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Öğe Applying multivariate statistics for identification of groundwater resources and qualities in NW Turkey(Springer, 2019) Everest, Timucin; Ozcan, HasanThis study, performed in Canakkale-Ezine in NW of Turkey, analyzes the physicochemical properties of 37 groundwater wells. These 37 wells were chosen to represent each geological unit in the study area. The main purpose of the study and its contribution to the literature is to produce information about the resources and availability of groundwater by using multivariate statistical methods and lithology. For determination hydrochemical facies of groundwater, Piper trilinear diagram was used. Gibbs diagram was applied for determining the mechanism of groundwater chemistry and diagram showed that the interaction of rock-water is more dominant in the study area. Multivariate statistics were applied to physicochemical properties for identification origins of waters. According to the Piper diagram, 16 of the wells were identified as Ca-HCO3 type, 13 of them as Ca-Cl type, 5 of them as mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type, 2 of them as Na-Cl type, and 1 as Ca-Na-HCO3 type. In the study with the purpose of determining the resources of groundwater, the physicochemical properties of the wells are analyzed with hierarchical cluster (HCA) and non-hierarchical cluster (K-means) methods, and the resources are associated with the lithology based on these methods. A total of 37 wells are divided into five different clusters through the HCA method. Further, for the interpretation of the resources of the groundwater, the facies of the waters on the Piper diagram are evaluated based on the five clusters generated through the HCA method and on the lithology. In the study, the results obtained from the K-means method are not significant and in line with the lithology for the interpretation of the resources of the groundwater. In conclusion, this study with limited dataset reveals that using HCA method is very effective to identify the origins of groundwater and present the association with lithology.Öğe Assessment of the water quality of Troia for the multipurpose usages(Springer, 2007) Ozcan, Hasan; Ekinci, Huseyin; Baba, Alper; Kavdir, Yasemin; Yuksel, Orhan; Yigini, YusufThe aim of this study was to determine the origin and quality of waters in Troia. For this purpose total of 25 water samples including 2 springs, 14 surfaces and 9 groundwaters, were collected at eight different times. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to determine to coordinates of sampling points. The concentration of 6 minor elements (B, Cu, F, Fe, Pb and Zn), 9 major anions and cations (Na(+), Ca(2+), K(+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), PO(4)(3-), HCO(3)(-), Cl(-) and, CO(3)(2-)) were determined by spectrometric, colorimetric and volumetric methods. Water pH, EC, DO, ORP and TDS were measured in situ using probes. The data showed that the concentrations of most of minor elements were below the EPA and TSE limits except Pb which ranged between 0.001 and 4.832 mg L(-1). Statistically significant relationships (P < 0.01 and r > 0.70) were observed between Fe and Cu, Cu and K(+), Cu and Ca(2+), B and Na(+), Na(+) and K(+). Assessing the water based on irrigation using Wilcox model showed that some well waters were not suitable for irrigation. Troia water was found to be highly corrosive and the average corrosion coefficients varied from 0.5 to 4.6. According to the Piper and Schoeller diagrams results, the water in Troia was classified as mixed water type.Öğe Characterization of Heavy Metal Fractions in Agricultural Soils by Sequential Extraction Procedure: The Relationship Between Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Fractions(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Erkan; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanThe present research was conducted to determine heavy metals in agricultural soils from canakkale, Turkey, using a sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) as proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the European Commission. Soil samples were taken from 12 different cultivated sites and analyzed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The results revealed an order of Mn > Cd > Pb > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr for the heavy metals based on the sum of the first three fractions (acid soluble + reducible + oxidizable). The relationships between soil properties and each metal fraction were identified through Pearsons's correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the behaviors and similarities of metals in each fraction. While Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibited subjective behaviors in the acid-soluble fraction, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni exhibited similar behaviors with each other.