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Öğe A Sound-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System for Small-Scale Dairy Operations(2022) Kızıl, Ünal; Aksu, Sefa; Kınacı, Ahmet Cumhur; Bilgücü, Ertuğrul; Senturklu, SongulContinuous monitoring of livestock operations is vitally important for a sustainable production system. Monitoring systems based on cameras are not sufficient in livestock barns since they require visual inspection and ignore vocal conditions within the barn. These systems are also quite expensive for most small family operations. A prototype device that costed $ 470 developed to remotely monitor the barn based on sound sensors (microphones) data. This device also warns the operator by sending an SMS at sound intensities exceeding the predetermined durations and threshold values. It also makes it possible to listen to the barn by phone if needed. The device and associated web database was tested in this study. The main challenge was the determination of threshold values at which sensors are to generate warning SMS messages. As a method, Z-score of 2.33 which corresponds to area left of the 99% of the normally distributed data curve was determined representing the highest values with a possibility of 1% observation for each sensor. An average value of 97 dB was determined to be a threshold suggestion for future studies. A customizable web-based MySQL database was created to monitor and evaluate the long term data collected via the system.Öğe Effect of Field Pea Replacement for Oats on Palatability, Feeding Safety, and Growth Performance in Yearling American Quarter Horses(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2015) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, Douglas G.The objective of this study was to determine the palatability, feeding safety, growth performance, and replacement value of field pea (FP) for oats in yearling American Quarter Horses. Forty-eight yearling horses averaging 338.2 +/- 0.67 kg were used in a two-year replicated (84-d) study. The horses were randomly assigned based on sex and body weight (BW) to three pelleted experimental growing supplements: 1) 100% Oats and 0% FP (C), 2) 66.7% Oats and 33.3% FP (33.3PEA), and 3) 33.3% Oats and 66.7% FP (66.7PEA). The horses were fed a predetermined amount of alfalfa-bromegrass cubed (pelleted) hay. The supplement fed daily was divided into two meals and fed at 08.30 and 14.00 hours. Horse's BW, body length (BL), wither height (WH), hip height (HH), heart girth circumference (HG), cannon bone circumference (CB), forearm circumference (FA) and gaskin muscle circumference (GM) were taken at 28, 56, and 84 d. There was no statistical difference between supplement treatments for horse average daily gain (ADG) or final BW (P>0.10). There was a linear effect identified for 28, 56, and 84 d periods (P<0.01) for all treatment measurements. There was no statistical difference between supplement treatments for BL, WH, HH, HG, CB, FA, and GM (P>0.10). There was no evidence of discomfort, colic or hoof laminitis identified. When fed as two meals separated by 6 hours, FP was a suitable replacement for oats in yearling horse growing supplements up to a maximum of 66.7%.Öğe Effect of synchronized fixed-time AI and non-pregnant heifer delayed feedlot entry on reproductive performance and system economics(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2024) Landblom, Douglas G.; Hanna, Lauren L.; Parman, Byron; Perry, George A.; Paisley, Steve; Senturklu, Songul[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Effect of yearling steer sequence grazing of perennial and annual forages in an integrated crop and livestock system on grazing performance, delayed feedlot entry, finishing performance, carcass measurements, and systems economics(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2018) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, Douglas G.; Maddock, Robert; Petry, Tim; Wachenheim, Cheryl J.; Paisley, Steve I.In a 2-yr study, spring-born yearling steers (n = 144), previously grown to gain <0.454 kg.steer(-1).d(-1), following weaning in the fall, were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to three retained ownership rearing systems (three replications) in early May. Systems