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    Gut microbiota–cholesterol crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms, metabolites, and therapeutic modulation
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2026) Abavisani, Mohammad Amin; Sajjadi, Seyed Mohammad; Ebadpour, Negar; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein Hosein
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Genetic factors, and various environmental factors, including nutrition and the composition of the gut microbiota, have been identified as important factors in the initiation of CVD. Among them, the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in modulating cholesterol metabolism and influencing cardiovascular outcomes has recently been highlighted. Extensive research has confirmed that the gut microbiota has direct and indirect regulatory effects on host cholesterol homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that the microbiota can influence blood cholesterol levels and thus the risk of CVD through various pathways, such as the production of certain metabolites such as bile acids (BAs), SCFAs, and TMAO, the activation of nuclear and membrane-bound receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the regulation of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, as well as microbial enzymatic pathways. These complex regulatory mechanisms make the gut microbiota a potential therapeutic target in cholesterol-related diseases and CVD. Microbiota-modulating strategies, including the use of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and selective antibiotics, have shown beneficial effects in previous studies. In this regard, in this study, we conducted an in-depth investigation of the regulatory effect of intestinal microbiota on cholesterol metabolism and their impact on the development and progression of atherosclerosis and CVD, and described potential therapeutic pathways based on the regulation of intestinal microbiota in CVD. © The Author(s) 2025.
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    RNA-based antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, functional insights, and challenges in therapeutic development
    (Elsevier Science Sa, 2025) Abavisani, Mohammad; Sajjadi, Seyed Mohammad; Ebadpour, Negar; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
    Antibacterial resistance is a vivified worldwide problem of health care. RNA-based antibacterial agents, on the other hand, present a new method of using mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi), riboswitch regulation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to the max. CRISPR-Cas systems allow opportunity to cure targeted region of a resistant gene or cut it out completely, which is a highly adaptable method for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. ASOs, along with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), are substances that stop bacterial gene expression, thus, minimizing the pathogenicity. Nevertheless, their promise is put down because of problems such as delivery efficiency, molecular stability, and off-target effects that come with these. Innovations in chemical changes and delivery technologies have resulted in the development of the stable and targeted delivery of RNA-based agents. This study takes a close look at the mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and challenges of RNA-based antibacterials and stresses their ability to be the most successful tools in combating antibiotic resistance. The combination of these strategies with the existing antibiotics could increase their efficacy, make it possible for us to address resistance and open new ways for antibacterial therapies.