pointed to three main sources for heavy metals: lithogenic sources for Cr and Ni; a combination of anthropogenic and lithogenic sources for Cd, Cu and Zn; and anthropogenic sources for Pb. The data were examined with hierarchical cluster analysis to investigate the correlation between the amount of heavy metals in each fraction of the soil samples and the amount of heavy metals in cherry leaves. The analysis demonstrated that there was a strong correlation between the heavy metals in cherry leaves (except for Cr and Ni) and more available fractions (acid soluble and reducible).
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    Farklı Ana Materyaller Üzerinde Oluşmuş Toprakların Ağır Metal İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi (Kırklareli, Türkiye)
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2020-06-29) Sungur, Ali; Tuğyan, Gökhan
    Toprak sistemine ağır metaller, doğal ortamlarda kayaçların ayrışması sonucu ulaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma Kırklareli ilinde orman örtüsü altında farklı litolojilere sahip alanlarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın amacı, farklı ana materyaller ve benzer bitki örtüsü-iklim etkisi altında oluşmuş toprakların ağır metal konsantrasyonlarını belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda dört farklı ana materyal (granit, şist, kireç taşı ve karasal kırıntı) üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda 0-20 cm derinlikte toplam 20 adet yüzey örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Toprak örnekleri kral suyu yaş yakma yöntemi ile ekstrakte edilmiş, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb ve Zn konsantrasyonları alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi ile tayin edilmiştir. Farklı ana materyallerden oluşan topraklar arasındaki farkları belirlemek için deneysel verilerde varyans analizi (ANOVA) yapılmıştır (p<0,05). Ağır metal değişkenlerinin ortalamaları Tukey çoklu aralık testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı ana materyaller üzerinde oluşmuş toprakların Cd içerikleri istatistiksel olarak bir farklılık göstermemiştir. Co, Ni, Pb ve Zn şist üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda en yüksek ve istatistiksel olarak bu farklılık önemli bulunmuştur. Co, Ni ve Pb kireç taşı üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda da ikincil düzeyde yüksek çıkmış ve bu farklılık yine istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Cu en fazla granit üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda (ortalama 90,25 ± 22,09 µg/g) olup bu farklılaşma istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde en düşük metal konsantrasyonları karasal kırıntı üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda ve en yüksek konsantrasyonları (Cu hariç) ise şist üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda olduğu belirlenmiştir.