were 1) feedlot (FLT), 2) steers that grazed perennial crested wheatgrass (CWG) and native range (NR) before FLT entry (PST), and 3) steers that grazed perennial CWG and NR, and then field pea-barley (PBLY) mix and unharvested corn (UC) before FLT entry (ANN). The PST and ANN steers grazed 181 d before FLT entry. During grazing, ADG of ANN steers (1.01 +/- SE kg/d) and PST steers (0.77 +/- SE kg/d) did not differ (P = 0.31). But even though grazing cost per steer was greater (P = 0.002) for ANN vs. PST, grazing cost per kg of gain did not differ (P = 0.82). The ANN forage treatment improved LM area (P = 0.03) and percent i.m. fat (P = 0.001). The length of the finishing period was greatest (P < 0.001) for FLT (142 d), intermediate for PST (91 d), and least for ANN (66 d). Steer starting (P = 0.015) and ending finishing BW (P = 0.022) of ANN and PST were greater than FLT steers. Total FLT BW gain was greater for FLT steers (P = 0.017), but there were no treatment differences for ADG, (P = 0.16), DMI (P = 0.21), G: F (P = 0.82), and feed cost per kg of gain (P = 0.61). However, feed cost per steer was greatest for FLT ($578.30), least for ANN ($276.12), and intermediate for PST ($381.18) (P = 0.043). There was a tendency for FLT steer HCW to be less than ANN and PST, which did not differ (P = 0.076). There was no difference between treatments for LM area (P = 0.094), backfat depth (P = 0.28), marbling score (P = 0.18), USDA yield grade (P = 0.44), and quality grade (P = 0.47). Grazing steer net return ranged from an ANN system high of $9.09/steer to a FLT control system net loss of -$298 and a PST system that was slightly less than the ANN system (-$30.10). Ten-year (2003 to 2012) hedging and net return sensitivity analysis revealed that the FLT treatment underperformed 7 of 10 yr and futures hedging protection against catastrophic losses were profitable 40, 30, and 20% of the time period for ANN, PST, and FLT, respectively. Retained ownership from birth through slaughter coupled with delayed FLT entry grazing perennial and annual forages has the greatest profitability potential.Öğe Evaluation of total aflatoxin, nitrate and nitrite levels in layer feed samples of companies producing their own feed in Edincik and Bandirma province of Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Degirmencioglu, Nurcan; Eseceli, Huseyin; Demir, Ergun; Senturklu, SongulFeed contamination by fungi can lead to nutrient losses and detrimental effects on animal health and production. The presence of nitrates and nitrites in food can be harmful to both people and animals. The aim of this study was to determine total aflatoxin, nitrate and nitrite levels in layer feed samples from companies producing their own feed in Edincik and Bandirma provinces in Turkey and to discuss the potential risk to animal health. The results of the analyses indicated that mean total aflatoxin (AFT) ranged from 0.4 to 36.8 mu g kg(-1) and from 0.45 to 47.0 mu g kg(-1) in the year 2007 and the year 2008 samples, respectively. It was determined that nitrate levels were 2.4-10 and 1.7-13 mu g kg(-1) and that nitrite levels were 0-2.4 mu g kg(-1) and 0-2.6 mu g kg(-1) in these years, respectively. The levels of total aflatoxin, nitrate and nitrite in the layer samples could not be considered a risk to poultry health and productivity.Öğe Impacts of crop rotational diversity and grazing under integrated crop-livestock system on soil surface greenhouse gas fluxes(Public Library Science, 2019) Abagandura, Gandura Omar; Senturklu, Songul; Singh, Navdeep; Kumar, Sandeep; Landblom, Douglas G.; Ringwall, KrisIntegrated crop-livestock (ICL) system is beneficial in enhancing soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. However, the benefits of the ICL system on mitigation of GHG emissions are poorly understood. Thus, the present study was initiated in 2011 to assess the effect of crop rotation diversity and grazing managed under the ICL system on GHG emissions. The cropping system investigated here included spring wheat grown continuously for five years and a 5-yr crop rotation (spring wheat-cover crops-corn-pea/barley-sunflower). Each phase was present each year. Yearling steers grazed only the pea/barley, corn and cover crops plots in 2016 and 2017. Exclusion areas