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Öğe A Redescription of the Eel Panturichthys fowleri (Anguilliformes: Heterenchelyidae), with a Synopsis of the Heterenchelyidae(Amer Soc Ichthyologists & Herpetologists, 2012) Smith, David G.; Irmak, Erhan; Ozen, OzcanPanturichthys fowleri (Ben-Tuvia, 1953) is redescribed on the basis of 27 specimens from the coasts of Israel, Lebanon, and Turkey. The species is recorded from Turkey for the first time. Morphological variation, especially in dentition and relative head-trunk length was found to be greater than previously recognized. The osteology is described from two cleared-and-stained specimens. A synopsis of the family Heterenchelyidae is presented, and a key to the known species Is provided.Öğe AGE AND GROWTH OF CAPOETA ERHANI (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIFORMES: CYPRINIDAE) FROM THE MENZELET RESERVOIR, TURKEY(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Szczecinie, 2014) Ayyildiz, Hakan; Emre, Yilmaz; Ozen, Ozcan; Yagci, AbdulkadirBackground. Capoeta erhani Turan, Kottelat et Ekmekci, 2008 has an economic importance in commercial and recreational fisheries in Turkey. Knowledge of the biology of this species is very scarce. Despite the importance of this species, no research on the population dynamics such as age and growth rates has been conducted. The aim of this study was to determine the age, growth rate, and the relations between the fish size and the otolith size for C. erhani from the Menzelet Reservoir, Turkey. Materials and methods. This study was carried out seasonally in the Menzelet Reservoir, between January and December 2012. Samples were collected using gill nets with mesh sizes ranging from 18 to 30 mm. Results. A total of 134 otoliths obtained from Capoeta erhani that ranged from 15 to 33.8 cm TL were used in the analyses. The overall male : female ratio (M : F = 1.25 : 1.00) was biased in favour of males. The Mann-Whitney test revealed significant differences between sexes, regarding TL (P < 0.05). The calculated length-weight relations were W = 0.0097TL(3.0015) (r(2)= 0.986) for females, W = 0.0054TL(3.2011) (r(2) = 0.975) for males and W = 0.0075TL(3.0892) (r(2) = 0.979) for all specimens. The von Bertalanffy growth models were L-infinity = 33.83 cm (TL), K = 0.964, t(0) = -0.573 for females; L-infinity = 32.02 cm (TL), K = 0.843, t(0) = -0.562 for males; L-infinity = 33.85 cm (TL), K = 0.821, t(0) = -0.482 for all specimens. Conclusion. This study provides the first information on age, growth, and otolith morphometric parameters of Capoeta erhani. Determining the parameters of C. erhani age and growth rates will lead to the estimates of relevant parameters of population dynamics and to better understanding of the long-term changes of the stock sizes.Öğe AGE AND GROWTH OF CAPOETA PESTAI (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIFORMES: CYPRINIDAE) IN A SMALL RIVER ENTERING LAKE EGIRDIR, TURKEY(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Szczecinie, 2016) Emre, Yilmaz; Altin, Aytac; Ayyildiz, Hakan; Dolcu, Burak; Kucuk, Fahrettin; Ozen, OzcanBackground. Capoeta pestai (Pietschmann, 1933) is commercially important fish species in Turkey. The knowledge of the biology of this species is very scarce. This species has a 'critically endangered' status on the IUCN Red List. The objective of this study was to determine the age and growth rates of C. pestai, and to evaluate whether otolith morphometrics could be used as an age predictor. Material and methods. Fish were collected from a small river entering Lake Egirdir between January and December 2012. Fish samples were obtained from shallow parts of the river (30-40 cm depth) seasonally in a single station by using an electrofishing devise. Results. Annual growth increments were counted on the otoliths of 154 specimens, ranging from 6.2 to 26.8 cm total lengths. Estimated ages ranged from 0+ to 7+ years old. The von Bertalanffy growth curve was fitted to the age/total length data as follows: L-infinity = 47.83 cm (TL), K = 0.081, t(0) = -1.840, for females; L-infinity = 41.25 cm (TL), K = 0.086, t(0) = -1.99 for males; L-infinity = 52.45 cm (TL), K = 0.067, t(0) = -1.84 for all specimens. No significant differences in morphometric measures (length, width, and mass) were found between left and right otoliths (paired t-test, P > 0.05). Otolith length and width showed significant linear relations with the total length while otolith mass represented by power model. Conclusion. This study provides the first information on age, growth and otolith morphometric parameters of C. pestai. In addition, otolith morphometric measurements could possibly be used in future as an age predictor for C. pestai.