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Öğe A brief report on intra-species aggressive biting in a goat herd(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study aimed at analysing the effects of age, horn and places on biting and butting as intraspecies aggressive activities. Seventy-two Turkish Saanen goats were used as animal material and 22,686 aggressive behaviours were recorded in different places from a total of 118 h direct observation. Of the observations of aggressive behaviours, 32.7% was biting behaviour and the rest was butting behaviour. The frequency of biting behaviour in 3 or more years old goats was significantly higher than that of biting behaviour in 1 and 2 years old animals (P < 0.01). The observations revealed that horned or hornless goats exhibited biting behaviour; however the frequency of biting behaviour in hornless goats was 2.38 times higher than in homed goats (P < 0.01). Biting and butting behaviours were found to be well correlated with the area of places (P < 0.01). As the area of places got narrowed, the frequency of biting increased. However, such a trend was not observed in butting behaviour. The frequency of butting behaviour again increased with the increase in social hierarchy (P < 0.01), whereas the frequency of biting behaviour was not affected by social hierarchy (P = 0.30). In conclusion, intra-species biting behaviour, which is thought to have developed as a result of hom absence, should be questioned whether this is unique to the herd or to the genotype. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe A Comparison of Natural Eimeria spp. and Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections of Goat Breeds(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThe number of Eimeria oocysts per gram faeces (OPG) and number of gastrointestinal nematod (GIN) eggs per gram faeces (EPG) depend on some factors such as gender, season and production systems. In order to determine the Eimeria infection and some gastrointestinal nematode burdens in Maltese, Gokceada and Turkish Saanen goats, OPG, EPG and packed cell volume (PCV) were investigated. Maltese breed tended to have lower parasite burden than other goat breeds (P <= 0.05). In the first observation, the prevalence of Eimeria and nematodes was 100% in Gokceada breed, while the prevalence of Eimeria and the prevalence of GIN infection were 98% and 78%, respectively, in Maltese. It was determined that OPG and EPG burdens were significantly affected by the age of goats and the sampling date (P <= 0.0193). It was seen that OPG burden decreased as the goats get older (P= 0.0157), while EPG value varied by the age of a goat in an unsteady manner (P<0.0001). The PCV values determined in the breeds ranged from 0.23 to 0.31. Statistically significant and positive correlation coefficients were determined between OPG and EPG r= 0.20 (P= 0.0036), and between the PCV value and OPG r= 0.41 and PCV and EPG r= 0.37 (P<0.0001).Öğe A study on usable plants for annual winter pastures for goats(WFL Publisher Ltd., 2013) Tölü, Cemil; Işil Akba?, Hande; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman; Baytekin, Harun; Savaş, TürkerSuitable plant species for annual winter pasture formation for dairy goats were investigated in the basis of genotype and animal behaviours. Two experiments were carried out with a total number of forty-five lactating goats from three breeds (G: Gökçeada; M: Maltese and TS: Turkish Saanen). In Experiment I, nine grazing plots containing triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack), oat (Avena sativa), common vetch (Vicia sativa) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica) as a sub-plot were formed, and five goats from each breed were grazed for three days on their grazing plots. Treatment was repeated three times with different goats. Behaviour of goats was recorded every day through direct observation for four hours. Biting rate of goat breed on the same plant species was examined in Experiment II. Grazing frequencies were determined as 55.2, 63.8 and 70.7% for the breeds of G, M and TS goats, respectively (P ? 0.01). Grasses, and triticale in particular, were preferred to legumes (P ? 0.01), and Hungarian vetch had the lowest grazing frequency. Biting rate varied among plant species (P ? 0.01), and observed values on triticale and Hungarian vetch were significantly lower than those of the other plant species (P ? 