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    Performance, physiological and immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed extruded pellet diets with different binders
    (Elsevier, 2025) Mohammady, Eman Y.; Acar, Umit; Younis, Elsayed M.; Abdel-Warith, Abdel-Wahab A.; Davies, Simon J.; El-Haroun, Ehab R.; Hassaan, Mohamed S.
    The trial was conducted to investigate the effects of inclusion carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) on the physical qualities of extruded Nile tilapia diet, growth performance, feed efficiency, physiological and immune response for 70-day. Three identical isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet were formulated, 0 (control), 4 g CMC and 4 g CLS kg-1 diet and fed to tilapia with an average initial body weight (14.20 +/- 1.22 g). Inclusion of CLS significantly improved the water stability, durability, bulk density, and sinking speed of the pellets compared to CMC and control diets (P <= 0.05). Compared to the control group, inclusion of 4 g kg-1 CLS recorded the highest weight gain (WG, 51.00 g fish-1), specific growth rate (SGR, 3.02 %, day fish-1) and aveage daily gain (ADG) (0.61 g fish-1). The highest activities of amylase (84.102.44 U L-1), lipase (958.3 +/- 70.11 L) and trypsin (0.59 +/- 0.18 ng ml-1) were detected in fish fed CLS group. The height and width of villi and goblet cell number in both the anterior and posterior intestines were significantly increased in fish fed CLS than other groups. The activities of alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspertate aminotransferase (AST) levels substantially decreased in the CLS group compared to the control. While CLS supplementation significantly elevated serum total protein, globulin, and albumin levels compared with CMC group and control diet. No significant differences were found in serum lipid profile among fish fed experimental diets. Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significanly higher in fish fed diet supplemented with 4 g CLS kg-1 compared with others group. Furthermore, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement factors (C3, C4), were significantly improved in fish fed diet contained CLS.
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    The beneficial effects of citrus peel waste and its extract on fish performance and health status: A review
    (Wiley, 2022) Kesbic, Osman Sabri; Acar, Umit; Mohammady, Eman Y.; Salem, Shimaa M. R.; Ragaza, Janice A.; El-Haroun, Ehab; Hassaan, Mohamed S.
    Food production and processing in developing countries produce a huge amount of fruit waste by-products, which is costly and pose detrimental effects on the environment. Proteins, lipids, starch, micronutrients, bioactive compounds and dietary fibres are found in many of these fruit wastes. Among fruit wastes, citrus fruits play an important role in generating a wide range of health benefits. Citrus L. of the Rutaceae family are common fruits cultivated and consumed globally both as fresh fruits and as a juice. Citrus peel wastes (CPW) are considered the main by-products, with an average of 60% of processed fruits; hence, CPW have a promising role in the food production industry. CPW contain high concentrations of polyphenol and essential oils, which have nutritional importance and pharmaceutical usage. There is a concern on the increasing prevalence and incidence of different fish infections and a growing interest in shifting from synthetic to natural antimicrobial agents, leading to the use of citrus peel wastes for identification of novel compounds for use as fish feed additives. Although the antimicrobial properties of EOs have been reviewed extensively, the antimicrobial properties of citrus peels oil have not been extensively discussed. In fish farming, feeding strategies that employ phytochemicals as modulators of immunological and physiological responses such as growth, antioxidant activity and gene expression have received attention. In the past years, several studies have reported positive results of using citrus peel extracts as a nutritional additive in aquafeeds. Recently, these dietary functional feed additives have been evaluated and reported to increase disease resistance and improve fish growth, animal welfare and feed utilization. This review elucidates the global production, bioactive compounds, natural sources, chemical structures, physical properties, practical applications of citrus peel wastes and extracts as a desirable and sustainable route in fish nutrition.