avoided the grazing in these crops to compare the GHG fluxes under grazed vs. non-grazed areas. The GHG fluxes were measured weekly from all crop phases during the growing season for both years using a static chamber. Cumulative CO2 and CH4 fluxes were similar from all crop phases over the study period. However, continuous spring wheat recorded higher cumulative N2O fluxes (671 g N ha(-1)) than that under spring wheat in rotation (571 g N ha(-1)). Grazing decreased cumulative CO2 fluxes (359 kg C ha(-1)) compared to ungrazed (409 kg C ha(-1)), however, no effect from grazing on cumulative CH4 and N2O fluxes over the study period were found. The present study shows that grazing and crop rotational diversity affected carbon and nitrogen inputs, which in turn affected soil CO2 and N2O fluxes. Long-term monitoring is needed to evaluate the response of soil GHG emissions to grazing and crop rotation interactions under the ICL system.Öğe Multi-Specie cover crop bale grazing effect after annual forage grazing on yearling steer grazing and feedlot performance, muscling, carcass measurements and carcass value(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2020) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, Douglas; Paisley, Steve[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Single Timed-Ai Heifer Development and Delayed Feedlot Entry of Non-Pregnant Heifers(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2023) Landblom, Douglas G.; Senturklu, Songul; Hanna, Lauren L.; Parman, Bryon; Perry, George A.; Paisley, Steve[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Spatial Noise Modeling in Dairy Operations(2022) Kızıl, Ünal; Aksu, Sefa; Kınacı, Ahmet Cumhur; Bilgücü, Ertuğrul; Senturklu, SongulA prototype sound monitoring and evaluation system was used to measure the noise level in a medium-sized dairy barn. In addition, the distribution of noise from the shelter was also modeled in order to determine how much the barn, where only the animals, mechanical tools and working workers in the barn were the sound source, affect the neighboring operations in terms of sound intensity. Considering that the intensity of the sound fluctuates according to the activities during the day, the equal noise level (Leq), which is a cumulative indicator, was used. The data recorded by 7 sensors placed inside the barn were modeled separately for day and night conditions in CadnaA software, and the distribution of Leq values both inside and outside the barn was modeled numerically and visually. As a result of the modeling study, Leq levels in the shelter were determined by averaging the values of 7 sensors. Accordingly, the Leq values for day and night in the barn were calculated as 69.0 and 64.2 dB, respectively. It was determined that these values were considerably lower than the maximum allowable values for dairy cattle. In addition, the spatial distribution modeling of the sound emitted from this establishment was at levels that would not cause disturbance for the neighboring operations.Öğe The Effect of Field Pea (Pisum sativum) Replacement in Starch- and Fiber-Based Post Weaning Transition Diets for 7.5 Month Old Beef Calves and Subsequent Effect on Feedlot Finishing Performance, Carcass Quality and Net Return(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2015) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, Douglas G.The research objective, during a 3-yr study, was to compare starch-and fiber-based 38 d weaning transition diets (WTD) to identify the effect on calf performance, feed intake and feed efficiency (FE). Subsequently, the effect of WTD on feedlot finishing performance and cow and calf net return was determined. Crossbred steer and female calves (Angus x Hereford x Gelbvieh; n=405; Age=7.5 month; BW=278+/-4.