0.05). It was concluded that triticale has an important potential as a plant for annual winter pasture for dairy goats in Mediterranean climatic zone.Öğe An Important Genotype for Sustainable Extensive Goat Production Systems of Turkey: The Gökçeada Goat(2021) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerIn this study, it was aimed to report some traits of Gökçeada goats, which raised under the naturalconditions of Gökçeada, with respect to their protection within the scope of genetic resources. In thisrespect the information obtained from the goats supplied from the Island and reared in a semiintensive system at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University and also the information obtained from theliterature were collected and the biological and zootechnical identifications of the Gökçeada goatwere performed. Gökçeada goats, which are predominantly black, have yellow or red blazes on bothsides of their heads including their eyes. It was seen that Gökçeada goats had similar bodymeasurements and lower live weights as compared to those of the same species on the mainland. Thebirth weight and the mature live weight of Gökçeada goats were found as 2.55 kg and 38 kg,respectively, whereas their mean kid yield per goat at birth was determined as 1.6 to 1.8 kids.Individuals with a milk yield of 591 kg were striking in the Gökçeada genotype, in which the meanlactation length and the mean lactation milk yield were determined as 251 to 259 days and 227 to 245kg, respectively. Its milk fat (4.92-5.75%) and milk protein (3.29%) resembled those of our othernative breeds. It is necessary to reveal, with more elaborate studies, the potential for Gökçeada goatcheese that is greatly demanded on the Island. It was determined that the Gökçeada kids, which wereconsidered as dairy kids, had some small but nonfat carcass and that their meat was soft and of a lightcolor and had a slight smell. One should be careful about the adaptation of the Gökçeada genotype,which successfully maintains itself under the island conditions and which is the source of income forproducers, to intensive and extensive goat production systems.Öğe Birth, and neonatal behaviour and their effects on growth of Turkish Saanen kids(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2006) Konyalı, A.; Tölü, Cemil; Das, Gürübüz; Savaş, TürkerIn order to decrease young animal losses, better observation as well as more knowledge about birth and neonatal mother-kid-behaviour are needed. In this study, the distribution of births during day time, duration of birth, duration of birth-to-standing, duration of birth-to-suckling and the effect of birth and several kids behavioural parameters on growth of kids were investigated. This study was carried out with 99 Turkish Saanen goats and their 147 kids. Average gestation period was 152.4 +/- 2.63 days. Only 8.5% of the observed births occurred at night. 62% of the observed goats were given birth on the lateral recumbence and 38% on standing recumbence, respectively. However, no effects of sex of kid and age of doe on duration of birth (GD) were observed (P > 0.05). The range of birth and birth weight affected the trait GD (P <= 0.05). The sex of kid had a significant effect on duration of birth-to-standing (GAS) (P=0.035). On the other hand, birth weight had no effect on GAS (P=0.029). Significant effect of birth weight and year were found on duration of birth-to-suckling (GS) (P < 0.05). No significant effect of the range of birth on neonatal behavioural traits was observed. Duration of second twin (3.8 min) was shorter than the birth of single kid (16.9min) or the birth of first twin kids (14.7min) (P=0.001). Significant and positive correlations were determined between duration of birth and birth weight (GW), weaning weight (AGW) and daily weight gain before weaning period (BTZ) (P=0.001). No significant correlation was found between GD and daily weight gain after weaning period (NTZ) (P=0.698). Significant negative correlations (r=-0.20, P=0.056) between GAS and AGW (r=-0.27 P=0.008), as well as between GAS and BTZ were observed. A clear positive relation between GAS and NTZ was found (r=0.39, P=0.001). However significant correlations were found between GS and AGW (P=0.002), BTZ (P=0.008), NTZ (P=0.049). The relationship between GS and daily weight gain before weaning period was positive, on the other hand, negative correlation coefficient was found between GS and daily weight gain after weaning (r=-0.20, P=0.049). The results of the present study suggest that early standing of kids after birth could be used as an indicator for kids' vigor.