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Öğe Characterization of Heavy Metal Fractions in Agricultural Soils by Sequential Extraction Procedure: The Relationship Between Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Fractions(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Erkan; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanThe present research was conducted to determine heavy metals in agricultural soils from canakkale, Turkey, using a sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) as proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the European Commission. Soil samples were taken from 12 different cultivated sites and analyzed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The results revealed an order of Mn > Cd > Pb > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr for the heavy metals based on the sum of the first three fractions (acid soluble + reducible + oxidizable). The relationships between soil properties and each metal fraction were identified through Pearsons's correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the behaviors and similarities of metals in each fraction. While Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibited subjective behaviors in the acid-soluble fraction, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni exhibited similar behaviors with each other.Öğe Chemical fractionation, mobility and environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Canakkale, Turkey(Springer, 2016) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanThe primary objective of this study was to identify possible heavy metal pollution risks in greenhouse soils. Collected soil samples were subjected to heavy metal analysis to determine Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Binding forms of the metals were determined by following a sequential extraction procedure. The wet digestion method with aqua regia procedure was employed to find the pseudo total heavy metal concentrations of soil samples. BCR-701 and NIM-GBW07425 certified reference materials were used to validate the reliability of the methods. Contamination factor, potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code were used to assess the environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse and field samples. Results of extractable amounts of heavy metals from greenhouse samples revealed that mobile fractions of Cd, Pb and Ni were higher than immobile fractions and mobile fractions of Cr and Zn were closer to immobile fractions. Human-induced effects were considered the primary reason for this. Soil pH and organic matter content were found to be highly correlated with heavy metals of soil samples from greenhouses. With regard to environmental impacts of heavy metals, Cd was much more mobile in greenhouse samples than in field samples, retained less in ambient soil and had high environmental risks. It was observed that Cd was highly mobile, less retained and exerted higher environmental risks. With regard to environmental risks, Cd was followed respectively by Pb, Cr and Zn in greenhouse soils. Sequential extraction yielded significant information about mobility, behavior and environmental impacts of heavy metals.Öğe Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method(Springer, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanUtilizing the sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) proposed by The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), the trace metals present in the sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey, were determined. The sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. The flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for metal determination. The validation of the results was checked by the analysis of the BCR-701 standard reference material. The relationship existing between the sediment characteristics and metal fractions was identified using the correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to find out the grouping of the sampling sites based on the similarities of the heavy metals in the bioavailable fraction. When the extractable amounts of heavy metals are considered, the quantity of the mobile fractions (viz., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of the heavy metals is observed to be higher when compared with that of the immobile fraction (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Besides, it was statistically discovered that the organic matter, pH and clay contents could influence the bonding of the analyte metals in various forms. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of the sampling stations, with group I (S5-8) and group II (S3, S4 and S9) showing higher environmental risks. The risk assessment code indicated that the highly mobile soluble fractions of Mn, Zn, Cd and Co created a high environmental risk which could result in negative impacts on the aquatic biota.