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Öğe Comparison of Gokceada, Maltese and Turkish Saanen Goat Genotypes for Reproduction Traits(Univ Namik Kemal, 2010) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.This study aimed at comparative investigation of estrus, pregnancy, mating performance, behaviors, and kid yield at birth in different goat genotypes. The study was carried out at the Technological and Agricultural Research Centre of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for a period of two years. Although the courtship behavior index of females did not differ, the bucks of Gokceada had lower courtship behavior index and jumping frequency with ejaculation than did other genotypes (P <= 0.05). Maltese bucks displayed courtship behavior index and mounting frequency with ejaculation similar to Turkish Saanen bucks, but had lower mounting frequency without ejaculation (P <= 0.05). First estrus and birth rates (buck under) were 33% and 25% for Gokceada, 65% and 42% for Maltese and 96% and 64% for Turkish Saanen, respectively (P<0.0001). The period between buck introduction and first estrus or conception increased in all genotypes in the second year of the study. Gokceada had longer periods and lower return rates in both years (P <= 0.05). Kid yield per goat at birth in the second year increased significantly in Gokceada and Maltese genotypes and was found as Maltese (1.9; 2.4), Turkish Saanen (1.9; 1.8) and Gokceada (1.6; 1.8) in the descending order.Öğe Effect of beak length on feed intake in pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica)(Univ Federation Animal Welfare, 2007) Savas, T.; Konyali, C.; Das, G.; Yurtman, I. Y.This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of beak length on feed intake with regard to animal welfare. The study involved two treatments groups; short beak pigeons (G-SB; n = 7) and normal beak pigeons (G-NB; n = 7) and was carried out in two consecutive trials. Daily feed consumption, meal length and behavioural traits such as aggressive pecking, preening, resting and locomotor activity were recorded under different feeding conditions. In Trial 1 the birds had free access to food material during a single feeding period each day, whereas in Trial II feeding was terminated when a pigeon from any of the groups that stopped eating first, moved towards water. It took a longer time for the pigeons in the G-SB group to consume the same amount of feed. Furthermore, the pigeons in G-S8 were affected significantly in Trial II and lost bodyweight more compared to G-NB. Although no significant difference between the groups on frequency of aggressive pecking during feeding was found in Trial I, restricted feeding significantly increased the frequency of aggressive pecking in the G-SB group in Trial II. The results of the present study suggest that short beak, which is a side-effect of artificial selection for aesthetic purposes, can cause serious welfare problems under restricted environmental conditions.Öğe Effects of goat social rank on kid gender(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2007) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Pala, A.; Thomsen, H.Mechanisms of gender ratio in progeny are complex and the fine details are still largely unknown, even in mammals. Though the 50116 ratio of males and females is expected, various factors have been shown to be effective in diverting the ratio from the expected. In this study, dominance index, effects of sire, age of dam, birth type and year of birth on the gender ratio of Turkish Saanen goat kids were investigated in a full model. The analysis indicated that dominance index (DI) of the dam had a significant influence on the gender ratio of kids (P = 0.036). Certain sires tended to father female descendants repeatedly and the dams with high dominance index gave birth to male kids. Effects of sire on kid gender approached significance (P = 0.094). Age of dam, year and birth type were insignificant.Öğe Effects of kefir as a probiotic source on the performance of goat kids(South African Journal Of Animal Sciences, 2010) Atasoglu, C.; Akbag, H. I.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.Kefir is a sour, viscous, slightly carbonated and alcoholic milk beverage, which is traditionally fermented using a culture of bacteria and yeasts. The influence of kefir on health has been well studied in mice and rats. However, research on kefir use in ruminants is rather limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kefir as a probiotic on the performance of goat kids during the pre- (45 days) and post-weaning (45 days) periods. Forty eight kids were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: Control, Kefir, Auto-Kefir (autoclaved) and Probiotic (a commercial probiotic). The kids were weaned at 45 days of age. The supplementation of different probiotics did not have any significant effect throughout the study on live weight and weight gain of the kids as compared to the Control group. Milk intake or milk-based nutrient intake of kids did not differ significantly among treatments in the pre-weaning period. Similarly, the intake of concentrate feed and nutrients from the concentrate was not affected by the treatments during post-weaning. No significant differences in faecal consistency of kids were found among the treatments. The results of the study indicated that supplementation of kefir as a natural probiotic or a commercial probiotic source does not improve performance of goat kids under the conditions in the present study and suggest that new approaches are required for studying the efficacy of this probiotic.