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    GENERAL HEALTH AND DISABILITY STATUS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NURSING HOME RESIDENTS AND ELDERLY LIVING AT THEIR OWN HOMES
    (Gunes Kitabevi Ltd Sti, 2012) Maral, Isil; Bakar, Coskun; Durukan, Elif; Arslan, Selcuk; Ilhan, Mustafa N.; Oztimur, Nese; Ozkan, Secil
    Introduction: The objective of this study is to compare the general health and disability status of the elderly living in nursing homes or in their own homes. Materials and Method: The study was carried out in July, 2000 on 367 elderly, aged >= 60, living in two nursing homes in Ankara and at their own houses in three villages of Golbasi. A survey form including descriptive questions, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Brief Disability Questionnaire (BDQ), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was administered to participants. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the GHQ-12 and BDQ mean scores between those living in nursing homes and at home (p<0.05). Scores were higher for those living at nursing homes for both conditions. For those living in nursing homes, the risk factors for increased BDQ scores were being female, suffering from a chronic disease and to having a depression disorder. The risk factor for GHQ-12 was having a depression disorder (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found that the GHQ-12 and BDQ scores were higher for those living in nursing homes compared to those living at home. The GHQ-12 and BDQ should be used as screening tools for the early diagnosis of psychological problems, especially for those living in nursing homes.
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    Prevalence and related risk factors of tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use among university students
    (European Journal Of Psychiatry, 2013) Bakar, Coskun; Gundogar, Duru; Karaman, Handan Isin Ozisik; Maral, Isil
    Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of cigarette, alcohol and substance use and the possible associations between different types of substance use and various risk factors among university students. Methods: A self-assessment questionnaire was administered to 4762 students from Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University. The risk factors associated with cigarette, alcohol and substance use were investigated with logistic regression analysis. Results: The frequencies of regular or occasional tobacco and alcohol use were 38.6% and 46.3% respectively. The frequency of using substance at least once in life time was 6.3% among students. In the present study, male gender was found to be a statistically significant risk factor associated with all of the three dependent variables. The statistically significant risk factors for using alcohol were studying in college and vocational schools, having a parent with high school and above educational level, having a family income of 1226 USD's and above, having tried tobacco once or a couple of times and using tobacco occasionally or regularly, and having used another substance at least once. Substance use risk was found to be higher in those with higher depression scores, in those who tried tobacco once or a couple of times and who were not using regularly, and who were using tobacco or alcohol occasionally or regularly. Conclusions: The practices and activities of the health center incorporated in the university should be enhanced for the establishment of effective control programs related to tobacco, regular alcohol and substance use.
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    The 5-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women Older Than 15 Years in Ankara, Turkey: A Population-Based Study
    (Bmj Publishing Group, 2010) Maral, Isil; Tutuncu, Neslihan Bascil; Bakar, Coskun; Durukan, Elif; Budakoglu, I. Irem; Ozkan, Secil; Aycan, Sefer
    Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of morbidity and premature mortality especially in adults. In Turkey, there are few studies on DM incidence. This study aimed to determine the incidence of type 2 DM in women 15 years or older in Turkey. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed from December 2002 to May 2003. Preliminary population-based screening was performed in 1997 and 1998 on women 15 years or older living in 4 villages in the Go lbazN, Ankara province. Five hundred sixty-three women who were considered nondiabetic in the first study comprised the population for the present study. Data collection was accomplished by using a questionnaire and randomly measuring the blood glucose levels of the women. The chi(2) and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the risk factors for DM. Results: The 5-year incidences of type 2 DM, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose were 2.3%, 0.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. The 5-year incidence of type 2 DM increased with age (P < 0.05). The DM incidence was 6.2% in those with mixed-type hypertension and 4.0% in those with a body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) or higher. At 5-year follow-up, age (>= 35 years), hypertension, and body mass index (>= 30 kg/m(2)) were the risk factors for incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism in this study is in accord with that in the literature. Our results will contribute to our understanding of the incidence of DM in women in Turkey.
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    Turkey's Epidemiological and Demographic Transitions: 1931-2013
    (Galenos Publ House, 2017) Bakar, Coskun; Oymak, Sibel; Maral, Isil
    Background: The causes of death have changed with regard to the epidemiological and demographic events in society. There is no evidence of prior research into the epidemiological transition in Turkey. This transition in Turkey should be observed starting with the Ottoman Empire period (19th to early 20th century). However, information about the Ottoman Empire is quite limited. Aims: To discuss the epidemiological and demographic transitions in Turkey, using demographic, educational and urbanization data in our present study. Study Design: A descriptive archive study. Methods: Mortality statistics dating from 1931 and published by the Turkish Statistical Institute were analysed, and the causes of death were coded and classified according to ICD-10. Other data were obtained from the published reports and studies regarding the issue. Results: In the 1930s, Turkey's life expectancy was low (aged 40 years), fertility and mortality rates were high (respectively 45% and 31%), and the main causes of death were infectious diseases. Nowadays, life expectancy is close to 80 years, the total fertility rate has dropped to 2.1 per woman, and the main causes of death are chronic diseases and cancer. The population rate in the urban areas has increased steadily from 24.2% in 1927 to 77.3% in 2012. level of education has also increased during this period. In 1935, less than 10% of women were literate, and in 2013 90% were literate. Qualitative and quantitative increase have been observed in the presentation and access of healthcare services compared to the early years of the Republic. Conclusion: Turkey has been undergoing a modernization period in the last 200 years, and it is believed that the epidemiological and demographic transitions result from this period. This process has led to urbanization and an increase in the level of education, as well as a decrease in premature deaths, lower fertility rates, and an increase in the elderly population and chronic diseases. It is therefore our conclusion that Turkey needs policies regarding the elderly population and the management of chronic diseases.