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    Long-distance trade relations in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age: An archaeometric study of Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW) using petrographic, elemental and Sr-Nd isotope analysis
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kozal, Ekin; Monien, Patrick
    The Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1600–1200 BCE) was a period characterized by intensive intercultural connectivity and long-distance exchange. In understanding these networks through material remains, ceramic plays a crucial role. From this perspective, Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW), a distinctive ceramic assemblage marked by its fine red fabric, well-burnished lustrous surfaces, and unique forms, is of significant importance in understanding material culture exchange among the major polities of Anatolia, Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt. Despite its vast geographical distribution, the production place of this ware has been the subject of scholarly debate, with differing hypotheses suggesting regions such as Northern Cyprus and Rough Cilicia in Southern Anatolia. This study aimed to contribute to the debate on the origin of RLW and to enhance our understanding of Late Bronze Age connectivity in the Eastern Mediterranean by employing a multi-analytical approach, integrating petrographic, geochemical (elemental), and isotopic (Sr-Nd) analyses. Archaeometric analysis of RLW ceramic samples (n = 58) from key archaeological sites, including Kilise Tepe, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša, and Tell Atchana/Alalakh in Anatolia, was compared with reference clay samples (n = 84) collected from Cyprus and Southern Anatolia, including the Göksu Valley. in Sothern Anatolia, particularly those from the Göksu Valley, show strong compositional affinities with the RLW samples, providing convincing evidence to support the hypothesis of a Rough Cilician origin. This archaeometric evidence underlines the Göksu Valley’s pivotal role in Late Bronze Age trade networks in the Eastern Mediterranean. The historical harbor town of Ura, mentioned in textual sources, may have served as a central hub for the trade of RLW, linking Anatolia with Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt.
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    New evidence on the provenance of Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW): Petrographic, elemental and Sr-Nd isotope analysis
    (Elsevier, 2019) Kibaroglu, Mustafa; Kozal, Ekin; Kluegel, Andreas; Hartmann, Gerald; Monien, Patrick
    The Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW) is a distinctive Late Bronze Age ware produced from high quality red clay with an array of particular forms and a polished red surface. It has a wide distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean, mainly including central Anatolia, Cilicia, Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt, indicating the important role of the ware in displaying possible cultural, commercial, and political interconnections. Its unique and identical character throughout its distribution area still complicates the identification of its provenance. Therefore, it has been the subject of numerous archaeological and archaeometric studies. In previous archaeological studies, a Cypriot origin for the ware has been proposed and generally accepted. In comparison to archaeological research, Cyprus and/or Anatolia are suggested as the origin of RLW in previous archaeometric studies. However, the latest discoveries from Anatolia suggests that the production place of RLW could be located in Rough Cilicia in southern Anatolia, as new RLW forms have been identified at Kilise Tepe level III (1500-1300 BCE). This study focuses on the newly identified RLW forms of jar and its subgroups excavated at Kilise Tepe, level III (c. 1500-1300 BCE). We report archaeometric results of petrographic, trace element and Sr (Sr-87/ Sr-86) and Nd (Nd-143/Nd-144) isotopic analysis of RLW samples, not only from Kilise Tepe in southern Anatolia but also from Bogazkoy/Hattusa in central Anatolia, and Tell Atchana/Alalakh in the Amuq Plain as comparative material. Archaeometric results suggest that the new RLW forms with their subgroups belong to the main chemical and mineralogical corpus of RLW. These results support the thesis that Kilise Tepe is the site with the largest variety of RLW forms, and also the hypothesis that the origin of RLW might be in Rough Cilicia in southern Anatolia. A few samples from each site were defined as outliers, indicating that there are small amounts of RLW produced from other clays, the sources of which remain unidentified.