Öğe Effect of antimonite mineralization area on heavy metal contents and geochemical fractions of agricultural soils in Gumushane Province, Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Sungur, Ali; Vural, Alaaddin; Gundogdu, Ali; Soylak, MustafaIn this study, the possible impacts of an antimonite mineralization area on agricultural lands with regard to heavy metal concentrations were examined. In this scope, surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from a total of 27 locations including eleven from the Avliyana antimonite mineralization area (Torul, Gumushane-NW Turkey) and its surroundings, eleven from agricultural areas and five from the control area. We digestion method was used with aqua regia procedure for determining the total heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations of the soil samples. The geochemical fractions of heavy metals in soil samples were determined by way of a sequential extraction procedure. The total heavy metal contents of the soils were determined as: Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for control soils, Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for agricultural soils and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd for mining area soils. It was determined that especially the values of Zn (57.6 +/- 6.2 mu g/g) and Cu (52.4 +/- 5.8 mu g/g) were high at the mineralization area due to hydrothermal alterations that are effective in the formation of mineralization. It was put forth as a result of sequential extraction that the heavy metals examined excluding Pb were observed dominantly in the residual fraction for all data set. On the other hand, it was determined that the non-residual mobile fractions reached from 11% Cr to 78% Pb in control soils, from 20% Cd to 88% Pb in agricultural soils and from 24% Cd to 87% Pb in mineralization area soils. Contamination signals due to mineralization area were monitored by way of the metal content in mobile fractions. Even though the metal concentrations determined in short term are not alarming for agricultural production, signals were observed especially for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn elements to be more mobile in mineralization area soils in the long term due to the impact of environmental factors thereby being carried over to and accumulating in agricultural soils. In conclusion, while it is expected that the metal inputs due to mineralization areas may increase in the future, it is suggested to include plant analyses in future studies for determining the impact of the amount of bioavailable metal.Öğe Effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in the soil of apple orchards (canakkale, NW Turkey)(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Sungur, Ali; Temel, Erdem; Everest, Timuçin; Soylak, Mustafa; Özcan, HasanThe effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in an apple orchard soils were investigated. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from the apple orchards with two different soil textures located on the same geomorphological unit in Çanakkale, Turkey. A wet digestion was used to determine total trace metal concentrations, and a sequential extraction method was used to determine geochemical fractions of the metals. According to average total concentrations of all metals, except Pb, were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in clay soils. Sequential extraction analysis showed that potential mobile fractions were ordered as Cd (68.8%) > Pb (52.4%) > Cu (42.0%) > Zn (34.8%) > Ni (32.3%) > Cr (22.9%) in clay soils and as Cd (61.6%) > Pb (51.6%) > Cu (40.2%) > Zn (30.7%) > Ni (30.8%) > Cr (24.9%) in loamy soils. The results revealed that all metals, except Pb, in exchangeable/acid soluble, oxidizable and, potential mobile fractions were found to be significantly higher in clay soils (p < 0.05). It was figured out that clay contents played an effective role in total concentrations of metals and their distribution in geochemical fractions.Öğe Fractionation, Source Identification and Risk Assessments for Heavy Metals in Soils near a Small-Scale Industrial Area (canakkale-Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanContamination of soils by heavy metals due to urbanization increases various environmental concerns. The objective of this research was to determine the potential sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the vicinity of a small-scale industrial area and to assess their environmental impacts. Soil samples were obtained from 15 different locations near a small industrial area in the canakkale province of Turkey. Heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) contents of soil samples were determined with four different geochemical fractions via a sequential extraction procedure. The results revealed that pseudo-total heavy metal concentrations were ordered in decreasing order as Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Considering the results, Cd (1.95 +/- 0.12 mu g/g), Pb (39.21 +/- 2.14 mu g/g) and Zn (64.99 +/- 8.16 mu g/g) values were above the normal values specified for agricultural lands. The findings obtained from sequential extraction procedure showed that Cd (78%) and Pb (65%) existed mostly in mobile phases. Such mobile phases originated mostly from anthropogenic sources. These findings were also supported by chemometric analyses. Risk assessments pointed out that while Pb and Zn have moderate risks on the environment, Cd creates high risks.