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    Anthocyanins from Agro-Industrial Food Waste: Geographical Approach and Methods of Recovery-A Review
    (MDPI, 2023) Diaconeasa, Zorita; Iuhas, Cristian I.; Ayvaz, Hüseyin; Mortaş, Mustafa; Farcas, Anca; Mihai, Mihaela; Danciu, Corina; Stanila, Andreea
    Drastic growth in the amount of global food waste produced is observed every year, not only due to incessant population growth but also economic growth, lifestyle, and diet changes. As a result of their increasing health awareness, people are focusing more on healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Thus, following worldwide fruit and vegetable consumption and their processing in various industries (juice, jams, wines, preserves), significant quantities of agro-industrial waste are produced (pomace, peels, seeds) that still contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds. Among bioactive compounds, anthocyanins have an important place, with their multiple beneficial effects on health; therefore, their extraction and recovery from food waste have become a topic of interest in recent years. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the primary sources of anthocyanins from food waste and the novel eco-friendly extraction methods, such as pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques will also be covered to encourage future studies and opportunities focusing on improving these extraction techniques.
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    Antiproliferative Activity of Anthocyanins Pure Extracts from Mulberries and Raspberries on HeLa and A2780 Human Cancer Cell Lines
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2018) Nistor, Madalina; Ghiman, Raluca; Ayvaz, Huseyin; Rugina, Dumitrita; Mada, Diana; Stanila, Andreea; Socaciu, Carmen
    Red berries are important sources of bioactive compounds and they are known to provide unique health benefits. Lately, it has been proved that anthocyanins have health benefits against degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to characterize the anthocyanin content of anthocyanins pure extracts (APEs) obtained from raspberries (Rubus sp.) and mulberries (Morus sp.) and to evaluate their antiproliferative effect in vitro. Upon chromatographic analysis, three anthocyanins were identified in purified extracts of mulberries (M-APEs), with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside being more abundant. On the other hand, purified extracts of raspberries (R-APEs) contained 2 anthocyanins, both identified as cyanidinderivatives. The in vitro test demonstrated that APEs decreased the proliferation on both HeLa and A2780 human cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner, demonstrating that these two different berries are both rich sources of anthocyanins and are able to exert antiproliferative proprieties toward cervical and ovarian cancer.
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    Melanoma Inhibition by Anthocyanins Is Associated with the Reduction of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
    (Springer, 2017) Diaconeasa, Zorita; Ayvaz, Huseyin; Rugina, Dumitrita; Leopold, Loredana; Stanila, Andreea; Socaciu, Carmen; Tabaran, Flaviu
    Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments which have been proved to exhibit health benefits. Several studies have investigated their effects on several types of cancer, but little attention has been given to melanoma. The phytochemical content of nine different berry samples was assessed by liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI+-MS). Twenty-six anthocyanins were identified, after a previous C-18 Sep-pak clean-up procedure. Chokeberry and red grape anthocyanins rich extracts (C-ARE and RG-ARE) were selected to be tested on normal and melanoma cell lines, due to their different chemical pattern. C-ARE composition consists of cyanidin aglycone glycosylated with different sugars; while RG-ARE contains glucosylated derivatives of five different aglycones. Both C-ARE and RG-ARE anthocyanins reduced proliferation, increased oxidative stress biomarkers and diminished mitochondrial membrane potential in melanoma cells, having no negative influence on normal cells. A synergistic response may be attributed to the five different aglycones present in RG-ARE, which proved to exert greater effects on melanoma cells than the mixture of cyanidin derivatives with different sugars (C-ARE). In conclusion, C-ARE and RG-ARE anthocyanins may inhibit melanoma cell proliferation and increase the level of oxidative stress, with opposite effect on normal cells. Therefore, anthocyanins might be recommended as active ingredients for cosmetic and nutraceutical industry.
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    Phytochemical Characterization of Commercial Processed Blueberry, Blackberry, Blackcurrant, Cranberry, and Raspberry and Their Antioxidant Activity
    (Mdpi, 2019) Diaconeasa, Zorita; Iuhas, Cristian I.; Ayvaz, Huseyin; Rugina, Dumitrita; Stanila, Andreea; Dulf, Francisc; Bunea, Andrea
    Being delicious and containing strong disease-fighting agents, berries represent an increasing proportion of fruits consumed nowadays in our diet. However, berries are highly perishable as fresh and, therefore, they are usually processed into various products to extend their shelf-life and availability throughout the year. Among the fruit-containing products, jam is one of the most common due to its nourishing properties, its low production costs, and its accessibility for a lengthy period. Rather than home preparation, consumers nowadays increasingly prefer to purchase commercial jams from markets due to its convenience. Although fresh berries have been extensively studied for their phenolic compounds, a limited number of studies investigating commercially manufactured jams have been conducted so far. Considering this, the objective of this study was to assess the total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content and the antioxidant activity of five commonly consumed commercial berry jams (blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrun) mixture, blackcurrant (Ribes nigrun), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus)) collected from the market. Even though a possible loss of phenolics, anthocyanins, and a decrease of radical scavenging activity may occur during jam processing and subsequent storage, our data indicated that the selected commercial jams remained good sources of nutritive molecules with antioxidant properties based on the high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and elevated antioxidant activities determined in this study. Additionally, the samples were characterized by GC-MS for their volatile profiles, and terpenes were found to be the dominating class covering more than 74% of volatile compounds in the jams.