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    Human Resources Accounting
    (Nova Science Publisher Inc., 2022) Suklum, Nurcan; Ozturk, Secil
    Today, “knowledge” has turned into the main factor of production as a requirement of the information economy, and there has been a transformation from tangible assets to intangible assets in the financial structure of businesses. According to the results of a research study conducted on S&P 500 companies; 83% of company assets consisted of tangible, and 17% consisted of intangible assets in 1975, while 10% of company assets consist of tangible, and 90% consist of intangible assets as of 2020 (Ocean Toma, 2020). This outcome clearly reveals the transformation of company assets from tangible assets to intangible assets today. Stewart (2001) states that intangible assets in businesses are represented by intellectual capital. The elements of intellectual capital are human capital, structural capital and customer capital, and human capital is the most important component and driving force of intellectual capital (Stewart 2001). Intellectual capital can only grow stronger when human capital creates synergies with other capital elements (Sundac and Krmpotic, 2009). Human capital represents the knowledge, skills and competencies of employees. It is the source of innovation and reform (Cascio, 1998). Therefore, it would not be wrong to argue that human capital is the most important resource for businesses, which are micro units of the economy. However, the power of human capital in businesses should be measured by quality of staff, not quantity. The fact that the knowledge, skills and competencies of people working in the business are high and developed would not be enough on its own. It is important to know how much of these are offered to the business. In other words, the knowledge, abilities and competencies of humans must be integrated into the value-added process. In the second half of the 20th century, the issue of measuring the cost and value of people involved in the process of creating added value in businesses came to the fore. Shortly after economists started to deal with human capital in the early 1960s and in the following years, a new research field named “human resources accounting (HRA)” originated when some accountants realized the importance of human capital in financial decisions (AAA, 1973). HRA provides a paradigm for the issues and decisions related to human resources (HR). It also comprises a set of measures to quantify the impacts of human resource management (HRM) strategies on the value and cost of people as organizational resources (Flamholtz, 1999). As required by strategic management, HRA is one of the approaches to solve the problem experienced in HRM at the point of objective measurement and assessment of work performance in order to increase the work performance of employees, improve their attitudes towards the business, motivate them and improve the reward system (Zamecnik, 2016). In addition, there are various research studies that conclude that HRA has a positive effect on the performance of companies as well (Adebawojo, O. A.; Enyi, E. P.; Olutokunbo, A. O. 2015). In the literature, human capital, human assets and human resources are used to represent synonyms of each other (Gebauer, 2005; Ming Chen and Jun Lin, 2004; Stanko, Zeller and Melena, 2014; Gupta and Chaturvedi, 2013). Since the objective of this section is to reveal accounting methods rather than make a conceptual analysis, the concepts of human capital, human assets and human resources are considered to be synonymous. In this section, the concept of HRA is presented in general, and the methods of measuring the HR cost and value are explained. Furthermore, the subject is discussed in terms of the International Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) and Financial Reporting Standards for Large and Medium Sized Enterprises (BOBI FRS) applied in Turkey. An attempt is made to find an answer to the question: “How is human resources reported in financial statements?” © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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    Öğe
    Management measures to be taken for the enterprises in difficulty during times of global crisis: An empirical study
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Erol, Mikail; Apak, Sudi; Atmaca, Metin; Ozturk, Secil
    Global crises affect the economic activities of countries in both macro and micro level. With the crises, accounting and financing practices gain crucial importance in enterprises. In other words, enterprises face the necessity of taking certain financing measures in order to survive the in the crisis environment. In this study, firstly the theoretical approaches concerning the financing measures to be taken by enterprises in crises are presented. The second part of the study is devoted to the survey prepared on the basis of the said theoretical framework and through which the enterprises' views on the financing measures they take during times of economic crises were asked for. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility 7th International Strategic Management Conference