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    Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes
    (MDPI, 2025) Işık, Ercan; Radu, Dorin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Avcıl, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana
    Türkiye, a country that suffers significant structural damage from earthquakes, was struck by two major quakes on 6 February 2023, centered in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes caused extensive damage and destruction to urban concrete structures, significantly contributing to the loss of life. Inadequate designs in columns, which are meant to maintain structural integrity and transfer forces, were a primary cause of the structural damage. This study provides information about these catastrophic earthquakes, focusing on the detailed examination of damages in reinforced-concrete (RC) columns. Structural analyses were conducted on a selected RC building, taking into account the primary causes of column damage: low-strength concrete and insufficient transverse reinforcement. Five different concrete classes and two transverse reinforcement spacing options were considered to analyze the impact of concrete strength. To address the exceeded shear forces in the columns, a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping method was employed for strengthening. Initially, a reinforcement analysis was performed on a single column that exceeded shear force limits, followed by strengthening applications on all columns exceeding the limit shear force. The results demonstrated that carbon fibers have a significant impact on the shear forces in columns. The conclusion of the research is that FRP increases the ductility of concrete columns, enabling them to withstand seismic forces more effectively. This is vital in ensuring the integrity of structures in earthquake-prone areas. Using FRP materials can also significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete construction by minimizing the need for maintenance and extending the lifespan of structures. FRP presents a sustainable and effective solution for addressing failures in reinforced concrete columns. Its unique properties not only enhance strength and durability but also significantly improve the resilience of structures against corrosion, seismic events, and overload conditions.
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    Seismic Performance and Failure Mechanisms of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subject to the Earthquakes in Türkiye
    (Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Izol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Radu, Dorin
    Many reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern T & uuml;rkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions' elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spectra given by the most recent Turkish seismic design code. A total of 518,000 houses were heavily damaged or collapsed in the eleven cities affected by the earthquake. More than 53,000 people lost their lives and over 100,000 people were injured, the majority of these injurits caused by the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. Post-earthquake damage assessments are important in the context of applying sustainability principles to building design and construction. In this study, post-earthquake damage assesments and evaluations were made for the reinforced-concrete structures that were exposed to destruction or various structural damage in Hatay, Kahramanmara & scedil; and Ad & imath;yaman, which where most affected after the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes. The RC building damage and failure mechanisms resulting from field observations were evaluated in detail from a broad performance-based structural and earthquake engineering perspective. Information about Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes is given briefly. Design spectra and spectral accelerations were compared for the earthquake stations in these three provinces. Soft/weak story, short column, insufficiently reinforced-concrete, and poor workmanship are the primary causes of structural damage, which cause earthquake weaknesses in these buildings.