Öğe Chemical fractionation, mobility and environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Canakkale, Turkey(Springer, 2016) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanThe primary objective of this study was to identify possible heavy metal pollution risks in greenhouse soils. Collected soil samples were subjected to heavy metal analysis to determine Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Binding forms of the metals were determined by following a sequential extraction procedure. The wet digestion method with aqua regia procedure was employed to find the pseudo total heavy metal concentrations of soil samples. BCR-701 and NIM-GBW07425 certified reference materials were used to validate the reliability of the methods. Contamination factor, potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code were used to assess the environmental impacts of heavy metals in greenhouse and field samples. Results of extractable amounts of heavy metals from greenhouse samples revealed that mobile fractions of Cd, Pb and Ni were higher than immobile fractions and mobile fractions of Cr and Zn were closer to immobile fractions. Human-induced effects were considered the primary reason for this. Soil pH and organic matter content were found to be highly correlated with heavy metals of soil samples from greenhouses. With regard to environmental impacts of heavy metals, Cd was much more mobile in greenhouse samples than in field samples, retained less in ambient soil and had high environmental risks. It was observed that Cd was highly mobile, less retained and exerted higher environmental risks. With regard to environmental risks, Cd was followed respectively by Pb, Cr and Zn in greenhouse soils. Sequential extraction yielded significant information about mobility, behavior and environmental impacts of heavy metals.Öğe Chemometric and geochemical study of the heavy metal accumulation in the soils of a salt marsh area (Kavak Delta, NW Turkey)(Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Ozcan, HasanA series of investigations were performed to provide heavy metal signatures of salt marsh soil and to evaluate potential sources in Kavak Delta, NW Turkey. The soil samples were collected from 77 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used for metal detection. In order to assess the existing pollution, geochemical approaches such as enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index were applied. The results indicated that the average values of the analyzed metals (except Ba and Sr) were more than the shale averages. Chemometric analysis was performed, and three main sources with corresponding cluster elements were identified: Pb and Se are mainly derived from anthropogenic sources; Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, and Zn have anthropogenic sources combined with lithospheric sources, while Sr comes mainly from lithospheric sources. The resultant pollution load index (1.62) for metals in the salt marsh soils indicated metal pollution in the research site. Geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and contamination factor also resulted in supporting outcomes and indicated prominently Cd, Li, Ni, Pb and Se metals in the existing pollution of the site. Combining chemometric and geochemical approaches can be successfully used for natural and anthropogenic sources and pollution assessment of salt marsh soils. It was observed that Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, and Se dominantly accumulated in the research site. These metals may have a negative impact on the existing species in the study area and create an environmental risk.Öğe Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method(Springer, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanUtilizing the sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) proposed by The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), the trace metals present in the sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey, were determined. The sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. The flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for metal determination. The validation of the results was checked by the analysis of the BCR-701 standard reference material. The relationship existing between the sediment characteristics and metal fractions was identified using the correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to find out the grouping of the sampling sites based on the similarities of the heavy metals in the bioavailable fraction. When the extractable amounts of heavy metals are considered, the quantity of the mobile fractions (viz., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of the heavy metals is observed to be higher when compared with that of the immobile fraction (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Besides, it was statistically discovered that the organic matter, pH and clay contents could influence the bonding of the analyte metals in various forms. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of the sampling stations, with group I (S5-8) and group II (S3, S4 and S9) showing higher environmental risks. The risk assessment code indicated that the highly mobile soluble fractions of Mn, Zn, Cd and Co created a high environmental risk which could result in negative impacts on the aquatic biota.Öğe Determination of Optimal Land Use in Gokceada(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2013) Cengiz, Tulay; Akbulak, Cengiz; Ozcan, Hasan; Baytekin, HarunLand suitability analysis is a component of sustainability evaluation of a land use. Suitability of land use can only be achieved by determining natural and cultural potential and choice of an appropriate land use with the ecological structure. In this research, land suitablity analysis of Gokceada was carried out, on the basis of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and McHarg methods. After the determination of suitability in terms of the main three land use types, i.e. agriculture, meadow-pasture and forest, an optimal land use map was produced and results were compared with the present-day land use situation. Based on the results of analysis, the area proposed for forest, meadow-pasture and agricultural activities were 35.06%, 21.21% and 17.07%, respectively. When data from optimal land use is compared with that in the present-day conditions, it is noticed that the proportion of meadow-pastures areas excess the suggested value of optimal land use, as opposed to the proportions of forest and agricultural areas having smaller distributions. This implies that some meadow-pastures areas, which are recommended to be evaluated as forest and agricultural areas herein, are presently used as meadow-pasture lands.