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Öğe Allometric growth of body components in 11 generations selected Japanese quails of different lines(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2011) Alkan, S.; Mendes, M.; Karabag, K.; Balcioglu, M. S.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of divergent selection on allometric growth parameters between the body components in 11 generations selected Japanese quails from different lines by using simple monophasic function. The birds were obtained from four genetic lines selected for 11 generations for either high (HL) or low body weight (LL) at a- five weeks of age, a randomly bred control line (C) and a layer line (L) selected for egg production over 120 days. The weekly left and right sides of thigh, back, carcass and breast of quails were collected from five weeks of age to eight weeks of age The results showed that allometric relationship was found between weights of the total thigh and that of the whole body. There was also found an isometric growth between body weight and carcass weight. The growth occurred faster in left side with regard to thigh growth and in right side in terms of wing growth. It may also be concluded that divergent selection significantly affected left and right sides of body growing, and plays an important role in the occurrence of asymmetry in quails.Öğe AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISON PROBLEMS WHEN THERE ARE A LARGE NUMBER OF GROUPS: ANOM TECHNIQUE(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2018) Mendes, M.; Yigit, S.Analysis of Means (ANOM) is a powerful tool for comparing means, variances, proportions and other location and scale measures. This procedure can also be used efficiently as a multiple comparison test especially when there are a large number of groups. A simulation study has been carried out to investigate the performance of ANOM as a multiple comparison approach. Total accuracy value was found at least 60.00% regardless of experimental conditions. ANOM and Tukey procedures have also been compared on a real data set where there are 80 different wheat varieties. It is concluded that the ANOM has a great advantage over Tukey test in terms of determining superior and worse varieties especially when there are more than 10 treatment groups.Öğe An assessment of embryonic mortality stages in Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) by means of classification tree method(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2010) Karabag, K.; Mendes, M.; Alkan, S.; Balcioglu, M. S.Classification tree method is a potentially powerful tool to predict membership of cases in the classes of a categorical dependent variable. The use of classification tree is not widespread in the fields of agriculture. Egg weight, shell thickness, shell weight, shell ratio, egg width, egg length, egg volume, shell surface area were chosen for investigating of their influence on embryonic mortality stages in fertilized eggs of Chukar partridge. All measured and calculated egg parameters were analyzed by classification tree method in this study. According to CTM, the embryonic mortality stages were affected by egg weight (EW), egg volume (EV), blunt-edge shell thickness (BST) and average shell thickness (AST). EW appeared as root terminal node at the classification tree. Embryonic mortality stages were influenced by EV when EW was less than 22.1 g and by BST when EW was greater than 22.1 g. EEM occurred more often than MEM and LEM when EW was less than 22.1 g. However, when EW was higher than 22.1 g, LEM was higher than EEM and MEM. When EW and BST were higher than 22.1 g and 22.3 p, respectively, LEM was about 80.0%. EEM was about 81.2% when EW was less than 22.1 g and EV was higher than 25.1. EEM and LEM occurred but MEM did not occur when AST was higher than 22.3 pm. CTM estimated with an accuracy of 75.6% that EW, EV, BST, and AST primarily affected embryonic mortality stages. Finally, the results of this study showed that this method could be used in the fields of agriculture.Öğe Body mass index slopes of growth and fat content under different feed restrictions in broiler chickens(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2008) Mendes, M.; Pala, A.; Dincer, E.Major purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between three feeding regimes, namely ad libitum (AD), %20 restricted feeding based on ad libitum (RF) and fasting between 09.00 AM and 15.00 PM (NF), for Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight slopes and for percent fat content in broiler chickens. The data was collected from 60 Ross 308 line male and female chickens. BMI and weight slopes were calculated for each bird and were analyzed as data using ordinary least squares in addition to repeated measures analysis for acidity, dry matter and fat percent. The regression coefficient of first week BMI values on slopes was -0.276 +/- 0.023 (P<0.001). The AD group had the steepest slopes followed by RF and the NF group when the slopes were calculated using BMI values (P<0.01) or when the slopes were calculated using weight (P<0.01). The regression coefficient of first week weight on the slopes was 0.602 +/- 0.267 (P=0.024) and that of first week's BMI on weight slopes was -5.58 +/- 3.5 (P=0.679). Differences between breast and rump were significant in acidity and dry matter (P=0.00). Overall, the AD group meat had more fat percentage compared to the other groups and the differences were significant (P<0.05). These suggest that heavy animals tend to have higher BMI values and fat percentage, especially with ad libitum feeding.