Öğe Factors affecting placental traits and relationships of placental traits with neonatal behaviour in goat(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Konyali, A.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Savas, T.The relationships between placental characteristics and litter weight, factors affecting these characteristics, and the relationship between these characteristics and neonatal behaviour of goat kids were investigated in this study. The study was carried out over three consecutive years and animal material consisted of total 152 Turkish Saanen goats and their 230 kids. The results of the study demonstrated that there were positive correlations between litter weight (LW), cotyledon number (CN), placental weight (PW) (r=0.64 and 0.76, P < 0.01), but there was negative correlation between LW and cotyledon density (CD) (r=-0.42, P < 0.01). CD was negatively correlated with PW (r=-0.61, P < 0.01). CN and PW were influenced by the parity of doe, birth type-sex combination, buck within years and year of the study. On the other hand, parity and birth type-sex combination had no effect on PE (P > 0.05), but buck within year affected placental efficiency (P < 0.01). CD was only influenced by the parity of doe (P < 0.01). Duration of birth (D) was not significantly related with CD, but if CD declined, it prolonged (r=-0.23, P > 0.05). There were strong relationships between CD and birth-to-standing (B-St), and CD and birth-to-suckling (B-Su) (r=-0.42 and -0.51, P=0.01 and P < 0.01). The results of the present study have shown similarities to the findings of the studies in sheep. Further studies are required to investigate the basis of the relationship between CD and neonatal behaviour. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Fertility Traits of Holstein Cows Raised at Sarimsakli State Farm(Univ Namik Kemal, 2007) Tuna, Y. T.; Gurcan, E. K.; Savas, T.The present research was carried out to determine some fertility traits in Holstein cows raised at Sarimsakli State Farm. Reproductive performance records within the period from 1983 to 2003 of 764 Holstein cows raised at the farm were constituted the research material. Effect of years on First Breeding Age (FBA), First Calving Age (FCA) and Calving Interval(CI) were significant(P<0,01). Effect of Season on CI was significant (P<0,05), however on FBA and FCA were not significant(P>0,05). Effects of Lactation Length (LL) and FCA on CI was not significant(P>0.05). Effect of FBA on FCA was significant(P<0,01). Overall means for FBA, FCA and CI were found as; 18,98 +/- 2,73 month, 28,15 +/- 2,50 month and 407,07 +/- 78,59 day, respectively.Öğe Growth, behavioural and haematological responses to poultry red mite infestation in Japanese quail(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2020) Erdem, H.; Konyali, C.; Akbag, H. I.; Savas, T.The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of poultry red mite (PRM) infestation on Japanese quail. Two trials were carried out under same conditions, each using 80 one-week-old quail chicks. Half of the chicks were experimentally infested with PRM and the other half functioned as control group. The conditions of the two trial rooms were the same. Low infestation was observed in Trial I, while high infestation was seen in Trial II. Live weight (LW) and daily feed intake (DFI) were not significantly affected in Trial I (P = 0.2190). However, infested birds scratched themselves 2.46 times more than the control birds (P = 0.0002). Haemoglobin (Hg) of control and infested birds were 9.58 g.dl(-1) and 7.72 g.dl(-1) (P = 0.0017), and eosinophil proportions 5.79% and 18.58% (P = 0.0004), respectively. In Trial II differences of LW between control and infested birds reached a significant level at the 5th week (P = 0.0038). DFI of control birds was higher than in infested birds (P < 0.0001). Infested birds showed 4.22 times more scratching behaviour than the control (P = 0.0003). Hg, erythrocyte and haematocrit were 5.52 g.dl(-1), 1.79.10(6).mu l(-1) and 29.36% in infested birds, respectively; 11.28 g.dl(-1), 3.78.10(6).mu l(-1) and 43.47% in the control (P = 0.0001). Ratio of the spleen to carcass weight was 0.08% in control and 0.10% in infested birds (P = 0.0595). The ratio of gizzard to carcass weight was higher in infested birds (P = 0.0008). A higher mortality in infested birds was observed in Trial II compared to Trial I (P < 0.0001). The carcasses of infested birds showed lower dry matter content than carcasses of control birds (P = 0.0006). In conclusion, a low level of infestation did not lead to major negative effects, but decreased haemoglobin levels and increased scratching behaviour of the infested birds, indicating a negative impact on welfare. However, high infestations of PRM had severe effects on the quail.