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Öğe Effects of daily protein intake levels on the oral stereotypic behaviours in energy restricted lambs(Elsevier, 2002) Yurtman, IY; Savas, T; Karaagac, F; Coskuntuna, LEffects of daily protein intake levels on oral stereotypic behaviours (OSB) in energy restricted lambs were investigated. Thirty-eight male lambs were randomly allotted to three treatments. Lambs in the first group (AL) received their ration (12.1 MJ ME/kg DM; 148.6 g CP/kg DM) at ad libitum level, whereas the second group (RP1) (12.1 MJ ME/kg DM; 177.4 g CP/kg DM) and the third group (RP2) (12.1 MJ ME/kg DM; 214.9 g CP/kg DM) received their rations at restricted levels. Recording of behaviours was carried out once a week using time sampling technique during a 7-week experimental period. OSB were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by the treatments. RP2 group showed higher oral stereotypies than the others. It was concluded that increasing the daily protein intake under energy restricted conditions may have additive effects on the development of stereotypic oral behaviours. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Growth and behavioral traits of Turkish Saanen kids weaned at 45 and 60 days(Elsevier Science Bv, 2004) Ugur, F; Savas, T; Dosay, M; Karabayir, A; Atasoglu, CThe influence of weaning age on various growth characteristics and behavioral traits of Turkish Saanen kids was investigated. The kids were weaned at 45 and 60 days of age. The body weights, body measurements and behavioral traits were monitored during the experimental period. The average daily live weight gains of the kids in both of the treatment groups were similar between weaning and 4 months of age, and birth and 4 months of age. Weaning age influenced roughage and water consumption, and lying. Although there were no difference between the two groups in terms of growth characteristics, kids in 45-day group consumed more roughage than those in 60-day group. Because of a 15-day difference between the two weaning practices, the kids, weaned at 45 days of age seemed more experienced and spent the rest of their spare time lying. The results of the present study indicated that no significant differences were found in the growth and behavioral traits of Turkish Saanen kids, weaned at 45 or 60 days of age, and suggested that kids could be weaned at 45 days of age. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Growth curves of Turkish Saanen goats' kids grouped for weight and Body Mass Index(Archiv Fur Tierzucht, 2005) Pala, A; Savas, T; Ugur, F; Das, GGrowth curves and weaning stress differences were investigated in Turkish Saanen kids grouped for their weight and Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height(2)). Data included 884 records collected from 61 Turkish Saanen kids raised in Canakkale, Turkey. Slopes were calculated for each kid and were analyzed as data using ordinary least squares, and repeated weights for each kid were analyzed using various covariance structures. Differences between male and female kids were small and non-significant before weaning (P = 0.55), while larger (P=0.06) after weaning. Heavy animals grew faster than light animals before weaning (P < 0.01) but lost their advantage after weaning (P > 0.05). Fat animals (high BMI) grew faster than lean animals (low BMI) before weaning (P < 0.01) while the differences slightly diminished after weaning (P=0.04). This may be because light and lean kids were not affected from the weaning shock as much as the heavy and fat kids, which had stuttered growth after weaning. Fit statistics indicated that first-order ante dependence was the best fit covariance structure for these data. Analyses specifying random model and covariance structures did not have an advantage over an approach where slopes were manually calculated and analyzed as data using ordinary least squares.Öğe Persistency within and between lactations in morning, evening and daily test day milk in dairy goats (short communication)(Archiv Fur Tierzucht, 2005) Pala, A; Savas, TPersistence in dairy animals can be used as selection criteria. Peak value in lactation can be used to predict total lactation production if within lactation persistence is high. This will provide information on early lactation and shorten generation interval. Major purpose of this study was to determine persistency within and between lactations of Turkish Saanen goats in morning, evening and daily milk yields. Two different methods were employed. One used ratios of the succeeding test days as dependent variables. The multivariate analyses indicated that effects of parity (P=0.05), year (P < 0.01), lactation length (P=0.05) and parity by year interaction (P < 0.01) were large. The other approach was to use within correlations and measure changes in milk production in different parities by using repeated measures analysis and modeling covariance structure using compound symmetry. The within correlations can be used as indicators of persistency. Effects of parity, test day and days in milk (DIM), DIM2, In(DIM) and [ln(DIM)](2) on morning and evening values and total daily milk weights were analyzed to characterize the lactation curve. Values of DIM and repeated measure id number of the goats were added to the model within parity. Within lactation correlations were estimated as 0.22 for morning, 0.28 for evening and 0.27 for daily milk yield. Evening milk tests can alone be used to estimate lactation milk yield, instead of the total test day milk yield. Milk yield increased until lactation four, and decreased in lactation five in morning, evening and daily milk yields. There was a sharp increase from first lactation to second (ranged from 22.0 to 26.8%) and second lactation to third (ranged from 20.0 to 22.2%).