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Öğe Change of mineral element content in the common shrubs of Mediterranean zone. I. Macronutrients(Lithuanian Research Centre Agriculture & Forestry, 2011) Gokkus, Ahmet; Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Parlak, MehmetShrubs are characteristic of Mediterranean zone and are a significant feed source for goats. However, nutrient contents of shrubs vary significantly with climate, soil and especially with plant growth. There are a few studies on annual variations in mineral contents of shrubs in Marmara Region. Therefore, in this study, seasonal variation of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) of kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.), mock privet (Phillyrea latifolia L.), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.), gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.), Christ's-thorn (Paliurus spina-christi Miller), pink rockrose (Cistus creticus L.), thyme (Thymus longicaulis C. Presl.) and prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) were investigated for 14 months (October 2006 November 2007). Variation of macronutrients throughout the year was found to be significant for all shrubs. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shrubs reached the highest levels during the April May months. However, Ca significantly decreased in April. Variation in Mg varied with shrub species. While the amount of N was able to meet the demands of goats during spring for all shrubs except for Paliurus spina-christi and Quercus infectoria, they were not able to meet the demands in other seasons. While Paliurus spina-christi had sufficient N every season, Quercus infectoria had also sufficient N during each season except for winter. P, K, and Ca were mostly observed at sufficient amounts for goats. While Juniperus oxycedrus had insufficient Mg in every season and mock privet in summer and autumn, Mg deficiency was not observed in other shrubs. Amounts of S were generally insufficient for the needs of goats.Öğe Effect of Organic Matter and Different Nitrogen Sources in Annual Ryegrass Cultivation on Forage Yield and Quality(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2023) Demiray, Hasan Can; Parlak, Altingul OzaslanFertilizer application is inevitable to increase yield and quality on production. As a result of intensive agricultural activities, productivity decreases and environmental pollution increases day by day. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different organic matter and nitrogen sources on the yield and quality of annual rygrass. The study was carried out in three replications according to the randomized blocks experimental design in 2018-2020. Annual ryegrass were sown without any aplications (control), farm manure (3000 kg da-1), poultry manure (300 kg da-1), leonardite (100 kg da-1), biological fertilizer (free living nitrogen bacteries) and chemical fertilizer (10 kg N da-1) were applied. Besides, binary mixtures were made as 50% annual ryegrass + 50% common vetch, 50% annual ryegrass + 50% pea. While the highest green and dry matter yield of annual rygrass was determined in farm manure, the lowest yield was determined in binary mixtures of annual rygrass made with pea and common vetch. HP (crude protein), NDF (neutral detergent fibre), DMD (dry matter digestibility) and crude ash ratios were similar in all applied fertilizers, crude protein, DMD and crude ash ratios were high and NDF ratios were low in the binary mixtures of pea and common vetch with annual ryegrass. The highest ADF (acid detergent fibre) ratio was found in farm manure. According to the results obtained, it was determined that farmyard manure significantly increased the yield and had a positive effect on the quality of the forage. Farm manure can be recommended in annual ryegrass.Öğe Effect of soil compaction on root growth and nutrient uptake of forage crops(Wfl Publ, 2011) Parlak, Mehmet; Parlak, Altingul OzaslanSoil compaction is an important environmental problem and it causes physical degradation by adversely influencing hydraulic properties of soil and productivity parameters. It can affect root development and nutrient uptake. Objective of this study is to determine effects of soil compaction on root development and nutrient uptake of forage crops. Trial was carried out for 3.5 months in PVC cylindrical pots filled with clay loam soils with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), common vetch (Vicia saliva L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium italicum Lam.