Öğe Çanakkale Koyunculuk İşletmelerinde 2009-2016 Yılları Arasındaki Süt Üretimine İlişkin bir Analiz(2018) Ayağ, Bekir Sıtkı; Göktürk, Semra; Savran, Ahmet Ferhan; Savaş, TürkerÇanakkale ilinde özellikle bitkisel üretime elverişli olmayan arazilerde koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliğiçiftçilerin temel geçim kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çanakkale İli Damızlık Koyun KeçiYetiştiricileri Birliği kayıtlarında bulunan, 2009-2016 yılları arasında il genelinde çiğ süt desteklemelerine tabiolan 1152 işletmeye ait müstahsil makbuzlarından elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Kıvırcık, Sakız ve Tahirovaırklarına göre koyun başına satılan yıllık süt miktarları sırası ile 37,0±0,81, 47,4±1,96 ve 67,5±1,49 litre olarakgerçekleşmiştir (P<0,0001).Kıvırcık ve Sakız işletmelerinde, işletme başına yıllık satılan toplam süt miktarısırasıyla 2009 yılında 6.026,34 litre ve 6527,69 litre iken, 2016 yılında 3.315,9 litre ve 5.811,61 litre olarakgerçekleşmiştir. Tahirova koyunu işletmelerinde, işletme başına süt üretimi 2015 yılına kadar artarak, 10.496,98litre’ye ulaşmış, ancak 2016 yılında 6.889,48 litreye gerilemiştir. 2009 ile 2016 yılları karşılaştırıldığındaKıvırcık işletme büyüklüklerinde %20,3, Sakız işletmelerinde %19,6 ve Tahirova işletmelerinde %26,6oranlarında küçülme meydana gelmiştir. Çanakkale ilinde 2011 ile 2016 yılları arasında ortalama koyun sütüfiyatı enflasyon oranına göre beklenen süt fiyatından %21,6 ile %67 düşük gerçekleşmiştir. Buna karşın aynıdönemde yem fiyatları artışı enflasyonun üzerinde, peynir fiyatları ise enflasyon oranında gerçekleşmiştir. Ezinepeyniri için koyun sütü vazgeçilemeyecek bir hammaddedir. Ancak fiyat politikalarındaki problemler koyun sütüüretiminin ve yakın gelecekte mandıraların koyun sütü bulamamalarına neden olabilir.Öğe Çanakkale Sakız ve Tahirova Koyun İşletmelerinde Verimli Ömür, Ayıklama Oranı ve Ayıklama Nedenleri(2023) Bosdan, Korhan; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerKoyunculukta verimli ömür (VÖ) ve ayıklama oranı (AO) işletme ekonomisinde etkilidir. Bu çalışmada Sakız ve Tahirova işletmelerinde verimli ömür tahmin edilmiş ve sürüden ayıklama nedenleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada “Halk Elinde Küçükbaş Hayvan Islahı Ülkesel Projesi” kapsamında Çanakkale’de yürütülen projelerin beşer yıllık verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Sakız koyunları için sırasıyla ilk kuzulama yaşı 619.6 gün ve kuzulama aralığı 368.4 gün olurken, Tahirova koyunları için sırasıyla 490.2 gün ve 377 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Sakız işletmelerinde ortalama AO %17.6, VÖ 5.68 yıl, ömür boyu doğum sayısı (DS) 4.95 olarak bulunurken, Tahirova işletmeleri için aynı değerler %20.6, 4.85 yıl ve 4.40 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bir ve iki yaşında ilk doğumunu yapan Sakız genotipi karşılaştırıldığında, ikinci ve üçüncü doğumlarında sürüde kalma oranları sırasıyla %76 ile %68 ve ile %77 %59 olarak bulunmuştur (P=0.9670; P=0.1234). Aynı değerler Tahirova genotipinde %79 ile %71 ve %73 ile %59 olarak gerçekleşmiştir (P=0.1455; P=0.0125). Zorunlu ayıklama nedenleri yaşlılık (%27), diş sorunları (%25) ve meme sorunları (%19), isteğe bağlı ayıklama nedenleri ise düşük döl verimi (%15), düşük süt verimi (%11) ve davranış problemi (%3) şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Bir koyunun yabani hayvan saldırısı nedeniyle ölme olasılığı Sakız genotipinde Tahirova genotipine göre 3.54 kat daha yüksek iken (P=0.0493); süt verimi nedeniyle sürüden çıkarılma olasılığı %77 (P=0.0051) ve döl verim düşüklüğü nedeniyle %82 (P=0.0012), daha düşüktür. Sakız koyunu işletmelerindeki düşük AO ancak üretim maliyetlerinin düşük olduğu üretim sistemlerinde gerçekleşebilir. İlk doğumunu bir yaşında ve iki yaşında yapan koyunların üçüncü doğumda sürüde kalma oranları arasındaki farklılık Tahirova koyunu işletmelerinde ilk yaşında doğuranlar lehine olmak üzere daha belirgindir. Yabani hayvan saldırısı sonucu hayvan kaybı çalışmada dikkat çeken diğer bir noktayı oluşturmuştur.