Öğe An investigation on ghost fishing of circular fish traps used in Turkey(Ege Univ, 2006) Ayaz, Adnan; Ozekinci, Ugur; Altinagac, Ugur; Ozen, OzcanGhost fishing is an unwanted fishing situation which arises from the continuity of catching fish by the set net and fish traps after being lost in the marine and fresh water. This study was carried out to determine the ghost fishing situation of commercial circle fish traps. In this study, four circular traps were deployed near to a reef area, Karantina Island, Izmir Bay. between November 2002 and March 2003. Traps were observed by daily diving surveys. Depending on fish density, fish learned to escape from the traps' openings or from the bar gaps after the 10th day. Ghost fishing was not observed after the first mount.Öğe Assessing age-0 year-class strength of fast-growing largemouth bass in a tropical reservoir(2005) Ozen, Ozcan; Noble, Richard L.Age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were collected every 3 weeks from 1992 to 1994, every 6 weeks from 1995 to 1998, and about every 15 weeks from 1999 to 2000 by means of a handheld electrofisher in Lucchetti Reservoir, Puerto Rico. An extended hatching period (January to June) and a high (0.63-1.50-mm/d) juvenile daily growth rate required high sampling effort because age-0 largemouth bass recruited to the sampling gear between February and September. To assess whether the handheld electrofisher catch per unit effort (CPUE; fish/h) of age-0 largemouth bass was a reliable estimator of relative year-class abundance, we regressed the age-1 largemouth bass CPUE obtained with a conventional boat electrofisher between 1994 and 2001 on the CPUE of age-0 (<150-mm) fish from the previous years. Simple linear regression analyses indicated that as much as 90% (P < 0.01; N = 7) of the variation in age-1 CPUE could be explained by age-0 mean CPUE. Early variation of year-class abundance of largemouth bass can be detected efficiently with the handheld electrofisher, thereby allowing early evaluation of management options. © Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.Öğe Bathymetric Distribution, Seasonal Growth and Mortality of the Deep-Water Rose Shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in an Unexploited Stock in Saros Bay, Aegean Sea(Medwell Online, 2009) Bilgin, Sabri; Ozen, Ozcan; İşmen, Ali; Ozekinci, UgurTo describe the growth, mortality and distribution pattern of the deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris in an unexploited resource, 301 trawl surveys were conducted between 20 and 465 in water depths from February 2005 to September 2008 in Saros Bay, Aegean Sea. Bathymetrical biomass distribution of the deep-water rose shrimp shown a clear tendency towards the deeper waters with highest biomass estimations exceeding 50 kg h(-1) obtained in water depths between 201 and 300 in. Von Bertalanffy Growth (VBG) parameters were estimated from monthly Carapace Length (CL) frequency distribution data using three different methods: ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA. For the data of this study, the seasonal VBG parameters obtained from ELEFAN was considered to best describe the growth pattern and were estimated as L infinity = 34.7 mm, K = 1.05 year(-1), t(o) = -0.95 year, WP = 0.87 (i.e., November) and C = 0.47 for females and as L infinity = 27.0 mm, K = 1.49 year(-1), t(o) = -0.88 year, WP = 0.35 (i.e., May), C = 0.53 for males. Growth performance index (Phi') was higher in females (Phi' = 3.10) than males (Phi' = 3.03). Instantaneous annual mortality rates (Z), assumed to represent annual natural Mortality rate (M), ranged between 1.19 and 4.73 year(-1) for females and between 0.88 and 3.51 year(-1) for males, depending on the method used for the estimation. The mortality rates estimated with the Seasonal Length Converted Catch Curve (SLCCC) method was the most appropriate one for the Saros Bay stock and was estimated as 1.72 year(-1) for females and as 1.82 year(-1) for males.