Öğe Fractionation, Source Identification and Risk Assessments for Heavy Metals in Soils near a Small-Scale Industrial Area (canakkale-Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanContamination of soils by heavy metals due to urbanization increases various environmental concerns. The objective of this research was to determine the potential sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the vicinity of a small-scale industrial area and to assess their environmental impacts. Soil samples were obtained from 15 different locations near a small industrial area in the canakkale province of Turkey. Heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) contents of soil samples were determined with four different geochemical fractions via a sequential extraction procedure. The results revealed that pseudo-total heavy metal concentrations were ordered in decreasing order as Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Considering the results, Cd (1.95 +/- 0.12 mu g/g), Pb (39.21 +/- 2.14 mu g/g) and Zn (64.99 +/- 8.16 mu g/g) values were above the normal values specified for agricultural lands. The findings obtained from sequential extraction procedure showed that Cd (78%) and Pb (65%) existed mostly in mobile phases. Such mobile phases originated mostly from anthropogenic sources. These findings were also supported by chemometric analyses. Risk assessments pointed out that while Pb and Zn have moderate risks on the environment, Cd creates high risks.Öğe Geochemical and radionuclide profile of Tuzla geothermal field, Turkey(Springer, 2008) Baba, Alper; Deniz, Ozan; Ozcan, Hasan; Erees, Serap F.; Cetiner, S. ZiyaTuzla geothermal basin is situated in north-western Turkey on the Biga Peninsula, which is located at the west end of the Northern Anatolian Fault system. Soil and water samples were collected between August 2003 and June 2004 to initiate development of a geochemical profile of surface and subsurface waters in the geothermal basin and radionuclide concentrations in soils. All water samples were found to fall within Turkish Water Quality Class 4, meaning they were remarkably contaminated for any water consumption sector (industrial, human use or agricultural) based on sodium and chloride ions. Such waters could be used only after appropriate water treatment. The water samples are of the chloride type in terms of geochemical evaluation. Preliminary geochemical evidence shows that the N-S flowing part of the Tuzla River acts as a natural barrier within the basin. Heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples show slight elevations, especially those obtained from the east part of the basin where thermal springs are dominant. Geochemical calculations were carried out with PHREEQC (R) software to determine equilibrium concentration of chemical species and saturation indices, by which it is suggested that chloride is the most important ligand to mobilize the heavy metals in the studied system. In addition, the activity concentration and gamma-absorbed dose rates of the terrestrial naturally occurring radionuclides were determined in the soil using gamma-ray spectrometry. The soil activity ranged from 42.77 to 988.66 Bq kg(-1) (averaging 138 Bq kg(-1)) for (238)U, 13.27 to 106.31 Bq kg(-1) (averaging 32.42 Bq kg(-1)) for (232)Th, and 99.28 to 935.36 Bq kg(-1) (averaging 515.44 Bq kg(-1)) for (40)K. The highest value of (238)U was found in the soil samples obtained from an area close to the hot spring.Öğe Heavy metal mobility and potential availability in animal manure: using a sequential extraction procedure(Springer, 2016) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, HasanIn this study, dairy cow manure, goat manure, and chicken manure were collected from three farms and analyzed to find out the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The concentration and potential of mobility and availability of heavy metals were studied in the animal manure samples. BCR Sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the binding forms of the metals. In this study, pseudo total concentrations of Mn and Zn were found out to be predominant in all the types of animal manure samples. According to the results, it was traced that Cr, Cu, and Ni were observed to be at the second highest level while Cd, Co, and Pb were seen at the lowest level in all the manure samples. When extractable amounts of heavy metals are taken into consideration, it is seen that the amount of the mobile fractions of heavy metals except for Cr and Ni are higher in comparison with that of immobile fraction in all the animal manure samples. It was also viewed that Mn, Cd, and Zn are more available in dairy cow manure and chicken manure whereas Cd, Co, and Mn are more available in goat manure.