Öğe Carcass and meat quality of Gokceada Goat kids reared under extensive and semi-intensive production systems(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014) Ozcan, Mustafa; Yalcintan, Hulya; Tölü, Cemil; Ekiz, Bulent; Yilmaz, Alper; Savaş, TürkerThe aim was to compare the carcass and meat quality characteristics of male and female Gokceada Goat kids produced in extensive (n = 20) and semi-intensive (n = 20) systems. In extensive and semi-intensive produced kids pre-slaughter weights were 17.44 and 12.51 kg; cold carcass weights were 8.66 and 535 kg and cold dressing percentages were 54.9 and 49.28%, respectively. The effect of kid sex was not significant on hot and cold dressing percentages, back fat thickness, M. longissimus dorsi section area, carcass fatness and conformation scores, and carcass measurements, while female kids had higher omental and mesenteric fat and kidney knob and channel fat percentages than male kids. Extensive produced kids had lower meat lightness. Panellists evaluated extensive system kids with higher scores of kid odour intensity, flavour intensity and overall acceptability. It was concluded that it would be more appropriate to use an extensive system in Gokceada Goat breeding for kid meat production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of Gokceada, Maltese and Turkish Saanen Goat Genotypes for Reproduction Traits(Univ Namik Kemal, 2010) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study aimed at comparative investigation of estrus, pregnancy, mating performance, behaviors, and kid yield at birth in different goat genotypes. The study was carried out at the Technological and Agricultural Research Centre of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for a period of two years. Although the courtship behavior index of females did not differ, the bucks of Gokceada had lower courtship behavior index and jumping frequency with ejaculation than did other genotypes (P <= 0.05). Maltese bucks displayed courtship behavior index and mounting frequency with ejaculation similar to Turkish Saanen bucks, but had lower mounting frequency without ejaculation (P <= 0.05). First estrus and birth rates (buck under) were 33% and 25% for Gokceada, 65% and 42% for Maltese and 96% and 64% for Turkish Saanen, respectively (P<0.0001). The period between buck introduction and first estrus or conception increased in all genotypes in the second year of the study. Gokceada had longer periods and lower return rates in both years (P <= 0.05). Kid yield per goat at birth in the second year increased significantly in Gokceada and Maltese genotypes and was found as Maltese (1.9; 2.4), Turkish Saanen (1.9; 1.8) and Gokceada (1.6; 1.8) in the descending order.Öğe Comparison of Milk Yield, Milk Composition and Residual Milk of Machine and Hand-Milked in Turkish Saanen Goats(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Irmak, Serkan; Acikel, Sinasi; Akbag, Hande Isil; Savaş, TürkerDairy goats have quite long lactation periods like dairy cows, but there is significant lack of knowledge and information about machinery milking of goats. The present study was conducted to compare milk yields and milk components in manual and machinery milking of Turkish Saanen goats and to investigate the amount of residual milk and milk components of machinery milking. Experiments were carried out on 24 goats aged 3-4 years and on the 5th month of their lactation period. Of these goats, sixteen were separated in groups of eight goats. The first group was hand-milked and the other group was milked with a milking machine. The remaining eight were also milked with a milking machine and then the residual milk in udders was hand-milked. Milk components were analyzed with Milk-Lab Minor milk analysis device and fat analysis was carried out with Gerber fat analysis device. Milk yields of milking periods were similar in hand milking (1.105 L) and machinery milking (1.095 L) (P= 0.8807). While morning milking had 140 mL more milk than evening milking, evening milk had higher component values than morning milk (P<0.0001). Hand milk also had higher component values than machinery milk and significant differences were observed in fat values determined with Milk-Lab Minor (P= 0.0317). Residual milk after machinery milking was found to be 224-262 mL and 22.6%. Milk fat ratio of residual milk was 43-46% higher than evening machinery milk, 75% higher than morning machinery milk and residual milk had 3-4% higher non-fat dry matter (NFDM), protein and lactose contents. Thus, residual milk after machinery milking should manually be milked up and arrangements should be made on milking units to reduce such high amounts of residual milk. While milk fat ratio was 3.63% in Gerber analysis, the value was observed as 3.80% in Milk-Lab Minor device (P<0.0001). A positive correlation coefficient was observed between Gerber and Milk-Lab Minor fat values (r- 0.91; P<0.0001).