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    Comparing of 540 and 540E PTO Operational Characteristics of Tractors in Field Conditions
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2010) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Kocabiyik, Habib; Say, Sait Muharrem; Cicek, Giyasettin
    The objective of this study is to determine the operating characteristics of economical PTO operation (540E) in field conditions and to make a comparison with 540 PTO operation. For this purpose three different brands of tractors (JD 5625, NH TD85, MF 3085) having similar technical properties and three PTO driven agricultural machine (single disc fertilizer spreader, turbo atomizer and rotovator. In the experiments tractor ground speed, slip values, PTO torque, PTO power, fuel consumption per time, effective field capacity and fuel consumption per field parameters were determined for two PTO operations. According to the fuel consumption data obtained, the fuel saving ratios obtained with 540E operation varied between 14.69%-34.41% To for the tractor-machine interactions used. It was determined that the motor-PTO speed ratios of the tractors were effective on fuel saving ratios. In the field experiments made at a single gear level for each tractor, the tractor ground speed values decreased by ratios varying between 12.83%-22.60% for 540E PTO operations in comparison to 540 PTO operations. This result that is caused by running both PTO operations at different motor speeds also caused a decrease in the machine's effective field capacity values calculated for 540E operation. Taking into account all the measurement parameters, it was concluded that economical PTO operation would bring certain advantages in terms of fuel consumption for many PTO driven machines and that these advantages decreased depending on the increase in the machine power requirement. According to this result, if economical PTO operation is used together with the proper gear level and ground speed selections for the tractors, it can be suggested as an important alternative to the 540 operation for machines used in this study and also for those having similar capacities and properties.
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    Determining The Potential of Biochar Production from Agricultural and Livestock Wastes in Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2016) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Kavdir, Yasemin; Cicek, Giyasettin
    In this study, the potential of converting agricultural and animal wastes to biochar were theoretically determined and biochar production possibilities were evaluated in Turkey. TUIK statistical data and coefficients determined by various institutions and investigators were taken into account to determine biochar potential of production activities with potentially available wastes. Biochar conversion potential of agricultural and animal production wastes in 2015 was estimated about 3 942 654 tones in Turkey. The total biochar potential constituted of 77%, 22.5% and 0.6% for animal wastes, garden and vineyard pruning wastes, and agricultural land disposal wastes, respectively. In this study, biochar use purposes, conversion methods, application rates and benefits are presented based on the literatures. The possibilities of waste conversion potential to biochar were evaluated in our country and recommendations were made for the future based on the current situation.
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    Drying kinetics of olive pomace-derived charcoal briquettes with energy consumption
    (Univ Estadual Londrina, 2022) Say, Sait Muharrem; Erdem, Tunahan; Ekinci, Kamil; Erdem, Beyza Ozturk; Sehri, Mustafa; Sumer, Sarp Korkut
    The drying experiments were performed at different temperatures of the drying air (40, 50, and 60 degrees C) and air velocity of 2.5 and 3.5 m/s. Six thin-layer drying models were evaluated and fitted to the experimental moisture data. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the determination coefficient, chi-square, and root mean square error. Among the selected models, the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best model for describing the drying behaviour of olive pomace. Charcoal is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating in many developing countries. It is an important green source for making barbecue, which is obtained from agricultural waste. Due to less CO2 emission, it reduces health risk and deforestation. The coal briquette carbonisation production process consists of a carbonisation stage and a forming stage. During the forming stage, the raw material is mixed with a suitable binder. The final stage of the charcoal process after formation is drying. In this study, the drying parameters of charcoal briquettes made from the olive pomace-making process were evaluated. Three different temperatures and velocities were selected for the drying applications. The low temperature drying process was performed at 60, 50, and 40 degrees C with air velocities of 3 and 2.5. The results were in the range of 3 to 8 hours of drying time. The drying data were applied to six different mathematical models, namely (1)Diffusion Approach, (2)Henderson and Pabis, (3)Two term exponential, (4)Midilli et al., (5)Page, and (6)Wang and Singh Equation Models. The performances of these models were compared according to the coefficient of determination (R-2), standard error of estimate (SEE), and residual sum of squares (RSS) between the observed and predicted moisture ratios. The Midilli et al. Diffusion Approach, and Page models described the drying curve satisfactorily in all drying methods.
