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    Assessing the impact of dietary polystyrene nanoplastics on growth performance, immunological parameters, and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Shohreh, Poulin; Kalhor, Naser; Moghadam, Mohsen Shahriari; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    This trial was performed in order to investigate the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to dietary exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) under laboratory conditions on fish growth and health. Healthy zebrafish (n=240) were divided into 12 tanks and fed with diets including 0 (T0), 100 (T1), 500 (T2), and 1000 (T3) mg kg−1 synthesized polystyrenes nanoplastics (PS-NPs) for 30 days. At the end of trial, fish fed the PS-NPs supplementation showed weight gain percentages of 79.45%, 70.35%, and 61.88% for T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively, compared with 87.39% in the control fish. The SOD, GPX and MDA activities and cortisol levels increased by 47%, 32% and 35% and 46%, respectively, especially at high-dose administration (p < 0.05). The expression of GPX (T2-81% and T3-82%) and SOD (T2-101% and T3-187%) were remarkably upregulated in T2 and T3 groups. Moreover, the relative gene expression of HSP70, interleukin-1 (IL1), Interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased by 178%, 202%, 154% and 307%, respectively, especially at high-dose administration (p < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs especially at high concentrations (500 and 1000 mg kg−1 of diet) negatively influenced growth, health status-, antioxidant-, and immunity-related gene expression responses of zebrafish.
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    Dietary administration of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum reduces whole body oxidative stress and increases immune response, digestive enzyme, growth performance and resistance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Esfahani, Delaram Eslimi; Ahmadifar, Mehdi; Ebrahimi, Pouya; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Shohreh, Poulin; Adineh, Hossein; Moghadam, Mohsen Shahriari
    This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of L. plantarum and L. reuteri on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant, and immunity-related genes in zebrafish. Six hundred zebrafish (38.19 +/- 1.4 mg) were randomized into twelve tanks (50 fish per), and fed prepared diets comprising un-supplemented (T0), 1 x10(8) CFU/g L. plantarum (T1), 1 x10(11) CFU/kg L. reuteri (T2), and 1 x10(8) CFU/g L. plantarum + 1 x10(11) CFU/kg L. reuteri (T3) for 8 weeks. Experimental diets had meaningful effects on weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), and the highest WG and FW were seen in T3. Fish-fed supplemented diets had higher amylase and lipase activities. No significant differences were seen in protease, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin activities between treatments. The supplemented groups showed a significant increase in lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin levels. Meaningful differences were noticed in ACH50, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin, and IgM levels. ALT levels were markedly higher in T2 and T3. Catalase (CAT), total antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were significantly impacted by the experimental diets. The experimental diets showed no marked impact on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) values. Relative expressions of CAT, GPX, and SOD genes were notably upper in T3. Moreover, IL1, LYZ, and TNF alpha gene expressions were significantly enhanced in T3 diets. The challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that zebrafish-fed L. plantarum and L. reuteri had a lower mortality rate than the control. Consequently, the combination of L. reuteri and L. plantarum is proposed to improve growth efficiency, immunity, and reduce the negative effects of A. hydrophila infection in zebrafish.
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    The anti-vibrio potential of medicinal plants and their roles in enhancing resistance against vibrio infections in fish -a mini review
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Shohreh, Poulin; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Chandran, Deepak; Yousefi, Morteza; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yilmaz, Ebru; Sheikhzadeh, Najmeh
    Vibriosis is a commonly known bacterial disease that harms a range of finfish species, causing significant mortality and high economic loss. Chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and synthetic chemicals are broadly evaluated as effective treatment approaches; however, global concerns have arisen with the aim of decreasing or limiting the use of these compounds for the prevention and/or control of bacterial diseases in aquaculture systems. Consequently, extensive research studies have been accomplished to assess natural products such as plant parts (s), extracts, essential oils (EOSs), phytochemicals, or aromatic compounds as potential substitutes for antibiotics. These additives are rich in phytochemicals (carotenoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids), vitamins, minerals, and others, which make them excellent feed supplements. This paper focuses chiefly on reviewing medicinal plants (herbal extracts and EOS) that possess anti-Vibrio potential (in vitro efficacy) and evaluating their ability to increase the immunity and resistance of fish against experimental challenges with Vibrio species (in vivo experiments). Furthermore, the role of herbal additives as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of fish vaccines against vibriosis was also summarized. In brief, this review illustrates an ample number of medicinal herbs with effective effects on fish vibriosis. Identifying safe alternatives to ensure antibiotic-free and disease-free environments could be an initial step toward enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture and farming activities.