Öğe Dairy goat usage of flooring types varied by material, slope and slat width(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerBarn flooring and bedding management are two critical issues in intensive dairy goat facilities. This study aimed at identifying the most appropriate seasonal floorings through observation of the behavioral characteristics of dairy goats. Four different trials were carried out in two different seasons (summer and winter). Wooden and rubber floorings were compared in the 1st trial; solid wood and slatted wooden floorings in the 2nd trial; 5% and 10% sloped floors in the 3rd trial, and 5-cm and 10-cm wide wooden slats were compared in the 4th trial. A total of 20 polled Turkish Saanen goats at 3-years of age were used in the experiments. During the temperature and relative humidity measurements taken in the morning hours, the floors were also scored for dirtiness. The floor dirtiness scores did not vary significantly by season or by season x type of flooring (P > 0.05). While there were no significant differences in the dirtiness scores of the flooring in the 1st and 3rd trials, the slatted floors of the 2nd and 4th trials had relatively lower dirtiness scores than the other floorings (P <= 0.05). Goats spent the majority of their time lying (74.88%) and were observed to favor reclining onto pen fences while lying. The lying behavior did not vary significantly regarding season in any trials (P > 0.05). However, the lying behavior of the goats significantly varied according to floor type in all trials (P <= 0.0396). Goats lay mostly over straw bedding in all trials, followed by rubber material, solid surface and 5% slope, which had rates close to that of straw bedding (P >= 0.05). In trial 4, goats demonstrated significantly lower lying behavior over both types of slats (5 cm and 10 cm) than straw bedding (P <= 0.05). Goats lay significantly more over the rubber floor compared to the wooden floor, more over the solid floor than the slatted floor, and more over the 10 cm slats than 5 cm slats. Goats demonstrated standing behavior more over the slatted floors (trials 2 and 4) (P <= 0.05). In this study, straw bedding was primarily chosen by dairy goats. Following straw bedding, goats largely opted for rubber flooring and solid wooden flooring and they showed no liking for slatted floors.Öğe Edremit Kelebek Güvercinlerinin Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2018-12-25) Savaş, Türker; Erdem, Hakan; Konyalı, CoşkunGüvercinler, yüzyıllardır insanoğlunun en çok ilgi duyduğu hayvan türlerinden biridir. Bir ırk zengini olan güvercin türünün ülke, bölge hatta bir yöreye ait lokal ırkları bulunmaktadır. Bölgenin sahip olduğu ve kültürel mirasın bir parçası olan hayvan tür veya ırklarının devamlılığı muhafaza stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ile mümkün olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Edremit ve civarında yetiştirildiği bilinen Edremit Kelebek güvercin ırkının bazı özelliklerinin tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini Edremit’te yetiştirilen 83 Edremit Kelebek güvercini oluşturmuştur. Güvercinlerde kantitatif ve kalitatif gözlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Renklerine göre Siyah Tel-Kuyruk, Mavi Tel-Kuyruk, Siyah Boyun, Sarı Boyun, Kırmızı Boyun, Mavi Boyun, Şeş ve Siyah olmak üzere çeşitli varyeteleri bulunan Edremit Kelebek güvercini uçuş stili, dönüş hareketi ve renk özellikleri nedeniyle yetiştirilmektedir. Edremit Kelebek güvercinlerinde boynun arka kısmı siyah, mavi veya kırmızı renkte olabileceği gibi tüm vücut aynı renkte de olabilir. Orta uzunlukta bir kuyruğa sahip olan Edremit Kelebek güvercini 13 ile 17 arasında değişen kuyruk teleğine sahiptir. Edremit Kelebekleri solo uçucu olarak bilinirler. Çoklu uçuşlarda ise arı oğluna benzer şekilde karmakarışık uçarlar. Kanat vuruşları bir kelebeğin kanat vuruşlarını andırır. Uçuşları esnasında dönüş, kuşların gaga-kuyruk ekseninde kendi etraflarında dönmeleri ile gerçekleşir. Tanınması, muhafazası, devamlılığı bakımından Edremit Kelebek güvercinlerinin tescilli bir ırk haline gelmesi ülkemiz ve uluslar arası alanda lokal ırklarımızın yer edinmesi açısından önemli olacaktır.