Öğe Investigation of heavy metal mobility and availability by the BCR sequential extraction procedure: relationship between soil properties and heavy metals availability(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Ozcan, HasanIn this study, surface soil and corn cob samples were collected from 15 different agricultural fields of Canakkale, Turkey. These samples were analysed to determine the concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. BCR sequential extraction was used to extract the binding forms of the metals in the soil samples. At the same time, a wet digestion method was used to determine the total concentration of heavy metals in soil and corn grain samples. The metal concentrations in the extracted phase were measured with flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by using BCR-701 and SRM-1570a certified reference materials. The results revealed that the quantity of the mobile fractions (i.e., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidisable) of the Mn, Cd and Pb were higher than that of the immobile fractions (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Pearson's correlation was applied to determine the correlations between the selected physicochemical properties of soil samples and the amounts of heavy metals in each fraction. The pH, CaCO3 and organic matter contents of soil samples played a dominant role in correlations of heavy metals in various forms and shapes. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to examine the relationships between the amount of heavy metal in each fraction of soil samples and the amount of heavy metal in corn grain. As a result, a firm correlation was detected between heavy metals in corn grain and more available (acid soluble and reducible) fractions. Current findings indicate that plants could uptake basically the heavy metals in acid soluble and reducible fractions. BCR sequential extraction not only provides information about potential heavy metal sources in detail and the potential mobility of heavy metals, but also provides information about the interactions between soil characteristics and metal fractions. This provides information on the bonding states of environmentally toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil matrix, the amounts taken by the plants, and the intrusion means and rates of those metals into the food chain.Öğe Optically Stimulated Luminescence to Date Coastal Dunes and a Possible Tsunami Layer on the Kavak Delta (Saros Gulf, NW Turkey)(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2009) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Kiyak, Nafiye Guenec; Ozcan, HasanOptically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to determine the timing of initial dune formation and reconstruct the evolution of coastal dunes that developed on the Kavak Delta, Saros Gulf, Turkey. Along a 500-m-long representative transect, dune sands were extracted from foredune, semistable (grey) dune, stable (dark) dune and dune-swamp boundary defined by a scarp 50-75 cm high. The data obtained showed that dune drift initiated 670 years ago. A pumice layer 15-20-cm-thick interbedded with marine clay and sand showed an OSL age of 340 years coinciding with underlying dune sand. XRF analysis showed that pumices were of similar composition to those erupted by plinian activity of Thera (Santorini) in 1628 BC. On the basis of OSL ages, these deposits, which are widely distributed on the western Anatolian coasts of Turkey, might have presumably transported landward along tide channels on the delta during a tsunami event that occurred in 1672 near Bozcaada and Kos islands according to tsunami history of the Aegean Sea.Öğe Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Coastal Dunes on the Saros Gulf, Turkey(Coastal Education & Research Foundation, 2010) Ozcan, Hasan; Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Akbudak, Cengiz; Sungur, Ali; Bozcu, MustafaIn the present paper, several physico-chemical characteristics of dune sands in a rapidly prograding delta environment on the east coast of the Saros Gulf, northwest Turkey, are presented. For accurate characterization and classification of coastal dunes 4 km long and maximum 500 in wide, the pH, CaCO3 content, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy data were assessed. In terms of dune classification, our results showed the presence of three distinctive coastal dune types: (1) foredune, (2) semistable gray dune, and (3) stationary dark dune. Field observations combining with aerial photo and satellite image interpretations for the period between 1962 and 2007 also revealed dune loss and migration in the dunefield as a consequence of bidirectional effects of southwesterly and northwesterly winds and wind-force rise of lagoon waters.Öğe Ranking of 11 coastal halophytes from salt marshes in northwest Turkey according their salt tolerance(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2013) Zoerb, Christian; Sumer, Ali; Sungur, Ali; Flowers, Timothy J.; Ozcan, HasanSalt-affected soils with high electrolyte contents limit the development of the majority of plants and serve as a habitat only for such species (halophytes) that can survive the conditions. To date, there is still much that is unknown about the physiological mechanisms, including ion relationships, that make plants salt-resistant. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate a method of ranking plants for their salt tolerance. A total of 11 coastal halophytes of the Kavak Delta were evaluated for their ability to cope with different soil salinities. For this, electrical conductivities of soils (of up to 135 dS m(-1)) were recorded and a total of 100 plant samples, including plant roots, were taken from a depth of 0-15 cm in the soil. The halophytes were ranked in the following order from highest to moderate salt tolerance: Halocnemum strobilaceum >= Salicornia fragilis >= Arthrocnemum fruticosum = Suaeda prostrata >= Salsola kali = Petrosimonia brachiata >= Juncus maritimus = Aeluropus littoralis >= Halimione portulacoides = Limonium graecum >= Artemisia santonicum. The Na+/K+ ratios of leaves perfectly reflected the salinity tolerance ranking of all halophytic species examined. It proved possible to rank the salt tolerance of halophytes by assessment of the electrical conductivity of the soil in which they grew naturally; tolerance was well predicted by the Na+/K+ ratio in the shoots.