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    Drying, Energy, and Some Physical and Nutritional Quality Properties of Tomatoes Dried with Short-Infrared Radiation
    (Springer, 2015) Kocabiyik, Habib; Yilmaz, Nese; Tuncel, Necati Baris; Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Buyukcan, Mehmet Burak
    This study was performed to determine the drying characteristics and final product quality of tomato slices dried at infrared radiation intensities of 1830, 2385, 2640, 2880, and 3165 W/m(2) and at air velocities of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s. A comprehensive analysis of dried products was performed on their drying kinetics, drying time, specific energy consumption, shrinkage, rehydration ratio, color, vitamin C, and lycopene. The results showed that drying time was prolonged with increasing air velocity while it was shortened with increasing infrared radiation intensity. The lowest energy consumption occurred at the air velocity of 1.0 m/s and at infrared radiation intensity of 2640 W/m(2). Shrinkage and rehydration ratio varied between 0.139 from 0.203 and 2.14 from 3.40 for all the drying conditions, respectively. Delta E values varied from 5.70 to 13.06. The contents of vitamin C and beta-carotene in infrared dried tomatoes were decreased by 2-51 and 5-51 %, respectively, while there was a significant increase in lycopene content varying between 50 from 529 %. Totally, it was observed that infrared drying of tomato provided good nutrient retention and low cost of energy. Therefore, infrared radiation can be suggested in both nutritional and operational aspects in terms of drying tomato slices.
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    Ergonomic Evaluation of The Control Layouts of Horticulture Type Tractors Manufactured in Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Caglar, Ali; Sumer, Sarp Korkut
    Objective of this research was to determine the compliance of horticulture type tractors produced in Turkey in terms of their standard sizes and ergonomics. Standards of TS ISO 4253 and TS 10279 EN ISO 5353 were used in the measurements. in order to determine the compliance of the control elements with the related standards.. In addition, according to the ergonomic approach and the limits introduced by various researchers, the control elements of tractors were also evaluated for ease of use. Results indicated that, the compliance of the control elements of the selected horticulture type tractors to the relevant standards varied between 36.8% and 78.9% and that the compliance with the recommended ergonomic limits was between 75.0% and 92.9%. The hazards encountered in tractors and the level of ergonomic risk factors can be reduced to an acceptable level with some compulsory applications (standards and regulations) or with precautions to be taken during the design stage of tractors. However, due to the fact that the relevant standard for this purpose includes all types of tractors, in the case of small sized horticulture tractors, various non-conformities in terms of ergonomics and safety were determined. It c was concluded that the relevant standard should be re-examined for horticulture type tractors.