Öğe Effect of production system on meat, bone and fat percentages of different carcass parts in gökçeada goat kids(Istanbul University, 2016) Özcan, Mustafa; Yalçintan, Hülya; Ekiz, Bülent; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerThis study was performed to determine meat, bone and fat percentages in different parts of carcasses of Gökçeada Goat kids grown in different production systems. Totally, 27 male kids in three different groups were used as material. Group I-Suckling Kids (n:7): Grower concentrate and Alfalfa hay were given to the goat kids in addition to their mother's milk until 80-90 days of age; Group II-Intensive System Kids (n:10): Kids stayed with their mothers whole day during 7 days after birth and then mothers were separated from their kids in the mornings. After the evening milking the dams and kids were put together until morning. The kids were weaned when they reached the average age of 47 days. Starting from the second weeks of age, the kids were fed ad libitum with Alfalfa hay and pelleted concentrated feed. Group III- Extensive System Kids (n:10): Kids stayed with their mothers on Gökçeada Island until 4 months of age. In the suckling period the dams were not milked and the kids grazed freely in the pasture and suckled their mother. Group I kids were slaughtered at approximately 80-90 days of age, other kids from Group II and Group III slaughtered at approximately 4 months of age. Carcass compositions were determined by dissection. Each carcass part was dissected into muscle, bone, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and other tissues. Other tissues included blood vessels, tendons, nerves and lymph nodes. When goat kids carcasses compared in terms of muscle rate; the differences between groups were not found significant (P>0.05) for neck, shoulder, leg, flank and tail carcass parts. However, Group I (P<0.001) showed higher values for loin and rib. Bone rates were found significant for all carcass parts in all production systems. Bone rates showed lowest values in group III among other carcass parts. It was determined that Group III showed highest value in terms of total fat rate of carcass parts (P<0.01). In conclusion, when different carcass components evaluated, it was found that suckling goat kids and intensive reared goat kids produced less fatty carcass. On the other hand suckling goat kids showed higher values in terms of rib and loin meat percentage.Öğe Effects of genotype, horn and social rank on agonistic behaviours during food competition in goats(2021) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, TürkerObjective: This study aimed at investigating the agonistic interactions among goats in food competition based on genotype, horn and dominance rank. Material and Methods: After determining the dominance rank of the Maltese and Turkish Saanen genotypes, a mixed group consisting of horned, polled and both horned and polled animals, 2 to 5 years old, consisting of 54 heads in total, nine heads each and a total of 6 groups with linear social rank were formed. The observations were evaluated on the basis of their agonistic behaviors in competition for roughage (oat hay) placed in the feeders. Results: Genotype significantly affected the frequency of agonistic behaviors except for displacement behavior in feeder (P?0.05). Aggressive biting and threatening behaviors in Turkish Saanen were 2.36 and 1.78 times higher than in Maltese (P?0.0001). The rate of absence at through of Turkish Saanen goats, which displayed higher aggression frequency was higher that of Maltese goats (P=0.0159). The frequency of agonistic behaviors except for flank butting differed according to horn groups (P?0.05). Total mean frequency of total aggressive behaviors in the descending order ranked 27.73 times/h for hornless, 23.47 times/h for mixed and 18.48 times/h for horned groups. The absence at the feeder differed in horned groups and ranked in the descending order 38% for horn, 16% for mixed and 8% for hornless (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Maltese genotype is more peaceful than the Turkish Saanen genotype and this peacefulness may be useful in terms of food competition.