Öğe Progress of aggressive pecks and several behavioral traits in rank-order-instable cage groups in laying hens(Archiv Fur Tierzucht, 2003) Karaagaç, F; Özcan, M; Savas, THigher animals establish a rank-order, which provides advantages to the social life of these animals. The rank-order moderates aggression and decreases stress-based frustration. Laying hens kept in cages are normally replaced with new ones after they die. This results in conflict in the rank-order of the animals, particularly in adult hens depending on breed and line and, as a result, causes violation among animals. This is a stress situation, which can negatively affect welfare of the animals. In this study, the effect of instable rank-order on aggressive pecking and some behavioral traits was investigated in laying hens. Fourty eight white Lohmann LSL laying hens were used as animal material. The stocking rate was 4 laying hens in all cages, except for six cages in which a stable rank-order was formed with animals who came from different cages. The behavioral traits of aggressive pecking, feeding, drinking, feather pecking, cage pecking, standing and recumbency were monitored. A significant difference in aggressive pecking was found between stable rank-order and instable rank-order groups. The laying hens in instable-rank-order group showed more frequently aggressive pecking than those in rank-order-stable group. However, the progress of aggressive pecking during the experimental period indicated an elevation of aggressive pecking in both of the groups. The reason for increased aggressive pecking in the rank-order-stable group was thought to be due to the threatening with noise of the animals in the rank-order-instable group. Feather pecking was significantly higher in the instable rank-order group than in the stable rank-order group, indicating the frustration of the hens in the former group. Feather pecking is normally defined as a comfort behavior, but is not observed in every situation. This behavior could be classified as a sparking over activity.Öğe Reduction of toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 by using baker yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in growing broiler chicks diets(Revista Brasileira Zootecnia Brazilian Journal Animal Sci, 2003) Çelyk, K; Denly, M; Savas, TThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of adding baker yeast (BY), chlortetracycline (CTC) and both BY + CTC to a control diet containing 200 ng/g of aflatoxin B I (C + AFB,)on performance, serum parameters and pathologyc alterations of broilers. A total 100chicks (Ross PM 3) were divided into five groups in individual cages and each containing 20 animals. BY, a rich source of protein and vitamin B complex, was mixed into the diets at 2.0 %, CTC was mixed into the diet at 2.5 ng/g. Feed consumption, body weight and feed efficiency were recorded weekly. Serum parameters and pathologyc alterations were determined at the end of the study. Dead animals were recorded daily. Liver changes were clearly apparent in the C+AFB(1), and C+AFB(1),+CTC most of the livers were enlarged, yellow and had pethecial hemorrhages. Canalicula cholestosis was absent in group C+AFB(1), and C+AFB(1) +CTC, but not others. When compared to the control (C) group, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), appear to be significantly increased in the C+AFB(1) and C+CTC+AFB(1) groups. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT)was increased in C+AFB(1) birds. Serum alphaphetoprotein was not affected by the treatments. Feed consumption and body weight were significantly reduced in group AFB(1). Birds receiving BY + AFB(1),(,) CTC + AFB, and BY + CTC + AFB(1) had a significantly higher body weight than group C+AFB Feed efficiency was better in group CTC + AFB, than the others. The findings of this research suggest tha BY (2%) can partly counteract some of the toxic effects of AFB.Öğe Some behaviour traits observed on the Kivircik and crossbred lambs raised in intensive conditions(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2005) Karaagaç, F; Özcan, M; Savas, TIn this study, the behaviour responses of the crossbred lambs [F-2 (German Black-Headed Mutton x Merino) x F-1 (Chios x Kivircik)] were compared with the Kivircik lambs in intensive conditions and the effects of genotype, sex and observation period on the behaviours displayed were investigated. The data were collected from 10 (5 male + 5 female) Kivircik and 10 (5 male + 5 female) crossbred lambs, which were weaned at the age of 2-2.5 months.The effect of genotype was found significant on the behaviours of feed consumption (P < 0.01), activities towards the bedding material (P < 0.05), rumination (P < 0.01), lying (P < 0.01), oral stereotypic behaviours (OSB) (P < 0.01) and behaviours towards animal (BTA) (P < 0.01). Behaviours towards other animals and oral stereotypic behaviours in the crossbred lambs were 50% and 27% more than the Kivircik lambs, respectively. Significant differences in terms of the activities towards the bedding material (P < 0.05), rumination (P < 0.01) and lying (P < 0.01) behaviours were determined between the male and female lambs. It was seen that the male lambs were more active in the breeding area. The effects of observation period were found significant on feeding (P < 0.01), drinking (P < 0.01), rumination (P < 0.01), lying (P < 0.01), standing (P < 0.01), oral stereotypic behaviours (P < 0.01) and behaviours towards animals (P < 0.05).Öğe The relationship among pre and post slaughter traits of American Bronze Turkey(Archiv Fur Tierzucht, 2005) Mendes, M; Karabayir, A; Ersoy, IE; Savas, TThis study aimed to investigate the relations among the pre- and post-slaughter traits of American bronze turkeys. Birds were raised under three different lighting regimes. Pre-slaughter traits were measured when the birds were 15-, 20-, and 30-weeks of age. Canonical correlation analysis showed that as the birds aged the relations among the pre- and post-slaughter characters became more pronounced, Coefficients of determination (R-2) were 63.6-82.8% when pre-slaughter characteristics were measured at the 15(th) week, 84.8-94.6% at the 20(th) week, and 91.3-99.1% at the 30(th) week, respectively.
