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    Antibiotic Resistance in Probiotic Microorganisms
    (Turkish Science and Technology Publishing (TURSTEP), 2023) Seyirt, Seda; Şanlıbaba, Pınar; Uymaz Tezel, Başar
    Probiotics are widely used in different forms of food or food supplements due to their health benefits. Probiotics consumption has seen an increase over the years. The main species used in probiotic products are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, along with other species such as Bacillus. Generally, probiotic microorganisms are accepted as safe even though they are resistant to several antibiotics. Some probiotic strains with intrinsic antibiotic resistance may be beneficial in regenerating gut microbiota during antibiotic therapy. However, the antibiotic resistance genes identified in probiotic microorganisms may carry the risk of the transfer of resistance genes to pathogens, raising concerns. For instance, tetracycline resistance genes have often been detected in probiotic organisms Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The antibiotic resistance genes carried on mobile genetic elements create reservoirs for pathogen resistance. This transfer of resistant genes to opportunistic pathogens and their spread may pose great danger. Hence, the purpose of this review was to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance in probiotic microorganisms and the potential transfer of the resistant genes to pathogens or commensal bacteria in the intestine.
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    Friend or foe? A critical evaluation of compositional quality and antibiotic resistance profiles of probiotic dietary supplements in Türkiye
    (Codon Publications, 2025) Seyirt, Seda; Uymaz Tezel, Başar; Sanlibaba, Pinar
    This study analyzed 10 commercial probiotic dietary supplements for the enumeration and identification of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, as well as their antibiotic resistance profiles. The isolated strains were identified using molecular methods, and their resistance to 18 antibiotics was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Four of the tested products had a lower number of viable bacteria than stated on the label. A total of 13 presumptive lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains were identified using molecular methods. The results showed discrepancies between the bacterial species listed on the labels of some products and the actual strains present. All of the Lactobacillus strains were resistant to methicillin, cefoxitin, and vancomycin. Furthermore, low levels of resistance to cefazolin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim was observed in Lactobacillus spp. All Bifidobacterium strains were resistant to methicillin and vancomycin. In addition, Bifidobacterium spp. strains that were resistant to cefazolin, cefoxiti, kanamycin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin were determined. Multidrug resistance was found in all Lactobacillus and Bifdobacterium strains. Finally, MDR rates were found to be 100% in both Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. The MAR index indicated a high-risk source of contamination for most strains, with 11 out of 13 strains exceeding the threshold of 0.2. These findings emphasize the critical role of precise labeling in fostering consumer trust and enabling informed decision-making. Antibiotic resistance should be regarded a significant part of the safety assessment of probiotics. Novel approaches will be essential for addressing MDR bacteria. MAR index findings highlight the need for stricter quality control in probiotic product labeling and a closer examination of antibiotic resistance in probiotic strains, given their potential implications for health and safety.
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    Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species From Manufactured Probiotic Dairy Products
    (Wiley, 2024) Seyirt, Seda; Uymaz Tezel, Başar; Şanlıbaba, Pınar
    The objective of this study was to enumerate and identify Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. from 70 samples of commercial dairy probiotic products and assess the antibiotic resistance profile of these probiotic cultures. Viable Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were not detected in 13 of 70 probiotic dairy products. Fifty-six products with specific claims of viable bacteria met or exceeded their label claim. Only one of the tested products had a lower number of viable bacteria than stated on the label. Based on the label claims, 11 samples explicitly indicated the presence of monoculture Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Meanwhile, 36 samples were labelled as containing a combination of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. species. However, 23 samples did not provide detailed information about the specific probiotic species present. The disc diffusion method was used for determining antibiotic resistance. High levels of resistance to methicillin (100%), vancomycin (95.3%), and cefoxitin (90.7%) were observed in Lactobacillus spp. strains. Bifidobacterium spp. strains were determined to have high frequencies of resistance to cefoxitin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and methicillin (95.6%). Finally, MDR rates were found to be 100% in Bifidobacterium and 95.3% in Lactobacillus species. Antibiotic resistance should be regarded as a significant part of the safety assessment of probiotics. Novel approaches will be essential for addressing MDR bacteria.