Öğe Feeding habits and diet overlap of juveniles of 2 sparids, Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) and Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817), from the North Aegean Sea of Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2015) Altin, Aytac; Ozen, Ozcan; Ayyildiz, Hakan; Ayaz, AdnanThe stomach contents of juvenile sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo, and juvenile two-banded seabream, Diplodus vulgaris, were investigated in order to determine feeding habits and diet overlap among them. Fish were collected from October 2008 to August 2009 using a beach seine net from the Canakkale coasts of Turkey. A total of 129 juvenile D. puntazzo (ranging from 13 mm to 77 mm total length) and 951 D. vulgaris (ranging from 15 mm to 97 mm total length) were collected during the sampling periods in the study area. The stomach content analyses showed that the diet of both species mainly comprised copepods and amphipods. In addition, algae were found in the stomach contents. No significant differences were found between the feeding habits of juvenile D. vulgaris and D. puntazzo (ANOSIM; global R statistic = -0.0158; P > 0.05). An important overlap in the diet calculated using the Schoener index was recorded as 0.75 for D. puntazzo and D. vulgaris. Consequently, there was a significant diet overlap and competition for available resources among the feeding habits of D. vulgaris and D. puntazzo in juvenile periods.Öğe FEEDING HABITS OF THE MARBLED GOBY, POMATOSCHISTUS MARMORATUS (ACTINOPTERYGII: PERCIFORMES: GOBIIDAE), IN THE CANAKKALE STRAIT, NORTHERN AEGEAN SEA, TURKEY(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Szczecinie, 2015) Altin, Aytac; Ozen, Ozcan; Ayyildiz, Hakan; Daban, I. BurakPomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso, 1810) is a small demersal fish and one of the dominant species inhabiting shallow waters of the Mediterranean. Information, however, on their feeding habits are still scarce. In this study, the stomach contents of P. marmoratus were investigated in order to determine feeding habits according to seasons and sizes. The fish were collected monthly from 3 stations between October 2008 and August 2009, using a beach seine, from the shallow waters of the Canakkale Strait, Turkey. A total of 383 P. marmoratus, ranging from 13 to 69 mm TL, were analysed. The most important prey items in the stomach contents were copepods and amphipods. The numerical abundance of each food item in the stomach contents varied significantly with season. The diet of juvenile P. marmoratus consisted mainly of copepods. The occurrence of largest prey items such as amphipods and bivalves appeared relatively higher in adults. However, no significant differences were found between the feeding habits of juveniles and adults.Öğe General status of fisheries in Canakkale(Ege Univ, 2006) İşmen, Ali; Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ozen, Ozcan; Yigin, CigdemIn this study total production and structure in Canakkale were evaluated by using data obtained from State Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Province Directorate of Canakkale, and Canakkale Fish Market records. Fish species, total landings, fishing boats, and fishing technology in Canakkale region as well as the production and species of fish that enter Canakkale fish market were analyzed between the year 1996 and 2004 years. Number of registered fishing vessels in Canakkale were 1067 and the most harvested fish species were sardine, bluefish, bonito, anchovy, tuna, mackerel, grey mullet, horse mackerel, and red mullet. Total fish production in Canakkale region were 22,774 tons and comprised about 4% of Turkey's total fish production (587,715 tons). The traded number of fish species in Canakkale fish market were about half of the number of species captured in the region whereas the amount was only 2% the amount commercially captured in the region. Most fishing vehicles used beam trawl, gillnet and trammelnet in the region.Öğe Ghost fishing by monofilament and multifilament gillnets in Izmir Bay, Turkey(Elsevier, 2006) Ayaz, Adnan; Acarli, Deniz; Altinagac, Ugur; Ozekinci, Ugur; Kara, Ali; Ozen, OzcanTo investigate and compare ghost fishing by monofilament and multifilament gillnets, six monofilament and six multifilament experimental gillnets (each 33 m long) were deployed at two locations, set at various depths between 9 and 14 m in Izmir Bay (eastern Aegean Sea). The gillnets were monitored every other day by divers. Each captured fish or crustacean was tagged to enumerate the total catch. The experimental gillnets at one location (three monofilaments and three multifilaments) were lost after the 42nd day. At the other location, ghost fishing continued for 106 days by the monofilament gillnets and for 112 days by the multifilament gillnets. A total of 29 species (22 fish, 5 crustacean, 1 cephalopod, and I gastropod) were captured by the ghost gillnets at the two locations. In addition, 17 specimens of the endangered species Pinna nobilis were killed during the study. Weekly fish catch rates of both gillnet types declined exponentially. Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that the total catch rates of fish in the monofilament gillnets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the multifilament gillnets. After six months of deployment, the effective fishing areas of the monofilament and the multifilament gillnets decreased by 55 and 63%, respectively. One year after deployment, all the multifilament gillnets had completely collapsed; one monofilament gillnet had disintegrated and totally lost its fishing ability whereas the other two monofilament gillnets were excessively colonized by biota and the nets were about to collapse. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Microbiological quality of seafood in the Dardanelles, Turkey(2006) Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ozen, Ozcan; Cakir, FikretIn this study, bacteriological analyses of fish (finfish and shellfish) quality between the landing point at wholesale fish market and seafood retail stores in Dardanelles region of Turkey were compared in 2004. Fish samples (N = 200) from the seafood retail store were found to be significantly (p<0.05; t-test) more contaminated than those of the wholesale fish market. Microbiological analysis showed that the total bacteria counts ranged between 1.0×102 and 3.9×105 cfu g-1 in the wholesale fish market and between 1.2×102 and 5.8×107 cfu g-1 in the retail seafood stores. Coliform bacteria counts ranged between<101 and 2.4×10-1 cfu g-1 in the wholesale fish market and between <101 and 3.2×105 cfu g-1 in the retail seafood stores. Fecal streptococci varied between <101 and 4.9×103 cfu g-1 in the wholesale fish market and between<101 and 3.2×105 cfu g-1 in the retail seafood stores. These results showed that fish sold at local retail seafood stores were either not stored in hygienic conditions or fish were contaminated during the transportation from the wholesale fish market to retail seafood stores. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe NEW RECORD OF ELONGATE LANTERNFISH, NOTOSCOPELUS ELONGATUS (COSTA, 1844), FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF AEGEAN SEA, TURKEY, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES' MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Szczecinie, 2009) Tuncer, Sezginer; Orlov, Alexei; Ozen, Ozcan; Bilgin, SabriBackground. Marine ichthyofauna of the Mediterranean Sea is represented by 712 species, 117 of which are deepwater fishes. During the last decade, this ichthyofauna has been considerably enriched, either by Suez Canal-or Strait of Gibraltar migrations or simply by mariculture escapees. This study is intended to discussed morphology of one of such non-indigenous fish species and its distribution. Materials and Methods. Three specimens of elongate lanternfish, Notoscopelus elongatus (Costa, 1844), were captured during a commercial lift net operation in Ece Limani, Aegean Sea, Turkey. The fish were described and illustrated, following commonly accepted procedures. Results. This is the first documented new record of the species from Aegean Sea, Turkey. The described meristic and morphometric features of elongate lanternfish, Notoscopelus elongatus, are consistent with the data provided by descriptors of its previous findings (with minor exceptions). The most interesting morphological feature of the presently described material is the presence in the smaller specimen (TL 103 mm) of 4 precaudal photophores (Prc) on the left body side (in contrast to 3 usual ones). Conclusion. This work will undoubtedly enhance our knowledge oil newly introduced species on lanterfishes in the Mediterranean and in Aegean Sea in particular.Öğe Records of two uncommon goby species (Millerigobius macrocephalus, Zebrus zebrus) from the Aegean Sea(Inst Oceanografiju I Ribarstvo, 2010) Bogorodsky, Sergej; Kovacic, Marcelo; Ozen, Ozcan; Bilecenoglu, MuratTwo goby species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea were collected from the northern and southern Aegean Sea. A new record of Millerigobius macrocephalus from the area is presented and the occurrence of Zebrus zebrus off Turkish coasts is substantiated.