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six treatments (4 pen replicates/treatment) based on age and weaning weight. Starch-based WTD were formulated with soybean meal (SBM) and field pea (FP), and fiber-based diets were formulated with increasing levels of FP (0-30%). Pelleted WTD treatments were: 1-(CSBM) starch-base+SBM, 2-(CPEA) starch-base+FP, 3-(0PEA) fiber-base+0% FP, 4-(10PEA) fiber-base+10% FP, 5-(20PEA) fiber-base+20% FP, and 6-(30PEA) fiber-base+30% FP. The CSBM, 0PEA, 10PEA, and 20PEA treatments had greater gain and average daily gain (ADG) compared to the CPEA and 30PEA (P<0.01), and the CPEA treatment had the lowest gain and ADG (P<0.001). Dry matter intake (DMI) was greatest for the fiber-based 0PEA and 20PEA WTD treatments and lowest for the starch-based CSBM and CPEA (P<0.001), and WTD did not affect FE (P=0.39). In addition, feedlot finishing performance and carcass measurements were not affected by WTD (P>0.10). Therefore, we conclude that FP can replace up to 20% of fiber-based ingredients in WTD without affecting DMI and ADG. However, the highest cow-calf net return was from the CSBM, 20PEA and 30PEA WTD treatments (P<0.001).Öğe The Effect of Post-Weaning Steer Diets Supplemented With Field Pea, Flaxseed and a Field Pea-Flaxseed Combination on Feedlot Finishing Performance, Carcass Quality and Immune Response(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2014) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, DouglasThis study objective was to compare the effect of feeding field pea, flaxseed and field pea-flaxseed combination on steer performance and immune response during the 50-d post-weaning period (PWP). Subsequently, the effect on feedlot finishing performance, immune response and carcass quality were determined. Crossbred Angus x Hereford x Gelbvieh steers (castrated male calves, age=7.4 month, n=173) were used in the 3 year replicated study. The four pelleted 50-d PWP diets (PWD) were: 1) Control (C), 2) 12.5% Flaxseed (FLX), 3) 20.0% Field Pea (P), and 4) 20.0% Field Pea + 12.5% Flaxseed (PFLX). In the PWP, average daily weight gain (ADG) was increased (P<0.05) for FLX and PFLX when compared with C and P, but feed cost/kg of gain for FLX and PFLX was decreased (P<0.05). In the feedlot period, initial weight, slaughter weight, fattening period, weight gain, ADG, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio was not significantly different among the diets (P>0.10). For carcasses, PWD did not affect hot carcass weight, marbling score, percent US Department of Agriculture quality grade (P>0.05); however, FLX treatment reduced rib-eye area (REA), while P treatment increased REA (P<0.05). FLX and PFLX treatments did not increase serum neutralization titer level and did not reduce morbidity (P=0.96) and health care cost (P>0.10). Overall, Flaxseed improved 50-d PWP performance, but PWDs had no carryover effect on feedlot finishing period net return.Öğe Using Phosphorylated Mannan Oligosaccharide and Fibrolytic Enzyme as Natural Feed Additive Substitutes for Growth-Enhancing Technologies in Sustainable Beef Production(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2014) Senturklu, Songul; Landblom, Douglas; Wachenheim, Cheryl; Petry, TimothyThe study objective was to determine the effect on beef production sustainability when growth-enhancing technologies (GET) were substituted with the natural feed additives (NFA) phosphorylated mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-MOS (R)-(MOS)) and fibrolytic enzyme (Fibrozyme (R) (FIB)). Angus x Hereford x Gelbvieh steers, after weaning (n=80; BW=279.6 +/- 3 kg), were used in an 84-day backgrounding study (4 treatments; 4 pen replicates/treatment) that was followed by a 122-day finishing study. A control (C) treatment with GET (Revelor-IS (R) and Rumensin (R)) was compared to NFA (10 mg/head/day): MOS, FIB, and MOS+FIB. Data were analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS. The backgrounding C steers end weight, weight gain, and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (P<0.01) compared to MOS, FIB, and MOS+FIB. Feed efficiency ratio did not differ (P=0.198). Feed cost/kg of gain was lower for the C treatment (P<0.01). The C treatment net return was 45.9% greater than the average of MOS, FIB, and MOS+FIB treatments. For finishing, the C treatment ADG was greater (P<0.05) compared to MOS, FIB, and MOS+FIB. In addition, the C treatment harvest weight and hot carcass weight were greater (P<0.01) and were harvested 5 days earlier. However, other carcass measurements did not differ (P>0.10). Ending net return was $54.22, -$33.62, -$20.65, and -48.69 for the C, MOS, FIB, and MOS+FIB, respectively. The NFA were less profitable during backgrounding, but not profitable for finishing.