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants. Statistical analyses showed that as the bulk density increased, root length and root surface area decrease (statistically significant in common vetch and nonsignificant in Italian ryegrass and barley). Increase in bulk density caused in all plants a significant decrease (p <= 0.05) in dry weights of root and shoot. Plant generally had lower quantities of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) and higher quantities of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) as the bulk density increased.Öğe Effects of Prickly Burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.) Control and Sheep Grazing on Hay Yield and Quality on Gokceada Island, Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Alaturk, Firat; Gokkus, Ahmet; Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Baytekin, Harun; Tölü, CemilSimple Summary This study was carried out to control the plant Sarcopoterium spinosum in canakkale, Turkey. As a result of grazing, the number of grasses and legumes decreased and the number of shrubs increased. The number of species increased due to shrub control measures but decreased remarkably with grazing. (1) Background: The effects of prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) control measures (pulling out, burning and cutting) and grazing on the botanical composition, grazeable dry matter (GDM) yield and nutritional values of rangeland were investigated on Imbros Island (Turkey) in 2010-2013. (2) Methods: The rangeland was grazed by Imbros sheep during the last year of the experiment. About 0.15 ha of rangeland was allocated to each sheep and five sheep were placed in each plot. Grazing was continuous throughout the year. (3) Results: Shrub levels decreased by 50-60% due to pulling out, burning and cutting in the first year and herbaceous species increased. Forbs increased more in the pulled and burnt plots and grasses increased more in the cut plots. In the third year, the shrub level increased to 60-65% and herbaceous species decreased. The decrease in herbaceous species was observed mostly in forbs. Plant cover was mostly (58%) composed of annual species. Development decreased plant cover ratios, but this decrease ceased in the burnt plot in the third year. Grazing also reduced plant cover. Crude protein (CP), NDF, ADF and digestible dry matter (DDM) content did not vary significantly over the experimental period. CP and DDM increased, NDF decreased and ADF did not change in the development plots. Overall, significant differences were not observed in GDM yield and nutritional values due to development efforts (pulling out, burning and cutting). (4) Conclusions: However, cutting is difficult over stony and rough terrain and pulling out creates erosion on sloping surfaces. Therefore, burning is recommended over the entire rangeland and burning or pulling out is recommended over smooth terrain for the temporary control of S. spinosum.Öğe Forage yield and quality of kermes oak and herbaceous species throughout a year in Mediterranean zone of western Turkey(Wfl Publ, 2011) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Hakyemez, B. Hakan; Bayetekin, HarunThe most common shrub species in the Mediterranean vegetation is kermes oak (Quercus coccifera). This evergreen shrub and herbaceous vegetation underneath it is grazed by goats and other animals year round. In this research, the botanical composition of shruby grazeland located in the Mediterranean vegetation along with the forage yield (in October, 2006 and May, 2007) and nutritional value (between December, 2006 and November, 2007) of both the herbaceous species and kermes oak was studied. DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, ash, DMD, ME, P and Ca contents of the shrub and herbaceous species were determined. Grazeland was covered by shrubs in 47.26%. Kermes oak was widely dominant (28.90%). In the herbaceous vegetation, grasses were most commonly found (57.36%), followed by forbs (32.94%) and legumes (9.70%). On the average, while kermes oak contained more DM, NDF, ADF and ADL, the herbaceous species had higher contents of CP, ash, DM D, ME, P and Ca. When plants started to grow in the springtime, DM, NDF, ADF and ADL decreased and CP, DMD, ME, P and Ca increased in both kermes oak and herbaceous species. Ash content changed in kermes oak throughout the year and no change was observed in the herbaceous species. Kermes oak specially had more CP and less DM compared to the herbaceous species during the summer. When the forage yield and nutritional value of the grazeland was considered, in the grazing goats there was a deficiency of HP during July-September and ME in the months other than April and May, and no deficiency of P and Ca. Consecutively, in the grazing lands representing Mediterranean vegetation, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during summer months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.