Öğe Geochemical fractions of trace metals in surface and core sections of aggregates in agricultural soils(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Sungur, Ali; Kavdir, Yasemin; Özcan, Hasan; İlay, Remzi; Soylak, MustafaAgrochemicals containing trace metals such as pesticides and fertilizer are intensively used in apple production systems in many countries. There is a risk of accumulation of trace metals, particularly in the sensitive root rhizosphere area. In this study, the trace metal concentrations of soils were determined in macroaggregates at the “mm scale” sampled from apple orchards. Soil samples were taken from five different locations at 0–20 cm soil depths in an apple orchard. Pseudo-total trace metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of soil samples separated from the surface and core sections of the soil aggregate were determined by digestion with Aqua regia. The modified BCR sequential extraction method was used to determine four operationally defined geochemical trace metal fractions in soil samples. The pseudo-total concentrations of Cd and Cu were significantly higher, and Zn was lower at the surface than in the core sections (paired-t test, p < 0.05) of soil aggregates. The concentrations of all trace metals in the acid-soluble fraction and reducible fractions were significantly higher at the surface of soil aggregates than those in the core section. The same was true for the sum of trace metal concentrations in the extracts of the three fractions considered potentially mobilizable, except for Cr. Our results demonstrated that Cd and Cu originated probably from agrochemicals accumulating significantly on aggregate surfaces, where they were in close contact with plant roots. The generally higher extractability of all trace metals on the surface of aggregates can be attributed to the preferential accumulation of newly-added trace metals in comparatively weakly bound chemical forms.Öğe Heavy metal mobility and potential availability in animal manure: using a sequential extraction procedure(Springer, 2016) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanIn this study, dairy cow manure, goat manure, and chicken manure were collected from three farms and analyzed to find out the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The concentration and potential of mobility and availability of heavy metals were studied in the animal manure samples. BCR Sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the binding forms of the metals. In this study, pseudo total concentrations of Mn and Zn were found out to be predominant in all the types of animal manure samples. According to the results, it was traced that Cr, Cu, and Ni were observed to be at the second highest level while Cd, Co, and Pb were seen at the lowest level in all the manure samples. When extractable amounts of heavy metals are taken into consideration, it is seen that the amount of the mobile fractions of heavy metals except for Cr and Ni are higher in comparison with that of immobile fraction in all the animal manure samples. It was also viewed that Mn, Cd, and Zn are more available in dairy cow manure and chicken manure whereas Cd, Co, and Mn are more available in goat manure.Öğe Insights into the chemical partitioning of trace metals in roadside and off-road agricultural soils along two major highways in Attica's region, Greece(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2016) Botsou, Fotini; Sungur, Ali; Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Soylak, MustafaWe report in this study the magnetic properties and partitioning patterns of selected trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni) in roadside and off-road (> 200 m distance from the road edge) agricultural soils collected along two major highways in Greece. Sequential extractions revealed that the examined trace metals for the entire data set were predominantly found in the residual fraction, averaging 37% for Cd up to 80% for Cu. Due to the strong influence of lithogenic factors, trace metal pseudototal contents of the roadside soils did not differ significantly to those of the off-road soils. Magnetic susceptibility and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility determinations showed a magnetic enhancement of soils; however, it was primarily related to geogenic factors and not to traffic-derived magnetic particles. These results highlight that in areas characterized by strong geogenic backgrounds, neither pseudototal trace metal contents nor magnetic properties determinations effectively capture traffic-related contamination of topsoils. The vehicular emission signal was traced by the increased acid-soluble and reducible trace metal contents of the roadside soils compared to their off-road counterparts. In the case of Cu and Zn, changes in the partitioning patterns were also observed between the roadside and off-road soils. Environmental risks associated with agricultural lands extending at the margins of the studied highways may arise from the elevated Ni contents (both pseudototal and potentially mobile), and future studies should investigate Ni levels in the edible parts of plants grown on these agricultural soils. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of heavy metal mobility and availability by the BCR sequential extraction procedure: relationship between soil properties and heavy metals availability(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanIn this study, surface soil and corn cob samples were collected from 15 different agricultural fields of Canakkale, Turkey. These samples were analysed to determine the concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. BCR sequential extraction was used to extract the binding forms of the metals in the soil samples. At the same time, a wet digestion method was used to determine the total concentration of heavy metals in soil and corn grain samples. The metal concentrations in the extracted phase were measured with flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by using BCR-701 and SRM-1570a certified reference materials. The results revealed that the quantity of the mobile fractions (i.e., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidisable) of the Mn, Cd and Pb were higher than that of the immobile fractions (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Pearson's correlation was applied to determine the correlations between the selected physicochemical properties of soil samples and the amounts of heavy metals in each fraction. The pH, CaCO3 and organic matter contents of soil samples played a dominant role in correlations of heavy metals in various forms and shapes. