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    The link between learning performance, immobility in the forced swim test, and hippocampal glia
    (2022) Özcan, Tuba; Sara, Yildirim; Arıkan, Kutluk Bilge; Ünal, Bengi; Ünal, Çağrı Temuçin
    Aim: To obtain maximal translational insights from animal models of depression, we need to know the\rmeaning of behavioral parameters of animal models. The extent of construct and face validities of behavioral\rdespair in the form of behavioral immobility in forced swim test (FST) is disputed. In this study, learning\rperformance in a dual solution T-Maze and immobility on the 2nd day of FST was compared to shed light on\rthis debate. Furthermore, we aimed to inspect the relationship between hippocampal glial densities and\rbehaviors observed.\rMethod: Twelve adult male Sprague Dawley rats were tested in the dual-solution T-Maze and in FST.\rSubsequently, hippocampal slices were obtained, astrocyte and microglia cells were stained, and the densities\rwere calculated for each subject.\rResults: The rats utilized different learning strategies to solve the T-Maze. But irrespective of strategy, the\rrats that exhibited an overall efficiency in their learning performance, remained immobile for longer durations\ron the 2nd day of the FST. No significant relationship was detected between hippocampal microglia and\rbehavioral indices in T-Maze and FST. However, we detected a significant positive correlation with CA1\rastrocyte density and T-Maze learning and dentate gyrus CA1 astrocyte density and headshake behavior in\rFST.\rConclusions: The subjects showing a better cognitive performance in the T-Maze were immobile longer in\rthe FST. This observation raises doubts about immobility as depression index and posits that it might reflect\rbetter learning. Our results also suggest that hippocampal glia cell types are differentially involved in cognition\rand affect.