Öğe Relationship between largemouth bass recruitment and water level dynamics in a puerto rico reservoir(2005) Ozen, Ozcan; Noble, Richard L.Recruitment of largemouth bass at age-1 in a Puerto Rico reservoir can be predicted from water level variables of the previous year. Age-1 largemouth bass electrofishing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) as an index of year-class strength varied five fold between 1994 and 2001 in Lucchetti Reservoir, Puerto Rico. The CPUE of age-1 largemouth bass was higher in years when the water level of the previous years (1993–2000) remained high during the spawning period (January-June). The greatest water level drop (11.2 m) during the spawning period was observed in 1999, resulting in a water volume decrease of 66.5%, which corresponded to the lowest recruitment (CPUE 24.2 fish·h?1). With only 2.6 m of water level drop and 18.3% water volume decrease during the spawning period, the 1995 largemouth bass cohort was the strongest (CPUE 128.3 fish·h?1). The effect of these hydrological variables on largemouth bass recruitment appeared to be exponential rather than linear. Age-1 largemouth bass comprise the majority of the fishable stock in Lucchetti Reservoir, and the stock is typically below carrying capacity. Thus, the potential exists to adopt a water level management plan during the spawning period of largemouth bass to ensure successful largemouth bass recruitment into the next year's fishable stock. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Sexual seasonal growth variation and reproduction biology of the rock pool prawn, Palaemon elegans (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in the southern Black Sea(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2009) Bilgin, Sabri; Ozen, Ozcan; Samsun, OsmanThe seasonal growth pattern and reproductive biology of the rock pool prawn, Palaemon elegans, were studied in the southern Black Sea between February 2002 and January 2004. The seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters, computed from monthly length frequency distributions, were estimated as L-infinity = 47.8 mm total length (TL), K = 1.115 year(-1) for females and as L-infinity = 41.1 mm TL, K = 1.654 year(-1) for males. The seasonal oscillation in growth rate for females (C = 0.904) was larger than it was for males (C = 0.586). The slowest period of growth corresponded to June in females and February in males. The size at sexual maturity for females (TL50) was estimated as 33.8 mm TL. Ovigerous females were recorded from March to August and juveniles appeared in the benthic population in August. The ovarian development of the rock pool prawn was most probably initiated by photoperiod, whereas embryo development was accelerated with increasing water temperatures.Öğe Some biological parameters of horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (L., 1758) caught from the Dardanelles(Ege Univ, 2006) Guroy, Derya; Kahyaoglu, Gulcin; Ozen, Ozcan; Tekinay, A. AdemGrowth parameters and gonadosomatic index (GSI) (%) of 459 horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (L. 1758) were studied in Dardanelles between September 2001 and August 2002. The age composition of the sampled population varied between 0 and 3, where the 0-age group contained the highest number of fish (59.0%). The population was composed of 57% females and 43% males, respectively. The total length varied from 8.80 to 25.90 cm and the body weight varied from 8.50 to 171.72 g. The Von Bertalanffy equation was estimated as Lt = 30.34 (1 - e (-0.255) ((t + 2.481))) for both sexes combined. Maximum monthly mean of the GSI for males (3.77%) and females (3.91%) were observed in April 2003.Öğe Spatial and temporal variation of Palaemon adspersus, Palaemon elegans, and Crangon crangon (Decapoda: Caridea) in the southern Black Sea(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Bilgin, Sabri; Ozen, Ozcan; Ates, A. SuatIn order to characterize the seasonal, bathymetric, and spatial distribution of the species, Palaemon adspersus, Palaemon elegans, and Crangon crangon, shrimps were sampled with a beam trawl in four stations at depths between 1 and 30 m from February 2002 to January 2004 on the Sinop Peninsula coasts of the southern Black Sea. One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results demonstrated that the caridean composition was significantly different (p < 0.001) between seasons and between sampling areas. No significant relationship of the caridean composition was evident between depth zones ranging from 