Öğe Heavy metals in tailings and soils in the Pb-Zn mining areas of North-west Türkiye and health risk evaluations(2024) Parlak, Mehmet; Tuncay, Tulay; Parlak, Altingul OzaslanImproper mining waste and tailing management in Pb-Zn mining areas (Balya and Koru) in the north-west Türkiye have not been researched sufficiently. Accordingly, concentrations of heavy metal were determined in mine tailing and soils taken from Balya and Koru, and a health risk evaluation caused by heavy metals was performed. Average Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in mine tailings in Balya are 35.2, 17.8, 354.7, 1735, 10, 10089, 3730 mg kg-1 and these values were determined as 9.9, 8.9, 101.5, 1308, 4.5, 1871, 1375 mg kg-1 in the tailings in Koru, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples taken from both Balya and Koru were determined to be lower. The evaluation of heavy metals’ health risks was performed according to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. The primary route of heavy metals in adults and children has been determined by oral intake. For both children and adults, the order of the carcinogenic effects of heavy metals in mine tailings and soils in Balya and Koru was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. As the carcinogenic risk values of Cd and Pb for adults and children in mine tailing and soils in Balya were above the limit value, the children’s Cd carcinogenic risk values were found above the limit value in mine tailing and soils in Koru. The mining area in both Balya and Koru poses a risk to human health since it is close to settlements.Öğe HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT STUBBLE AND SORGHUM SUDAN-GRASS PASTURES(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Alaturk, Firat; Hanoglu, Hulya; Tölü, CemilSummers are hot and dry and winters are cool and precipitated in regions with dominant Mediterranean climate. Since the pastures totally dry out during hot-dry period, sheep usually graze over wheat stubble in Turkey. The present study was conducted to investigate the herbage yield and quality of wheat stubble and Sorghum Sudan-grass pastures during summer dry periods and to compare live weight gains of the sheep grazed over these pastures. In sorghum Sudan-grass pastures, sheep (4 Karacabey merino race sheep x 3 replications) freely grazed in each plot for two-and-a half month (July-August-September) when the plants had 50-75 cm heights. Similar grazing treatments were also performed over wheat stubble. Dry herbage yields of wheat stubble and sorghum sudan-grass pastures were respectively observed as 2.82 ton/ha and 10.0 ton/ha. Considering the herbage quality of the wheat stubble, crude protein was 6.28 %; NDF was 66.54%. ADF was 37.88%, ADL was 4.37%, DMD was 60.25%, ME was 2.18 Kcal/kgKM. The same values were respectively observed as 11.33%, 61.13%, 31.58%, 2.99%, 67.27%, 2.43% in sorghum sudan-grass pasture. Traditional sheep grazing can be performed over wheat stubble pastures, but supplementary energy feed with CP should be provided. Sorghum sudan-grass can also be cultivated as an alternative to traditional stubble grazing. In this case, there is no need for supplementary feeds.Öğe MEASUREMENT OF SPLASH EROSION IN DIFFERENT COVER CROPS(Soc Field Crop Sci, 2010) Parlak, Mehmet; Parlak, Altingul OzaslanSplash erosion in land is affected by factors such as slope, meteorological factors, soil properties and plant cover. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of different cover crops and different slopes on splash erosion. The experiment was carried out in an open field on four different cover crops (control, vetch, barley, ryegrass) in two different slopes (4% and 9%) with a three replications in four months. Splash erosion is determined with the help of splash cups placed on the experiment plots. In the experiment, splash erosion decreased with the increase in cover percentage and the decrease in the slope. Splash erosion increases in control plots with the increase in rainfall. Correlation coefficient between kinetic energy of rainfall and splashing soil in control plots were determined as 0.83 in 4% slope and 0.84 in 9% slope.Öğe Patch Burning: Implications on Water Erosion and Soil Properties(Wiley, 2015) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Parlak, Mehmet; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Schacht, Walter H.; Guretzky, John A.; Mamo, MarthaPatch burning can be a potential management tool to create grassland heterogeneity and enhance forage productivity and plant biodiversity, but its impacts on soil and environment have not been widely documented. In summer 2013, we studied the effect of time after patch burning (4 mo after burning [recently burned patches], 16 mo after burning [older burned patches], and unburned patches [control]) on vegetative cover, water erosion, and soil properties on a patch-burn experiment established in 2011 on