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    Noise exposed of the operators of combine harvesters with and without a cab
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2006) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Say, Sait M.; Ege, Fikri; Sabanci, Alaettin
    A considerable number of the combine harvesters in Turkey are rather old and used without cabs resulting in unhealthy working conditions for their operators. Noise is one of the detrimental factors. This study deals with determining and comparing the noise exposed on the operators of the combines with and without a cab used for wheat harvesting in Turkey. The sound pressure levels (dB) at octave band center frequencies (31.5-8000 Hz) and the sound levels (dBA) at the ear level of the operators were measured on 37 different combine harvesters with four different makes and different years from 1976 to 2001. Fifteen of the combines were without a cab, another 15 had original cabs while remaining seven combines had cabs mounted on them after manufacturing. The sound pressure levels were in a decreasing trend from the lower frequencies to higher frequencies. This trend was more noticeable for the combines with original cab and with the cab mounted after manufacturing compared to the ones without cab. The use of a cab was more effective in the insulation of the noise at the medium and higher frequencies, which have more bothersome effect compared to the lower frequencies. The sound pressure levels were 75-102 dB and 46-89 dB at low (31.5-500 Hz) and high (500-8000 Hz) frequencies for all combines, respectively. The sound pressure levels at the frequency of 400OHz at which the human ear is most sensitive were 6-17 dB lower for the combines with the cabs mounted after manufacturing and 9-28 dB lower for the ones with the original cabs compared to the combines without cab. The sound levels were 85-90, 81-83, and 76-81 dBA for the combines without cab, with cab mounted after manufacturing, and with original cab, respectively. The study showed that the use of a cab was useful in the insulation of the noise, particularly at higher frequencies. In addition, it protects the operator from the factors having detrimental effects on the working efficiency such as high temperature and dusty environment. The authors strongly recommend mounting of a cab on to the combines currently being used without a cab in rental system in Turkey to provide healthy working conditions for their operators. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Noise Exposure in Olive Harvest Mechanization
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Ozkul, Secil Coskun; Sumer, Sarp Korkut
    The purpose of this study was to determine the daily noise exposure levels in olive harvesting and to evaluate its effects on employees' health. The sound pressure levels (dBA) at the ear level of the employees were measured during olive harvest operations performed by hand-held, self-propelled and tractor-driven machines. It was determined that equivalent sound pressure levels and daily personal noise exposure levels at the operator ear level were in the range of 74-88 dBA and 66-82 dBA, respectively. These values for other employees ranged from 71 to 81 dBA and 65 to 75 dBA. It was determined that the hand-held and tractor driven machines driven by internal combustion engines had higher noise parameters compared to other machines, and the lower exposure action value was exceeded in these machines. The study showed that the health and work efficiency of the employees could be adversely affected, due to prolonged exposure during olive harvest activities.
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    Performance comparisions of tractor tire configurations on concrete surface
    (Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp, 2008) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Sabanci, Alaettin
    Effects of tire ply construction (radial and bias-ply) and tire arrangement (singles and duals on the rear axle) on the performance of a medium-powered tractor were evaluated on a concrete surface for three gear levels. Performance evaluations were identified in terms of maximum drawbar pull, maximum drawbar power, overall tractor efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. The use of radial tires provided a small advantages on the evaluation criteria compared to the bias tire. The use of dual tires instead of single tires and the increase of ground speed provided considerable advantages with respect to the evaluation criteria, particularly on the maximum drawbar power. The best results in this study were obtained with radial tires and dual configuration at the highest speed level used in the study. In this configuration, the maximum drawbar power and overall tractor efficiency increased by about 12 % and 4 %, respectively, while specific fuel consumption decreased by about 4 %.
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    The Effects of PTO Options on Operational Characteristics of Disc Fertilizer Spreader
    (Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp, 2018) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Kocabiyik, Habib; Cicek, Glyasettin
    The objective of this research was to determine the effects of different tractor power take-off (PTO) options on working characteristics of single disc fertilizer spreader. The experiments were carried out for three PTO options, three gears and disc fertilizer spreader's three orifice position. In the study, the fertilizer spread patterns and evaluation parameters (fuel consumption, work width, effective field capacity and application rate) were determined. The experiments were conducted according to factorial experimental designs with 3 replications and examined effects of factors and their interactions on measurement parameters. In conclusion, the 540E PTO option provided the definite advantages in terms of fuel consumptions compared to the other PTO options. However, it was determined that 750 PTO option has some advantages on machine's work width and effective field capacity. In all applications trapezoidal pattern was produced by spinner spreader. Applications with 750 PTO option produced more uniform spread patterns than the other applications. Consequently, important knowledge for researchers and farmers using disc fertilizer spreaders were reported by considering the all experimental data.