Öğe Canonical correlation analysis for studying the relationships between pre- and post slaughter traits of Ross 308 broiler chickens(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2007) Mendes, M.; Akkartal, E.This study was done in order to investigate the relationships between pre-and post-slaughter traits of Ross 308 male chickens. For this aim, canonical correlation analysis was applied to data of 60 male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The analysis was designed to evaluate the relationships between two sets of variables (pre-and post-slaughter traits) of broilers. Pre-slaughter traits were recorded in the age of two and four weeks. Pre-slaughter traits: live weight, shank width, shank length, breast width, breast circumference and body length (X); post-slaughter traits: hot carcass weight, left rump weight, beck weight, breast weight and small right rump weight (Y). The results of the correlation analysis revealed that only the first canonical correlation was significant for both ages (P = 0.035 and 0.0013). Correlations were higher for data recorded in the fourth week of age than in the second week of age. The estimated canonical correlations indicate that live body weight, shank length and breast width is clearly positively correlated with hot carcass weight, beck weight and right rump weight at both ages. Pre-slaughter traits recorded at two weeks of age are suitable to estimating post-slaughter traits.Öğe Comparison Of Some Variance Component Estimation Methods With Respect to Type I Eror Rate(Univ Namik Kemal, 2012) Genc, S.; Mendes, M.; Kocabas, Z.; Soysal, M., IIn this study; Variance components and probability of Type I Error were estimated by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) when the assumptions of analysis of variance were violated. For this purpose, random numbers from equal and not equal variances Z (0,1), t (10), (3) chi(2), beta(5,2) distributions with the various sample sizes (n=5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) and group numbers (k=3, 4, 10) were generated by simulation technique. Depending on the findings of this study with 100000 simulation, it is concluded that probability of type I error (alpha) estimated by ANOVA and ML was not protected in small sample sizes (n=5, 10) even if assumption of analysis of variance were met. Whenever variance components were estimated by REML, probability of type I error protected as % 5. All methods (ANOVA, ML, REML) were affected when homogeneity was violated at this affect shows clearly by measured heterogeneity. When the group number (k=4,10) increased that was affect to change probability of type I error.Öğe Effect of short-term divergent selection for 5-week body weight on growth characteristics of Japanese quail(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2009) Alkan, S.; Mendes, M.; Karabag, K.; Balcioglu, M. S.This study was carried out to investigate the effect of short-term divergent selection for 5-week body weight on growth characteristics of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and to compare these characteristics with the non-selected randombred control base population. For this aim, Gompertz growth curve model was fitted to body weight-age data of quails in each group. Results of growth curve analyses showed that the shape of the growth curve was not affected by short-term selection. On the other hand, parameter estimates were significantly changed by short-term selection and sex of the quail (P < 0.05). The estimated parameter A or mature weights showed significantly higher values for females than for males in all groups (P < 0.05). The growth rate (K) in HBW and LBW groups (0.561 and 0.503) was significantly higher in males than in females. On the other hand, the K-parameter estimated for females (0.470) and males (0.464) in CONT group was fairly close to each other.Öğe EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON DEVIATION FROM BILATERAL SYMMETRY AND SLAUGHTER WEIGHT IN BROILERS(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2013) Mirtagioglu, H.; Mollaogullari, A.; Genc, S.; Mendes, M.The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two different stocking densities (11 birds / m(2) and 17 birds / m(2)) on deviation from bilateral symmetry in broiler chickens. For this purpose, the weekly body weight, left and right shank length, shank width, wing length, face width and face length of the same birds were measured on from 7th to 42nd days of age. Repeated measurements analysis of variance was used to investigate the effect of stocking densities and ages (week) on relative asymmetry. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the most important morphological character influencing the deviation from ideal slaughter weight of 1800 g. The overall relative asymmetry mean for shank width was significantly greater in control group (2.42 +/- 0.41) than in treatment group (1.87 +/- 0.43). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that only increase in difference of width in left and right shank caused significant change (p= 0.0148) in slaughter weight. In this study, the deviation from the bilateral symmetry was mostly found in fluctuating asymmetry for the measured characters in treatment group (11 birds per m(2)), and the low fluctuating asymmetry level was generally indicated higher welfare level and lower developmental instability for this group than that of the control group (17 birds per m(2)). Stocking density can be stated as one of the most important environmental factors which may influence developmental stability, welfare and performance of broilers.