Öğe Effects of goat social rank on kid gender(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2007) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, Türker; Pala, A.; Thomsen, H.Mechanisms of gender ratio in progeny are complex and the fine details are still largely unknown, even in mammals. Though the 50116 ratio of males and females is expected, various factors have been shown to be effective in diverting the ratio from the expected. In this study, dominance index, effects of sire, age of dam, birth type and year of birth on the gender ratio of Turkish Saanen goat kids were investigated in a full model. The analysis indicated that dominance index (DI) of the dam had a significant influence on the gender ratio of kids (P = 0.036). Certain sires tended to father female descendants repeatedly and the dams with high dominance index gave birth to male kids. Effects of sire on kid gender approached significance (P = 0.094). Age of dam, year and birth type were insignificant.Öğe Effects of herbage intake on goat performance in the mediterranean type natural pastures(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc, 2009) Hakyemez, Basri H.; Gokkus, Ahmet; Savaş, Türker; Yurtman, Ismail Y.This study aimed at identifying changes in natural pastures during the grazing season and investigating the effects of these changes on pasture feeding potential for high yielding dairy goats. During the study, 12 dairy goats were grazed on a 1.5 ha natural pasture for three months from April to June in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The goats were fed 0.5 kg/day of concentrate as a supplement during the grazing season. Botanical composition, herbage production and intake, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the pasture were determined. Live weight, milk yield, milk dry matter (DM) and fat content of the goats were monitored. The data were analyzed using a linear model, which evaluated the effects of grazing seasons in each year. Based on the three-year average, 87% of pasture was herbaceous plants and the remaining was shrubs in DM basis with Cistus creticus, Quercus ithaburensis, Pistacia atlantica and Asparagus acutifolius being the major shrub species. The herbage yield in June was significantly lower than in other months in all years (P = 0.001). In all experimental years, the CP content of the pasture decreased but the structural carbohydrates increased as the grazing season proceeded. While live weight was not affected by grazing periods except for 2004 (P = 0.001), milk yield significantly decreased with advancing grazing period (P = 0.001). The results of the present study indicate that natural pasture has a supportive effect in April and May on the milk yield of lactating goats which are in mid-lactation, and suggested that supplementary feeding is required in consecutive grazing periods.Öğe Effects of housing environment on social isolation response, weaning stress, and immune reaction in goat kids(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2017) Tölü, Cemil; Gokturk, Semra; Savaş, TürkerThis study investigated how environmental structuring in the growing units of goat kids influences their ability to cope with social isolation and weaning-induced stress. Two experimental groups were arranged in an enriched (E) or barren (B) environment and each of the two groups had 10 female and 10 male kids. During the social isolation, the goat kids in group E started bleating earlier (P = 0.1612) and more frequently (P = 0.0125). Goat kids also bleated earlier (P = 0.0005) and more often after the weaning period (P = 0.0006). Only the rearing behavior of the groups exhibited significant differences in social isolation. However, after the weaning, kids showed more bipedal stance behavior (P = 0.0204) and less running behavior (P = 0.0394) than before the weaning period. Cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) hormone concentrations were lower at weaning than in the other periods with social isolation (P < 0.05). The T3 hormone concentrations of the groups at weaning were significantly different (P = 0.0201). The immune response to Brucella vaccination did not differ between the groups (P = 0.2753). Findings revealed that both social isolation tests created stress in the goat kids. Considering the bleating frequencies, it can be concluded that the goat kids in the enriched environment experienced more social isolation stress than the goat kids in the barren environment.