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    Basilar artery angulation and vertigo due to the hemodynamic effect of dominant vertebral artery
    (Churchill Livingstone, 2008) Cosar, Murat; Yaman, Mehmet; Eser, Olcay; Songur, Ahmet; Ozen, Oguz A.
    Vertebral arteries form the basilar artery at the pontobulbar junction. The vertebral artery may have dominancy in one of them. The branches of basilar arteries supply blood for the vestibular nuclei and its connections. Vertigo is seen generally in the upper middle aged patients. Vertigo can be observed in dolichoectasia of basilar artery such as angulation and elongation, because of the diminished blood supply and changed hemodynamic factors of vestibular nuclei and its connections. We hypothesized that angulation or elongation of basilar artery can be estimated according to the unilateral vertebral artery dominant hypertensive patients. The basilar artery can angulate from the dominant side of vertebral artery to the recessive side. These angulation and elongation can effect the hemodynamic factors in absence of growing collateral arteries. So, the vertigo attacks may occur in these patients. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Determining the Morphometry and Variations of the Confluens Sinuum and Related Structures Via a Silicone Painting Technique on Autopsy Patients
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014) Cosar, Murat; Seker, Askin; Ceylan, Davut; Tatarli, Necati; Sahin, Fevzi; Tokmak, Mehmet; Songur, Ahmet
    In this study, we aimed to investigate the morphometric and morphologic structures of the confluens sinuum (CS) and related structures with a silicone painting technique. We studied 30 cadavers. Twelve of them were washed with alcohol and filled with a silicone painting technique via the vena jugularis interna, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery. The other 18 were autopsied postmortem. The CS and related structures were dissected under microscope. Their anatomy was investigated, and variations were noted. The diameters of the sinus sagittalis superior (SSS), CS, occipital sinus (OS), sinus rectus (SR), and bilateral transverse sinus (TS), and the angle between SSS and SR were measured. The mean diameters were 11.7 mm for SSS, 22.3 mm for CS, 5.25 mm for OS, 7.5 mm for SR, and 9.7 (right) and 9.1 mm (left) for TS. The angle between the SR and SSS was 58 degrees. There was no difference in the bilateral venous structures that drained to the SSS and TS. There was an extra drainage to the CS from the left side in 4 cases. The right TS was located superiorly in 7 cases compared with the left TS, and this process was correlated with the type of CS. A septum in the SSS was detected in 2 cases. In addition, we encountered an OS in 80% of the cases. We conclude that the septum inside the CS affects the dominancy of the TS, the angle between the SSS and SR, and the other venous variations.
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    Pankreas Anatomisi ve Varyasyonları
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2014) Çağlar, Veli; Gönül, Yücel; Songur, Ahmet
    Pankreas, hem endokrin hem ekzokrin salgı yapan bir bezdir. Salgıları metabolik düzenin devamlılığının sağlanmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayrıca lokalizasyonu itibari ile birçok organ ve anatomik yapı ile sıkı bir ilişki içerisindedir. Bu nedenle komşu organ ve yapıların cerrahisinde pankreas anatomisi ve varyasyonlarının bilinmesi cerrahi açısından önemlidir. Biz derlememizde pankreas ile ilgili temel anatomik bilgilerin, bu bölge cerrahisi ile ilgilenen hekimler için yardımcı bir kaynak olacağını ümit ediyoruz.
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    The influence of dexmedetomidine on ischemic rat hippocampus
    (Elsevier, 2008) Eser, Olcay; Fidan, Huseyin; Sahin, Onder; Cosar, Murat; Yaman, Mehmet; Mollaoglu, Hakan; Songur, Ahmet
    In our study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on oxidantantioxidant systems, pro -inflammatory cytokine TNF-a and number of apoptotic neurons on hippocampus and dentate gyrus after transient global cerebral I/R injury. Eighteen rats divided into 3 groups, equally. Group I rats were used as shams. For group II and III rats, they were prepared for transient global cerebral ischemia using a four-vessel- occlusion model. 5 mL/kg/h 0.9% sodium chloride was infused to the Group II and 3 Pg/kg/h/5 ml dexmedetomidine was infused to the Group III for 2 h after I/R injury. The levels of MDA and NO and activities of SOD and CAT were measured in the left hippocampus tissue. The levels of TNF-a concentration were measured in the plasma. The number of apoptotic neurons was counted by TUNNEL method in histological samples of right hippocampus tissue. MDA and NO levels increased in Group II compared with Group I rats (p=0.002, p=0.002, respectively). In group III, MDA and NO levels decreased as compared to Group 11 (p=0.015, p=0.002, respectively). SOD and CAT activities increased in Group III as compared to Group II rats (p = 0.002, p = 0.002, respectively). The decrease in TNF-a levels of group III was significant as compared to group II (p=0.016). The number of apoptotic neurons in group III was lower than Group II rats. Our study showed that dexinedetomidine has a neuroprotective effect on hippocampus and dentate gyrus of rats after transient global cerebral I/R injury. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    The neuroprotective effect of fish n-3 fatty acids in the hippocampus of diabetic rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008) Cosar, Murat; Songur, Ahmet; Sahin, Onder; Uz, Efkan; Yilmaz, Ramazan; Yagmurca, Murat; Ozen, Oguz Aslan
    Introduction: Diabetes mellitus may lead to functional and structural changes in the brain. Fish oil is a rich source of n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexoenoic acids. We examined the neuroprotective effects of fish n-3 EFA in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Nineteen adult male rats were divided into three groups. Group I ( control; n=6) was fed a normal rat diet. Group II ( diabetic; n=6) was fed a normal rat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to induce diabetes mellitus. Group III (n-3 + diabetic; n=7) was fed a normal rat diet and fish n-3 EFA (Marincap (R), 0.4 g/kg/day) for 8 weeks and STZ was administered to induce diabetes mellitus. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and catalase ( CAT) were measured in the left hippocampus after the animals were sacrificed. The right hemisphere was completely blocked. The sections were stained with Cresyl Violet and apoptotic neurons were counted in the hippocampus. Results: The levels of MDA and activities of SOD and CAT increased in diabetic rats compared to control rats. However, the levels of MDA and activities of SOD and CAT decreased in n-3 + diabetic rats compared to diabetic rats. Also, the number of apoptotic neurons increased in diabetic rats compared to control rats and decreased in n-3 + diabetic rats compared to diabetic rats. Conclusions: Fish n-3 EFA reduces oxidative stress and induces apoptotic changes in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats. The addition of fish n-3 EFA to diets may be useful to prevent functional and structural changes to cerebral centers due to diabetes mellitus.
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    The protective effect of avocado soybean unsaponifilables on brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat prefrontal cortex
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Eser, Olcay; Songur, Ahmet; Yaman, Mehmet; Cosar, Murat; Fidan, Huseyin; Sahin, Onder; Mollaoglu, Hakan
    Object. We investigated the protective effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after global brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods. Rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups as follows: Group I was control rats, Group II was ischemia rats, Group III was Isch+ASU rats. Brain ischemia was produced via four-vessel occlusion model. These processes followed by reperfusion for 30 min for both II and III groups. Rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed immediately. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in left PFC, levels of TNF-alpha concentration were measured in the plasma. The number of apoptotic neurons was assayed in histological samples of the right PFC. Results. MDA and TNF-alpha levels as well as the number of apoptotic neurons were observed to have decreased significantly in Group III compared to Group II, while SOD activities have been found to have increased significantly in Group III in comparison to Group II, significantly. Conclusions. We think that ASU might have an antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in brain I/R injured rats.