Öğe Effects of drinking water differing in dissolved oxygen concentration on growth performance of broiler(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2007) Dincer, E.; Karabayir, A.; Mendes, M.The objective of this study was to adapt the Gompertz function to growth data of chickens to testing the effects of oxygen-enriched drinking water on growth performance of Ross 308 broilers. Daily body weight change of chickens was determined from seven days of age to 49 days of age. Two treatment groups were included: control (5.50 mg/l dissolved oxygen), treatment (13.85 mg/l dissolved oxygen). The effect of oxygen-enriched drinking water on growth performance of chickens was determined by repeated measures analysis of variance. Gompertz growth function was applied to estimate growth parameters such as mature weight, growth rate and the age (days) at maximum daily weight gain of males and females for each group. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant day x sex interaction effect (P=0.000). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed no difference between sex in the first 15 days (P=O. 196). However, live weight of males form day 16 onward started to differ from the live weight of females (P=0.039). Though feed conversion efficiencies of the two groups were similar, feed conversion efficiency of the treatment group was slightly better than that of the control group especially in weeks 3, 4 and 5. The Gompertz growth model fitted to chicken weight and age data very well with R-2>98%. Mature weight of females of treatment group (4,841 g +/- 93.4) was higher than of control group (4,348 g +/- 82.3). However, growth rate of females for treatment and control groups were same (0.46). Females in treatment group (27.7 d +/- 0.46) attained the maximum growth one day earlier than those in control group (28.8 d +/- 0.44). Mature weight (6,604 g +/- 175) of males of treatment group was higher than that (6,526 g +/- 149) of males of control group. Growth rate and age (days) at maximum daily weight gain of males were similar for both groups.Öğe Effects of selection on allometric relationships between egg components and egg weight in Japanese quails of different lines(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2010) Alkan, S.; Mendes, M.; Karabag, K.; Karsli, T.The purpose of this study was to determine allometric relationships between egg components and egg weight in 11 generations of selected Japanese quails from different lines. The birds were obtained from four genetic lines selected for 11 generations for either high (HL) or low body weight (LL) at five weeks of age, a randomly bred control line (C) and a layer line (L) selected for egg production over 120 days. Significant differences were observed among lines for egg width, egg length, yolk width, yolk height, albumen width, albumen height and albumen length with respect to b-parameter. Positive allometry was determined for egg width, egg length and albumen length for all lines. After all, negative allometry was found for yolk weight in HL, LL, L lines, for yolk width in HL line, for albumen height in LL, L, C lines, and for albumen width in HL line. The highest coefficient of determination was determined as 0.771 between egg width and egg weight in HL line.Öğe Estimation of parameters of linear and nonlinear growth curve models at early growth stage in California Turkeys(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2007) Ersoy, I. E.; Mendes, M.; Keskin, S.This study was designed to investigate growth characteristics of totally 194 California turkeys (98 male, 96 female) using their weight-age data at early growth stage (during first 10 weeks). Linear, Logistic with three parameters and Richards' growth models were applied to estimate growth parameters. Results of analyses showed that both Logistic and Richard's growth models fitted weight and age data very well with R-2 = 99.3% and 99.4% for males and R-2 = 99.2% and 99.3% for females. Mature weights of males and females estimated using Logistic growth (2,228 +/- 55.3 g and 2,011 +/- 54.4 g) model and Richard's growth model (2,195 +/- 62.5 g and 1,973 +/- 59.9 g) was similar. In the case of the estimate on the change of body weights of male and female turkeys by equations W-t = -196.22 + 275.98t and W-t = -169.50 + 246.28t using the linear model, the k2 values of the estimates were 93.8% and 94.0%. R2 values in the linear model were smaller than those in the Logistic and Richards's models. When comparison is done based on the other criteria (Jp, AIC, BIC, DW, and asymptotic correlation), Logistic and Richard's growth models can be assumed to be more appropriate to estimate growth characteristics of young turkeys. On the other hand, among these growth curve models the logistic model can give the most reliable estimates of growth parameters of turkeys at early stage of life.Öğe INFLUENCE OF USING ALTERNATIVE MEANS ON TYPE-I ERROR RATE IN THE COMPARISON OF INDEPENDENT GROUPS(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2014) Mirtagioglu, H.; Yigit, S.; Mollaogullari, A.; Genc, S.; Mendes, M.In this study, the effect of using trimmed, winsorized, and modified means instead of arithmetic mean on type-I error rate was investigated when the assumptions of the one-way ANOVA were not satisfied. Therefore, random numbers were generated by simulation technique from the populations distributed by Normal (0,1), Beta (5,2) and chi(2) (3) for 3 and 4 groups. The results of 30 000 simulation trials demonstrated that all the means displayed similar type-I error rates when the variances were homogenous regardless of the distribution shape, sample size and the number of groups. When homogeneity of variances assumption was not satisfied, the most reliable result was obtained by using trimmed mean in terms of keeping the type-I error rate at nominal alpha level and it was followed by modified and winsorized means. The most biased results were obtained when arithmetic mean was used.