1 to 30 m. These three carideans occurred together in 28.5% of the sampling occasions. Different seasonal migration pattern was evident for all the three species. Palaemon adspersus migrated inshore during relatively higher water temperatures, whereas C crangon density decreased in the shallow waters during the same period, and P. elegans population was mostly observed at depth zones of 5-10 m and was only observed in the 30 m depth zone in winter. The abiotic factors that characterize the coexistence of these three carideans were primarily determined by the habitat types and bottom structures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Spatial distribution modelling of juvenile common pandora (pagellus erythrinus linnaeus, 1758) in relation to habitat in the shallow waters of gökçeada using GIS(CEUR-WS, 2015) Kale, Semih; Altin, Aytac; Ayyildiz, Hakan; Ozen, OzcanThe distribution of juvenile Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) species was studied by the abundance, density and habitat preferences in the shallow waters of Gökçeada. Fish samples were obtained in experimental beach seine and beam trawl surveys carried out between 2013 June to 2014 May in the shallow waters of Gökçeada. To understand the habitat preferences of the species, sediment samples were collected and sediment composition was determined by grain size distribution analysis. The spatial distribution of juvenile Pagellus erythrinus species in relation to the habitat structure was estimated and modelled using Geographic Information System (GIS) and geostatistical tools. It was observed that juvenile Pagellus erythrinus species prefer the rocky areas which in 5-10 m water depth in the shallow waters of Gökçeada. Copyright © 2015 for the individual papers by the papers' authors.Öğe Temporal Variations of the Demersal Fish Community in the Shallow Waters of Canakkale Strait, North Aegean Sea, during the Course of a Mucilage Event(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2015) Altin, Aytac; Ozen, Ozcan; Ayyildiz, HakanThe main aim of this study was to determine the mucilage event effect on the temporal variations of the shallow water demersal fish community in the Canakkale Strait. Sixty-one different demersal fish species were collected with a beach seine between September 2006 and August 2009. Mucilage event was observed between September 2007 and July 2008 (mucilage period) in the shallow waters of Canakkale Strait. Species abundance and richness decreased in winter and increased in spring and in summer and was related to water temperature variations. Demersal fish species composition was significantly different between seasons but these differences were mainly related to water temperature variations. For the same seasons in different years (pre-mucilage, during mucilage, and post-mucilage), no differences of fish abundance and species richness were evident. In conclusion, the fish community data from our shallow water samplings during the course of a mucilage event does not suggest any significant change in the abundance and species richness of the shallow water demersal fish assemblage in Canakkale Strait.Öğe Temporary Timing of Reproductive Traits with Respect to Environmental Variables in Turkish Crayfish in Yenice Reservoir(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2011) Berber, Selcuk; Yildiz, Harun; Ozen, Ozcan; Mendes, Mehmet; Palaz, MustafaThis study was carried out to determine the relationships between physicochemical parameters and morphometric and reproduction features of the crayfishes (Astacus leptodactylus) in Yenice Central Irrigation Pond. Results of MDS analysis revealed that the relationships between physicochemical parameters and morphometric features and reproduction features in crayfishes could be explained at different rates. Reproduction features such as fecundity and sperm production, were within a close relationship with temperature, magnesium, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and the abdomen weight, carapace weight, abdominal width, carapace width, abdomen length, carapace length from morphometric features were within a close relationship especially with dissolved oxygen, magnesium, calcium, and temperature. These relationships could play an important role while considering the selection of maternal females for cultural environments and for the management of productive population, and for the selection of water sources that can be effective for populations that is generated by vaccination.
