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    Assessment of Growth, Metallic Ion Accumulation, and Translocation of Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) Plant in Cadmium Stress
    (Ankara University, 2023) Çıkılı, Yakup; Samet, Halil
    Excess cadmium (Cd), which is toxic to plants, severely limits crop production in agricultural areas. For this reason, this study investigated the effect of increased Cd levels on lavandin growth, some physiological parameters, and metallic ion accumulation and translocation. In greenhouse conditions, six different levels of Cd (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM Cd) were applied to plants grown in perlite medium together with a complete nutrient solution. Increasing Cd levels decreased biomass production in both the shoots and roots and the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, a+b, and carotenoid (Car). In addition, excessive Cd decreased the concentrations of some metallic cations such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca) in the shoots and roots. Similarly, increasing Cd decreased the bio-concentration factor (BCF) of the metallic cations (BCF of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn in both the shoots and roots and the BCF of copper (Cu) in the roots. Toxic Cd levels decreased the translocation factor (TF) of Zn and Cu and the net accumulation (NA) via roots in Fe and Zn. The effect of Cd on the NA via roots in K, Ca, Mn, and Cu was not found to be significant. However, increasing Cd caused an increase in shoot and root membrane permeability and the TF of Fe and Mn. It was concluded that Cd2+ ion interacts divalent cations such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ ions and could affect the concentrations of these ions in the shoots and roots, and excess Cd has a negative effect on the growth and the photosynthetic capacity of lavandin.
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    COMBINED EFFECTS OF EXCESS BORON AND SALINITY ON THE GROWTH AND IONIC IMBALANCE OF LAVANDIN (Lavandula x intermedia) PLANT
    (Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2023) Samet, Halil; Cikili, Yakup; Cavusoglu, Aysun
    Generally, moderate to high salinity conditions and excess boron (B) occur together as limiting factors for plant growth in the soils of arid and semiarid regions. To determine the combined effect of excessive boron, salinity stress, or both, five different levels of B (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mM) and 80 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) were applied to lavandin plants grown in a greenhouse. The results showed that under nonsaline conditions, biomass production in shoots and roots and photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and Chl a + b) decreased with exceptionally high B applications compared to the control. Moreover, the bioconcentration (BCF) of B (in shoots and roots), potassium (K) concentrations (in roots), K/sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca)/Na ratios (in shoots), and Ca/B ratios (in shoots and roots) decreased for all B applications compared to the control. In contrast, all B applications caused a remarkable increase in the carotenoid (Car)/ Chl ratio, B concentrations (in shoots and roots), translocation (TF) of B, and net B accumulation compared to the control. In addition, under nonsaline conditions, concentrations of K (in shoots), Ca (in shoots and roots), and K/Na and Ca/Na ratios (in roots) were significantly increased by B applications compared with the control. Under saline conditions, significant decreases in Chl b, Chl a + b, BCF of B (in shoots and roots), and Ca/B ratio (in shoots) were observed in all B applications compared to the control. However, under saline conditions, B application caused significant increases in the Car/Chl ratio, TF of B, net B accumulation, and concentrations of B (in shoots and roots), K (in shoots), Ca, and Na (in shoots and roots) compared to the control. It was concluded that although it is not seen in the growth parameters, NaCl application could effectively alleviate the harmful effects of B toxicity in lavandin plants. Under saline conditions, notable decreases in the mean B concentration in shoots could be strong evidence for this hypothesis.
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    Öğe
    Effects of Excess Cadmium on Growth, Tolerance and Physiological Characteristics of Purslane Varieties
    (2018) Çıkılı, Yakup; Samet, Halil
    This study was designed to understand the effects of excess cadmium (Cd) on plant growth andphysiological characteristics as well as the accumulation and distribution of some metal nutrient ions with twopurslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) varieties (cv. Istanbul and wild variety) in greenhouse at natural lightconditions. For this purpose, six levels of Cd (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ?M CdCl2) were treated to the soil.The results indicated that Cd stress gradually depressed plant growth and caused the decreases in photosyntheticpigment contents (chlorophyll a, b, a+b, and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), bio-concentrationfactor (BCF), and proline accumulation in shoot for both varieties. The reductions in biomass production andphotosynthetic pigments contents in wild variety were higher than in cv. Istanbul. Moreover, Cd exposureincreased the concentrations of Cd, zinc (Zn), and sodium (Na) and the uptakes of Cd in shoot and root, totalaccumulation rate (TAR) of Cd and net accumulation of Cd via roots, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both varieties. The changes in root length, the concentrations of potassium (K)and calcium (Ca) in shoot and root, translocation factor (TF) of Cd, and membrane permeability (MP) of theleaves were shown differences in varieties. According to these results obtained, it was concluded that the effectof Cd exposure was more evident in wild variety (Cd-sensitive) than in cv. Istanbul (Cd-tolerant).