Öğe Multiple linear regression models based on principal component scores to predict slaughter weight of broiler(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2009) Mendes, M.The aim of this study was to predict slaughter weight of male chickens by using principal component scores in multiple regression analysis. Chickens were raised under two different stocking densities. Four weeks age of body measurements were used as predictor variables. Two different approaches were used for those aims. In the first approach, only one selected score value obtained by principal component analysis was used for the prediction of slaughter weight. In the second approach, all six score values obtained from principal component analysis were used as independent variables. As a result, it was observed that using raw data of the study for the regression analysis for both groups resulted in a multicolinearity problem. On the other hand, when the principal component analysis completed on independent variables and the principal component scores analyzed together with independent variables were used for the multiple regression analysis, that problem diminished.Öğe Multiple Linear Regression versus Automatic Linear Modelling(Arquivo Brasileiro Medicina Veterinaria Zootecnia, 2024) Genc, S.; Mendes, M.In this study, performances of Multiple Linear Regression and Automatic Linear Modelling are compared for different sample sizes and number of predictors. A comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out for this purpose. Random numbers generated from multivariate normal distribution by using RNMVN function of IMSL library of Microsoft FORTRAN Developer Studio composed the material of this study. Results of the simulation study showed that the sample size and the number of predictors are the main factors that lead to produce different results. Although both methods gave very similar results especially when studied with large sample sizes (n >= 100), the Automatic linear modelling is preferred for analyzing data sets due to its simplicity in analyzing data and interpreting the results, ability to present results visually and providing more detailed information especially studying large complex data sets. It will be beneficial to use the Automatic linear modelling especially in analyzing massive and complex data sets for the purposes of investigating the relationships between one continuous dependent and 10 or more predictors and determine the factors that affect the response or target variable. At the same time, it will also be possible to evaluate the effect of each predictor with a more detailed response.Öğe MULTIVARIATE PERSPECTIVE FOR INVESTIGATING RELATIONS AMONG SOME BEHAVIORAL TRAITS AND FEED PROGRAMS(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2018) Yigit, S.; Mendes, M.The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different feed restrictions on some behavioral traits of broiler chickens by using a graphical technique namely Multidimensional Scaling Technique. Multidimensional Scaling Technique indicated that the behavioral traits varied based on feed restrictions and observation time of the behaviors. Results of Multidimensional Scaling Technique also showed that the birds in NF group were more active than the birds in the AD and FR groups and this case was more obvious for males.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF WOOD VINEGAR ON SOME SOIL MICROORGANISMS(Corvinus Univ Budapest, 2019) Koc, I; Ogun, E.; Namli, A.; Mendes, M.; Kutlu, E.; Yardim, E. N.This study was carried out in order to determine the enzyme activity of the wood vinegar obtained from the hazelnut shells with the potential of bio-pesticide in agro-ecosystem soil, and its effect on the microfungi and heterotrophic bacteria in total. The study was realized in the production seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, in the ecological conditions of the province Mus (in Turkey) on winter wheat field and with four repetitions according to Randomized Blocks Experimental Design. The treatments within the scope of the experiment were conducted as the six different doses of wood vinegar at 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 5.0% mL, and the control treatment which was only provided with tap water. Repeated Measurement ANOVA was used to determine the effect of wood vinegar at different doses, the production seasons and periods (pre- and post-treatment) on relevant features. As based on the statistical inferences, only the Treatment x Year and Period x Year interaction effects in terms of the number of heterotrophic bacteria (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011); and only the Period x Year interaction effects for the number of microfungi (P = 0.000) were found statistically significant. Therefore, the effect of the treatments made on the number of heterotrophic bacteria varied by the production seasons. In a similar way, the effect of the production season and periods on the number of microfungi also changed as based on the term. While the effect of period (P = 0.000) and the Treatment x Period interaction (P = 0.014) effect were significant for Alkaline Phosphatase activity, Year x Period (P = 0.001) and Treatment x Period interactions (P = 0.000) were found significant as related to Beta Glucosidase activity. In conclusion, it may be stated that the wood vinegar used at different doses with the purpose of protecting plant and/or crop in wheat agro-ecosystem does not have a negative effect on microbial factors determined in the soil, and especially, the treatment of 3% mL has a positive effect on bacteria number and Beta Glucosidase enzyme activity.