Öğe Multiple-trait genetic analyses of racing Performances of German trotters with disentanglement of genetic and driver effects(Copernicus GmbH, 2001) Röhe, R.; Savas, T.; Brka, M.; Willms, F.; Kalm, E.The objectives of this study were the analysis of the effect of driver on racing Performances of trotters and development of a genetic model in order to estimate genetic parameters for German trotters. Data on 6,611 trotters with 163,322 records during 1997 and 1999 were analysed with a repeatability animal model using each individual start of trotters and pedigree information of up to 11 generations (13,202 horses). Besides the driver effect, the genetic model included year-season, age and sex of trotter, racing track, distance and condition of race track as fixed effects as well as additive genetic and permanent environmental effects as random effects. Traits analysed were Square root. of rank at finish, racing time per km and the logarithms of earnings per start. Ignoring the effect of driver resulted in an overestimation of heritability of 60, 24 and 44% for rank at finish, racing time and earnings, respectively, which shows the necessity to include the driver effect in the model. Drivers regarded as fixed or random effects resulted in a marginal change in parameters. Heritabilities based on the model with fixed driver effect were 0.05, 0.29 and 0.09 for ranks at finish, racing time and earnings, respectively. Genetic correlation between rank and racing time was 0,81. Both traits were highly correlated with earnings of -0.98 and -0.89 for ranking and racing time, respectively. Most important trait for selection of racing Performance was the racing time due to its substantial higher heritability and its high genetic correlation to earnings. Additionally, rank at finish has to be included in the breeding goal because it reflects more the potential of trotters to win at finish and accounts for records without earnings. © 2018 Copernicus GmbH.Öğe Relationships between head-beak morphology and feed intake behaviour as well as rearing of nestlings in a short beak pigeon breed(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2008) Savas, T.; Konyali, C.; Tolu, C.; Das, G.; Yurtman, I. Y.The results of previous studies indicated that selection for aesthetic breeding goals in the short beak pigeon breed Half-Baska resulted in disadvantages in feed intake. In addition, a high variation in feed intake time in the short beak breed as compared to the normal beak breed was reported. This led to the hypothesis that feed intake behaviour is not only affected by the length of the beak but also by head morphology as well as beak width and beak height. Moreover, the beak plays an important role in feeding of nestlings in pigeons. Therefore, the rearing performance of pigeon breeds with a short and a normal beak was compared. The breed Half-Baska (HB), originating from northwest Turkey, was used as a model bird for short beak pigeons. English Flyingtippler (EF) was used for the comparison. During rearing several clutches of HB and EF breeding pairs (with similar days of hatch) were randomly exchanged. Thus four groups were formed: I. HB birds feeding HB squabs (CB-CB), 2. HB birds feeding EF squabs (HB-EF), 3. EF birds feeding HB squabs (EF-HB), and 4. EF birds feeding EF squabs (EF-EF). The short beak Half Baska birds had a 37% shorter beak than the English Flyingtippler breed. In HB birds, the correlation coefficients between feed intake speed and head height (r = 0.36; P = 0.031) as well as head depth (r = 0.33; P = 0.050) were significant However, no relations were observed between feed intake speed and head width as well as beak traits (P > 0.050). The rearing groups had a significant effect on body weight and daily live weight gain of the nestlings (P < 0.001). Nestlings of HB-HB group had a substantial disadvantage in growth. Moreover, a high mortality rate was found (32%) for the same group (HB-HB), but the difference from EF-EF group was not significant (19%). The relationships between feed intake behavior and head form explain the observed high variation in feed intake speed in HB birds. The retarded growth of HB-HB squabs revealed that the species-specific reproductive pattern was disturbed in the short beak pigeon.Öğe The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: inventory of pigeon groups and breeds with notes on breeder organizations(Cambridge Univ Press, 2013) Yilmaz, O.; Savas, T.; Ertugrul, M.; Wilson, R. T.The pigeon is one species among the numerous domestic animal types that contribute to the economy of Turkey as food and work, and provide diversion and pleasure for the nation's people. Pigeons are kept at the household level, usually in small numbers, by many hundreds of thousands of Turkish families, yet they have been subject to little study. This paper collates much of the information available (almost all in the Turkish language) to provide a brief history of the bird in Turkey. An inventory of the nine groups and 72 breeds that have been identified is presented. Some of these breeds are international in status, some are widespread in Turkey and some have only local distribution; many breeds have synonyms which are used in their areas of distribution. There is little government or academic support for pigeon breeders. The private Pigeon Breeders Association of Turkey and the Turkish Pigeon Federation are umbrella organisations for a number of breed clubs. In an initial attempt to standardise the national pigeon genetic resources, two of the more widespread breeds have been registered with the Animal Breeds Registration Committee of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.Öğe The Effect Of Wheat And Natural Pastures And Of Different Grazing Intensities On Some Behavioral Traits Of Lactating Goats(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Gokkus, A.Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (I30.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P <= 0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.