Öğe Effects of housing environment on social isolation response,weaning stress, and immune reaction in goat kids(2017) Tölü, Cemil; Göktürk, Semra; Savaş, TürkerThis study investigated how environmental structuring in the growing units of goat kids influences their ability to cope with social isolation and weaning-induced stress. Two experimental groups were arranged in an enriched (E) or barren (B) environment and each of the two groups had 10 female and 10 male kids. During the social isolation, the goat kids in group E started bleating earlier (P = 0.1612) and more frequently (P = 0.0125). Goat kids also bleated earlier (P = 0.0005) and more often after the weaning period (P = 0.0006). Only the rearing behavior of the groups exhibited significant differences in social isolation. However, after the weaning, kids showed more bipedal stance behavior (P = 0.0204) and less running behavior (P = 0.0394) than before the weaning period. Cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) hormone concentrations were lower at weaning than in the other periods with social isolation (P < 0.05). The T3 hormone concentrations of the groups at weaning were significantly different (P = 0.0201). The immune response to Brucella vaccination did not differ between the groups (P = 0.2753). Findings revealed that both social isolation tests created stress in the goat kids. Considering the bleating frequencies, it can be concluded that the goat kids in the enriched environment experienced more social isolation stress than the goat kids in the barren environment.Öğe Effects of kefir as a probiotic source on the performance of goat kids(South African Journal Of Animal Sciences, 2010) Ataşoğlu, C.; Akbağ, H. I.; Tölü, Cemil; Daş, G.; Savaş, Türker; Yurtman, I. Y.Kefir is a sour, viscous, slightly carbonated and alcoholic milk beverage, which is traditionally fermented using a culture of bacteria and yeasts. The influence of kefir on health has been well studied in mice and rats. However, research on kefir use in ruminants is rather limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kefir as a probiotic on the performance of goat kids during the pre- (45 days) and post-weaning (45 days) periods. Forty eight kids were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: Control, Kefir, Auto-Kefir (autoclaved) and Probiotic (a commercial probiotic). The kids were weaned at 45 days of age. The supplementation of different probiotics did not have any significant effect throughout the study on live weight and weight gain of the kids as compared to the Control group. Milk intake or milk-based nutrient intake of kids did not differ significantly among treatments in the pre-weaning period. Similarly, the intake of concentrate feed and nutrients from the concentrate was not affected by the treatments during post-weaning. No significant differences in faecal consistency of kids were found among the treatments. The results of the study indicated that supplementation of kefir as a natural probiotic or a commercial probiotic source does not improve performance of goat kids under the conditions in the present study and suggest that new approaches are required for studying the efficacy of this probiotic.Öğe Effects of kefir on coccidial oocysts excretion and performance of dairy goat kids following weaning(Springer, 2012) Das, Gurbuz; Atasoglu, Cengiz; Akbag, Hande Isil; Tölü, Cemil; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman; Savaş, TürkerThe aim of this study was to investigate effects of kefir, a traditional source of probiotic, on coccidial oocysts excretion and on the performance of dairy goat kids following weaning. Twin kids were randomly allocated to one of two groups at weaning. Kids of the first group received 20 ml of kefir daily for 6 weeks (KEF), while kids in the control group were given a placebo (CON). Individual faecal samples were regularly ( = 18 per kid) taken to quantify the number of coccidial oocysts per gram of faeces (OpG). There were no differences between the groups in terms of body weight development ( > 0.05) and feed consumption. Kids of both groups were not able to consume enough feed to meet their nutrient requirements during the first 3 weeks following weaning. KEF had a lower frequency of OpG positive samples than CON ( = 0.043). Kefir did not affect the maximum oocyst excretion and age of the kids at the highest oocyst excretion ( > 0.05). KEF shed numerically 35% lower coccidial oocysts than the controls, which corresponded to a statistical tendency ( = 0.074) in lowering Log-OpG in comparison to CON. While KEF had a lower frequency of OpG positive samples and tended to shed lower OPG by around one-third, the frequency of diarrhea, level of highest oocyst excretion, and performance of the kids remained unaffected. Therefore, it is concluded that overall effects of kefir do not have a significant impact on sub-clinical infection and performance in weaned kids under relatively high-hygienic farming conditions.