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    Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on cadmium toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra): physiological approaches
    (Univ Zagreb, Fac Science, Div Biology, 2019) Cikili, Yakup; Kulac, Semsettin; Samet, Halil; Filiz, Ertugrul
    Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metallic contaminant that negatively affects plant metabolism and causes reductions in productivity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that regulates various physiological processes and is involved in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This work investigated the effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, application on Cd toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra). Black poplars were exposed to individual/combined CdCl2 and SNP treatments for 21 days by complete randomized design with three replications. Cd concentrations increased in leaves, bark, and roots at Cd treatments, whereas Cd + SNP applications had alleviative effects on Cd exposures, except for leaves. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids) reduced with Cd treatments in leaves, while they increased in Cd + SNP applications. Similarly, plant biomass was reduced with Cd treatments, but Cd + SNP application prevented these reductions. SNP also alleviated malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves under Cd treatments. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities were also affected by Cd and Cd + SNP applications. Cd exposure also decreased Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ levels in leaves, bark and roots, while it increased Cu2+ level in leaves and roots. This study concludes that Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth and mineral nutrition parameters. However, SNP indicates great potentials for improving the growth under Cd toxicity in P. nigra.
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    Erken Gelişme Döneminde Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) Bitkisinin Kadmiyum Maruziyetine Tepkisi
    (Mevlüt AKÇURA, 2020) Çıkılı, Yakup; Samet, Halil; Çiçek, Nuray
    Çalışma, erken gelişme döneminde ayçiçeği bitkisinin büyüme ve fizyolojik özellikleri yanında bazı metal besin iyonlarının birikimine artan kadmiyum (Cd) maruziyetinin etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla sera koşullarında ve gün ışığı altında yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, toprağa artan düzeylerde Cd (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 ve 1000 µM CdCl2.H2O) uygulanmıştır. Bitki gelişimi ve kök uzaması Cd maruziyetinden olumsuz etkilenmiş ve Cd’un bitki büyümesi üzerindeki zararlı etkisi köklerden daha fazla gövdede görülmüştür. Cd maruziyeti, gelişim tolerans indeksi (GTI), nispi su içeriği (RWC), klorofil (Chl a+b) ve karotenoid (Car) içerikleri, gövde ve kökte çinko (Zn), potasyum (K) ve kalsiyum (Ca)’un alımları ve Zn’nun toplam akümülasyon oranı (TAR) ile birlikte Cd’un biyoakümülasyonu ve translokasyonunu azaltmıştır. Ayrıca, gövde ve kökteki Cd konsantrasyonları ve alımları, kökler aracığıyla net Cd akümülasyonu, Cd’un toplam akümülasyon oranı, membran geçirgenliğini (MP) ve Car/Chl oranı artan Cd dozlarının toksik etkisiyle artmıştır. Bu çalışma, ayçiçeği bitkisinin morfolojik ve fizyolojik özelliklerini etkileyerek Cd maruziyetinin bitki gelişiminin ilk dönemlerinde büyümede bir azalmaya neden olduğunu göstermiştir
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    Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plant at Early Growth Stage to Cadmium Exposure
    (2020) Çıkılı, Yakup; Samet, Halil; Atikmen, Nuray Çiçek
    The study carried out in greenhouse conditions at daylight in order to evaluate the effects ofincreasing Cd exposure on growth and physiological characteristics of sunflower at early growth stage as wellthe accumulation of some metal nutrient ions. Accordingly, the soil treated with six levels of Cd (0, 50, 100,250, 500, and 1000 µM CdCl2.H2O). The plant growth and root elongation unfavorably affected by Cd exposureand detrimental effect of Cd on plant growth was appeared shoot more than roots. Growth tolerance index(GTI), relative water content (RWC), the contents of chlorophyll (Chl a+b) and carotenoids (Car), the uptakes ofzinc (Zn), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) in shoot and root, and total accumulation rate (TAR) of Zn weredecreased by Cd exposure as well as bioaccumulation and translocation of Cd. Furthermore, increasing Cddoses augmented the concentrations and uptakes of Cd in shoot and root, net accumulation of Cd via roots,the TAR of Cd, membrane permeability (MP) and the rate of Car/Chl caused by its toxic effects. This studydemonstrated that Cd exposure cause a reduction in growth due to affecting morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of sunflower in the initial stages of plant development.