a Yutan silty clay loam near Mead, NE. The recently burned patches had 29 +/- 8.0% (mean +/- SD) more bare ground, 21 +/- 1.4% less canopy cover, and 40 +/- 11% less litter cover than older burned and unburned patches. Bare ground and canopy cover did not differ between the older burned and unburned patches, indicating that vegetation recovered. Runoff depth from the older burned and recently burned patches was 2.8 times (19.6 +/- 4.1 vs. 7.1 +/- 3.0 mm [mean +/- SD]) greater than the unburned patches. The recently burned patches had 4.5 times greater sediment loss (293 +/- 89 vs. 65 +/- 56 g m(-2)) and 3.8 times greater sediment-associated organic C loss (9.2 +/- 2.0 vs. 2.4 +/- 1.9 g m(-2)) than the older burned and unburned patches. The recently burned patches had increased daytime soil temperature but no differences in soil compaction and structural properties, dissolved nutrients, soil C, and total N concentration relative to older burned and unburned patches. Overall, recently burned patches can have reduced canopy and litter cover and increased water erosion, but soil properties may not differ from older burn or unburned patches under the conditions of this study.Öğe Shrub yield and forage quality in Mediterranean shrublands of West Turkey for a period of one year(Academic Journals, 2011) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Hakyemez, B. Hakan; Baytekin, HarunShrublands are important habitats for ruminants in the Mediterranean area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shrub yield, quality (between November 2006-November 2007) and preferences of goats for the six shrubs (Quercus coccifera L., Phillyrea latifolia L., Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus L., Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach and Thymus longicaulis C. Presl.) of Mediterranean shrublands in Turkey. In the shrubland the highest yield was obtained from kermes oak and prickly juniper. Yield in May was higher than that of in October. Dry matter (DM), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were low and Crude protein (CP), Dry matter digestibility (DMD), ME, P, and Ca were high during the spring in the kermes oak, thyme and mock privet. Reverse situation was observed during the summer and winter months. Changes in the prickly juniper, pink rockrose and prickly burnet were not stable. When production and nutritive values of the shrubs were considered, goats showed deficiency in CP and ME throughout the year except in the spring. P and Ca were found sufficient. As a conclusion, in Mediterranean shrublands, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during summer months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.Öğe Soil Seed Bank and Aboveground Vegetation in Grazing Lands of Southern Marmara, Turkey(Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2011) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Demiray, Hasan CanThe composition and conservation of plant communities is greatly influenced by the soil seed bank. information on the soil seed banks and the remaining vegetation in these ecosystems is crucial for guiding the restoration efforts. This study examines rise size, species richness, diversity, uniformity, and similarity of soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation in 6 different grazing lands including coastal pasture, reseeded pasture, artificial pasture, lowland shrubland, ungrazed pasture, and hillside shrubland. Forty-eight soil samples were taken by cores with a diameter and depth of 10 cm from each of grazing lands in August of 2007. A vegetation survey was conducted using a 0.5 x 0.5-m quadrant in both the spring and fall. Eighty species were observed in soil seed hanks and aboveground vegetation. The largest seed bank was observed in reseeded pasture (7,715 seed/m(2)), while the smallest seed bank was found in coastal pasture (2,755 seed/m(2)). Coastal pasture also possessed the least amount of aboveground vegetation (131 plants/m(2). The most aboveground vegetation was found in ungrazed pasture (155 Plano/m(2)). The most common species in seed banks were annual and perennial grasses in reseeded pasture, annual forbs in artificial pasture and hillside shrubland, and perennial forbs in low shrubland and ungrazed pasture. Species richness, diversity, and uniformity in seed banks were highest in lowland shrubland and lowest in artificial pasture. The seed bank and aboveground vegetation were similar in ungrazed pasture, coastal pasture, reseeded pasture, low shrubland, hillside shrubland and artificial pasture. Shrublands play an important role in species richness and the number of germinated seeds from seed banks of grazing lands in southern Marmara. The results showed that reseeding or a decrease in grazing pressure may improve the condition of grazing lands.