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to examine the relationships between the amount of heavy metal in each fraction of soil samples and the amount of heavy metal in corn grain. As a result, a firm correlation was detected between heavy metals in corn grain and more available (acid soluble and reducible) fractions. Current findings indicate that plants could uptake basically the heavy metals in acid soluble and reducible fractions. BCR sequential extraction not only provides information about potential heavy metal sources in detail and the potential mobility of heavy metals, but also provides information about the interactions between soil characteristics and metal fractions. This provides information on the bonding states of environmentally toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil matrix, the amounts taken by the plants, and the intrusion means and rates of those metals into the food chain.Öğe Özbek Ovası (Çanakkale) Tarım Topraklarında Ağır Metal Mobilitesinin Bir Ardışık Ekstraksiyon Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2018-05) İşler, Mehmet; Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafaİnsan faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak toprakların ağır metallerce kirletilmesi çevresel kaygıları beraberinde getirmektedir. Karasal ortamdaki ağır metal kirliliği, tarım alanları için dünya çapında bir sorundur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Özbek Ovası topraklarında ağır metal fraksiyonlanmasını, mobilitesini ve olası kaynaklarını bir ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanarak belirlemektir. Bu amaçla önemli bir tarımsal potansiyeline sahip olan Özbek Ovasından (Çanakkale) toplam on iki noktadan toprak numuneleri alınmıştır. Örneklerde bulunan kadminyum (Cd), krom (Cr), bakır (Cu), kurşun (Pb) ve çinko (Zn) elementleri ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle her basamakta farklı çözücü sistemi kullanarak çözücü içerisine ekstrakte edilmiş ve metallerin konsantrasyonları alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi ile belirlenmiştir. Topraklarda bulunan toplam ağır metal içerikleri incelendiğinde Cd, Pb ve kısmen Cu’nun genel tarımsal toprak değerlerin üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür. Ardışık ekstraksiyon yönteminin uygulanması, Cd (% 59) ve Pb (% 58) elementlerinin yüksek oranda mobil fraksiyonlara sahip olduğu ve bunun antropojenik kaynaklardan beslendiğini göstermiştir. Çalışma alanında özellikle Cd ve Pb elementlerinin kontrol altında tutulması ve izlenmesi çevre açısından önemli olacağı kanısına varılmıştır. Gerek çevresel bakımdan gerekse de tarımsal üretim bakımından ardışık ekstraksiyon yöntemleri, özellikle tarımsal üretimin yapıldığı alanlarda planlama ve yönetim için daha ayrıntılı ve güvenilir bilgiler verdiğinden daha geniş kapsamlı kullanılması yararlı olacaktır.Öğe Serpantin Üzerinde Oluşmuş Topraklarda Kobalt, Krom ve Nikelin Jeokimyasal Fraksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi (Çanakkale- Ezine, Türkiye)(Mevlüt AKÇURA, 2022) Özcan, Hasan; Sungur, Ali; Everest, Timuçin; Temel, Erdem; Bozcu, Mustafa; Soylak, MustafaSerpantin üzerinde oluşan topraklarda Cr ve Ni gibi bazı elementler oldukça yüksek konsantrasyonlara ulaşabilmekte ve toprak sisteminde meydana gelen yer değişimleri ve kayıp süreçleriyle ekosistemi olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Biga yarımadasında değişik lokasyonlarda farklı arazi kullanım türleri altında serpantin toprakları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sebze tarımı yapılan Çanakkale-Ezine İlçesi anayol güzergâhındaki serpantin üzerinde oluşmuş alanlardan alınan toprak örneklerinde Co, Cr ve Ni içeriklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Farklı sebze yetiştirilen beş parselden alınan 15 ve kontrol amaçlı tarım yapılmayan alandan üç adet toprak numunesi çalışmanın materyalini oluşturmuştur. Metallerin jeokimyasal fraksiyonlarını belirlemek için ise ardışık ektraksiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Kontrol topraklarındaki metal konsantrasyonlarının tarım yapılan toprak numunelerine göre 3-4 kat daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tarım yapılan parsellerden alınan toprak numunelerinde bulunan Cr ve Ni konsantrasyonları tarımsal üretim açısından limit değerlerin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Metallerin potansiyel hareketliliği, tarım toprakları için Co (%50.6) > Ni (%19.3) > Cr (%6.7) ve kontrol için Co (%34.6) > Ni (%20.3) > Cr (%6.0) şeklindedir. Potansiyel mobil fraksiyonlar göz önüne alındığında, özellikle Co ve kısmen de Ni en fazla indirgenebilir fraksiyonda belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuç, Co ve Ni’nin çoğunlukla Fe/Mn oksitler tarafından adsorbe edildiğine veya çöktürüldüğüne işaret etmektedir. Tüm numunelerde metaller değişebilir fraksiyonda oldukça düşük oranlarda bulunmuştur. Bu durum antropojenik etkinin çok zayıf olduğunu, büyük oranda litolojik etkileşimi açıklamaktadır. Tarım ve kontrol alanı toprak numunelerinde tüm metaller çoğunlukla kalıntı fraksiyonda belirlenmiştir. Toprağın mineral yapısındaki metalleri gösteren kalıntı fraksiyonu, toprak örneklerinde bulunan Co, Cr ve Ni içeriklerinin çevre jeolojisinin özelliklerini yansıttığını göstermektedir.
