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    Insecticide resistance status and vector potential of Bemisia tabaci populations on vegetable crops in Türkiye
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025) İnak, Arda; Demirci, Berke; Erdem, Esengül; Randa-Zelyüt, Filiz; Karanfil, Ali; Idan, Ahmednur Yusuf; Toprak, Umut
    The sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an economically important polyphagous pest species with a global distribution. This pest not only causes direct damage by sucking plant phloem sap but also transmits viruses and excretes honeydew, which can lead to the formation of black sooty mould, thereby intensifying its significance in agricultural regions. Although chemical insecticides have been extensively used for whitefly control, the development of resistance leading to control failures has been frequently documented. Here, we have initially assessed the efficacy of four commonly used insecticides (acetamiprid, sulfoxaflor, spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole) against whitefly populations through greenhouse trials across eight distinct locations. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive molecular screening of 35 field populations to identify resistance mutations at the insecticide target sites and to detect plant pathogenic viruses. The results revealed that sulfoxaflor and cyantraniliprole exhibited the highest efficacy against nymphal stages of whiteflies, whereas acetamiprid was determined to be the most effective insecticide against adult stages. Several well-known target-site mutations in acetylcholinesterase (F331W), voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC; M918L, L925I, T929V), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (A2083V) were found to be widespread in Turkish B. tabaci populations. Additionally, two mutations, I936V and I936F, previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, were identified for the first time in the VGSC of B. tabaci. Conversely, no amino acid substitutions were detected in the amplified fragments of the ryanodine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Furthermore, tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) was detected in five field populations from Antalya. The widespread distribution of whitefly populations with multiple resistance mutations underscores the necessity of implementing integrated pest management programs in Turkish vegetable production areas. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
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    Population structure and genetic diversity of tobacco mild green mosaic virus variants in Western Anatolia of Turkey
    (Academic Press, 2023) Karanfil, Ali; Randa-Zelyüt, Filiz; Korkmaz, Savaş
    Tobamoviruses have been pioneers in understanding the population genetic structure, host-vector interactions, and evolutionary processes of viruses. To better understand the population genetic structure and molecular evolutionary relationships of tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), a significant species of tobamoviruses, extensive analyses were performed using bioinformatics tools in this study. 300 samples were collected from plants exhibiting viruses and virus-like symptoms from Turkey's largest tobacco cultivation areas during the plant vegetation period between 2019 and 2020. Samples were tested using conventional molecular techniques for tobamoviruses, including ToBRFV, TMV, TMGMV, ToMV, and ToMMV species. Single and double tobamovirus infections were determined in 258 of 300 samples. Single infections were 225 (75%), 10 (3.33%), and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV, TMV, and ToMV, respectively. Double infections were 21 (7.0%) and 1 (0.33%) for TMGMV + TMV and TMV + ToMV, respectively. TMGMV-infected samples from each region were chosen, and their complete genomes were revealed. Detailed analyses were carried out from Turkey, with global variants available in GenBank. Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed three main lineages (Clades I, II, and III) at the p126, p183, MP, and complete genome levels and two main lineages at the CP gene (Clades I and II). Variants from Turkey were distributed in two different branches in other phylogenetic trees, except for the CP gene. High haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were determined in each gene region, indicating consistent genetic stability. In addition, purifying selection pressures were determined in specific gene regions. With AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance), it was determined that the source of genetic variation came from within the main lineages, including various hosts and geographies. The differences in lineages were confirmed by independent test statistics. While neutrality tests revealed population expansions in the CP and MP genes, other p183 and p126 genes revealed bottlenecks or balancing selection. The fact that TMGMV was more common than TMV in Turkey strongly supported the phenomenon called “mutational melting” or “Müller latch,” which presumably causes TMV to disappear from its niche.